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Klotz, Werner, Rintelen, Thomas von, Annawaty, Annawaty, Wowor, Daisy, Rintelen, Kristina von (2023): Caridina clandestina, new species, an unusual new freshwater shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the remote high elevation Napu Valley of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 12-25, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0002

This study was aimed to determine the abudance crown of thorn starfish (Acanthaster planci L.) in the Gulf of Tomini, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted in February─April 2019 preliminary method used a purposive sampling (determining the sampling point for transect sampling) and the belt transect method which is 20 x 2 m. Sampling of A. planci was carried out at 4 stations. Data collected were the number of individuals, measurement of environmental parameters including Temperature, pH, Salinity, DO and Substrate observations on habitat. Based on the results of the study, 48 individuals at all stations and the abundance of A. planci in the Gulf of Tomini, Central Sulawesi were in the natural/normal category with a value of 0.01 ind/m2─0.25 ind/m2.

Hylarana celebensis (Peters, 1872) (Figure 2 (c)) Description Adult males, SVL 48.4 mm; head longer than wide (HL/HW = 1.06); nostrils closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, loreal region almost concave; tympanum round, distinct, almost equal to eye diameter (TY/EY = 0.90, TY/SVL = 0.016); vomerine teeth present, short; there is a distinct dorsolateral fold. Disks of fingers and toes are small, clear; length of fingers (longest to shortest) 3> 1> 4> 2, third finger disk diameter (F3D) with ratio of F3D/SVL about 0.063; the formula for the web of the toe, I 1 / ��� 1 II 0 ��� 11 / III 0 ��� 2 IV 2 ��� 0 V, follows that used by Savage and 2 2 Heyer (1997); length of tibia, ratio of TL/SVL about 0.526; length of toe (longest to shortest) 4> 5> 3> 2> 1; subarticular tubercles developed; inner metatarsal is oval; outer metatarsal is very small. Dorsal surfaces are brown; there are dark lines on the limbs. Habitat Several males were observed among herbaceous plants in the lake margin, calling during the first survey in plots 7 and 8. The presence of this species is easily determined because males vocalise in large groups (Kurniati 2016). This species is often found actively jumping among plants in the lake margin. It was found active from 19 to 21��C and at 86 ��� 99% humidity. Remarks This species was observed in the lowlands (��� 800 m asl) in the central and northern parts of Sulawesi (Iskandar and Mumpuni 2004; Wanger et al. 2011). However, our results indicate that this species also occurs from 1650 to 1700 m asl in the open areas used for camping (plots 7 and 8), and in primary forest (plot 4). This species was also found on Buton Island and other surrounding islands (Gillespie et al. 2005), in the Nantu Gorontalo Wildlife Reserve and surrounding areas (Khairunnisa 2014) at 600 m elevation, and in Pohuwato Gorontalo Forest (Subasli 2015)., Published as part of Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'a�� Lore Lindu National Park�� Central Sulawesi, pp. 2503-2516 in Journal of Natural History 53 (41) on page 2509, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930, http://zenodo.org/record/3666451, {"references":["Peters WCH. 1872. Mittheilung uber einige von Hrn. Dr. A. B. Meyer bei Gorontalo und auf den Togian - Inseln gesammelte Amphibien. Monat K Akad Wiss Berlin. 1872: 581 - 585.","Savage JM, Heyer WR. 1997. Digital webbing formulae for anurans: a refinement. Herpetol Rev. 28: 131.","Kurniati H. 2016. Bioakustik Kodok Hylarana celebensis (Peters, 1872) (Anura: Ranidae) Asal Sulawesi [Bioacoustics of Hylarana celebensis (Peters, 1872) (Anura: Ranidae) from Sulawesi]. J Biol Indones. 12 (1): 1 - 7.","Iskandar DT, Mumpuni. 2004. IUCN red list of threatened species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. [Accessed 2017 Jan 13]. http: // www. iucnredlist. org.","Wanger TC, Motzke I, Saleh S, Iskandar DT. 2011. The amphibians and reptiles of the Lore Lindu National Park area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Salamandra. 47 (11): 17 - 29.","Gillespie G, Howard S, Lockie D, Scroggie M, Boeadi. 2005. Herpetofaunal richness and community structure of offshore islands of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biotropica. 37: 279 - 290.","Khairunnisa LR. 2014. Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Sebaran Spasial Amfibi di Suaka Margasatwa Nantu Gorontalo dan Sekitarnya [Amphibian diversity and spatial distribution in Nantu Gorontalo Wildlife Reserve and surrounding areas] [scholar ' s thesis]. Indonesia: Bogor Agricultural University.","Subasli DR. 2015. Inventarisasi Jenis Amfibi dan Reptilia di Kawasan Hutan Pohuwato, Gorontalo, Sulawesi [Inventory of amphibians and reptils in pohuwato forest area, Gorontalo, Sulawesi]. Zoo Indonesia. 24 (1): 61 - 71."]}

Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty, Hamidy, Amir (2019): Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'aı Lore Lindu National Parkı Central Sulawesi. Journal of Natural History 53 (41): 2503-2516, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930

Rhacophorus monticola Boulenger, 1896b (Figure 2 (f)) Description SVL = 33.05 ��� 43.40 mm; vomerine teeth present; a slightly pointed snout; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils are located in the middle between the tip of the snout and the eyes; internarial as wide as the upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct, 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 (TY/ EY = 0.363 ��� 0.427) of the eye diameter. The length of all finger disks is almost the same as or slightly larger than the tympanum; outer fingers are 2 / 3 webbed; penultimate phalanx of the fourth toe is free of webbing; subarticular tubercles and inner metatarsals are small; the heel reaches the anterior eyes or nostril when adpressed; tibia length 1 / 2 of body length when adpressed (TL/SVL = 0.506 ��� 0.555). Dorsal surface is reddish brown with black spots spread irregularly on the body and limbs; ventral surface is white or yellowish, granularious; there is a black line on the lateral side that separates the base colour on the dorsum and venter. Habitat This species is mainly arboreal and was observed in the canopy and sub-canopy and rarely found on the soil surface. The specimens were collected from Curculigo sp. leaves and Diplazium sp. branches 0.5 ��� 1.5 m above the water surface and 0.1 ��� 3 m away from the water flow. It was found to be active at 19 ��� 22��C and 73 ��� 92% humidity. Remarks This species is known only from southwestern and central Sulawesi, found above 1000 m asl (Iskandar and Mumpuni 2004). In the area of Lake Kalimpa ��� a, this species was found in plots 1 and 4 in the primary forest at elevations from 1668 ��� 1673 m asl. This species was less sensitive to our approach and often remained stationary when inadvertently touched., Published as part of Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'a�� Lore Lindu National Park�� Central Sulawesi, pp. 2503-2516 in Journal of Natural History 53 (41) on page 2512, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930, http://zenodo.org/record/3666451, {"references":["Boulenger GA. 1896 b. Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachias collected in Celebes by Drs. P. and F. Sarasian. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 17: 395 - 396.","Iskandar DT, Mumpuni. 2004. IUCN red list of threatened species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. [Accessed 2017 Jan 13]. http: // www. iucnredlist. org."]}

Rhacophorus edentulus M��ller, 1894 (Figure 2 (e)) Description Slim body, SVL = 29.04 ��� 34.65 mm; vomerine teeth reduced to very small, near the edge of choanae; snout rounded, slightly shorter than internarial distance (snout/IN = 0.0705 ��� 0.889); loreal region slightly concave; nostril closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes; tympanum is less clear, 1 / to 1 / of the eye diameter (TY/EY = 0.279 ��� 0.437). The disk of 4 2 the fingers is slightly smaller than the tympanum; outer fingers half webbed; toes webbed to the disk of the third and fourth; penultimate phalanx of fourth toe is free; inner metatarsal small; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or farther (TL/SVL = 0.522 ��� 0.594). Dorsum is light green to dark green, with black or yellow dots; large brownish-red spots on the head up to the posterior part of the body; a yellowish-white thigh with a narrow green line; the ventral portion is yellowish-white, granularious; there is a fold from eyes to shoulders. Habitat Specimens of R. edentulus were collected from the leaves of Pandanus sp. and Curculigo sp., and on the limbs of Diplazium sp. at 0.5 ��� 2 m above the water surface and 0.1 ��� 2 m away from the water flow. The species was found to be active at 19 ��� 23��C and 73 ��� 94% humidity. Like many other tree frogs (Rhacophoridae), this species lays eggs in trees. Putri et al. (2018) found an individual of R. edentulus from the Lake Kalimpa ��� a region that spawned on Araceae leaves. Remarks This species is distributed in northern, central, southwestern and southeastern Sulawesi (Iskandar and Tjan 1996). Van Kampen (1923) also reported the presence of this species in the Loka area, Bone Mountains at an elevation of ~ 500 m asl, and the Bulawa Mountains at ~ 1200 m asl, Totoiya Valley at ~ 500 m asl, Tomohon, Rurukan and Bua Praeng. The species was also reported in Nantu Gorontalo Wildlife Reserve at 600 ��� 800 m asl (Khairunnisa 2014), Mekongga Mountains 900 ��� 1500 m asl (Kurniati 2015), and in the Lore Lindu National Park area at an elevation of> 1000 m asl (Wanger et al. 2011). In our study, this species was found distributed throughout primary forest (plots 1 and 3 ��� 5) and in minimally disturbed primary forest (plot 9) at an elevation of 1650 ��� 1700 m asl. This species has been considered a ��� voiceless species ���, because their call is rarely heard. It is assumed that their call is obscured by the sound of insects that is of a higher frequency than the low non-harmonic average frequency of R. edentulus males (Kurniati 2015)., Published as part of Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'a�� Lore Lindu National Park�� Central Sulawesi, pp. 2503-2516 in Journal of Natural History 53 (41) on pages 2511-2512, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930, http://zenodo.org/record/3666451, {"references":["Muller F. 1894. Reptilien und amphibien aus Celebes. Verh Naturforsch Ges Basel. 10: 825 - 843.","Putri AA, Fahri F, Annawaty A. 2018. Deskripsi Katak Terbang Sulawesi, Rhacophorus edentulus (Mueller, 1894) dari Danau Kalimpa ' a, Taman Nasional Lore Lindu, Sulawesi, Indonesia: catatan Habitat dan Distribusi [Description of Celebes flying frog, Rhacophorus edentulus (Mueller, 1894) from Kalimpa ' a Lake, Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia: habitat records and distribution]. Nat Sci. 7 (1): 50 - 56.","Iskandar DT, Tjan NK. 1996. The amphibian and reptiles of Sulawesi, with notes on the distribution and chromosomal number of frogs. In: Kitchener DJ, Suyanto A, editors. Proceedings of The First International Conference on Eastern Indonesian - Australian vertebrate fauna; 1994 Nov 22 - 26; Manado, Indonesia. p. 39 - 46.","Van Kampen PN. 1923. The amphibia of the Indo - Australian archipelago. Leiden: EJ Brill.","Khairunnisa LR. 2014. Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Sebaran Spasial Amfibi di Suaka Margasatwa Nantu Gorontalo dan Sekitarnya [Amphibian diversity and spatial distribution in Nantu Gorontalo Wildlife Reserve and surrounding areas] [scholar ' s thesis]. Indonesia: Bogor Agricultural University.","Kurniati H. 2015. Karakteristik Suara Rhacophorus edentulus Mueller, 1894 Asal Pegunungan Mekongga, Sulawesi Tenggara (Anura: Rhacophoridae) [Calls characteristics of Rhacophorus edentulus Mueller, 1894 from Mekongga Mountains Southeast Sulawesi (Anura: Rhacophoridae)]. J Biol Indones. 11 (1): 21 - 29.","Wanger TC, Motzke I, Saleh S, Iskandar DT. 2011. The amphibians and reptiles of the Lore Lindu National Park area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Salamandra. 47 (11): 17 - 29."]}

Limnonectes modestus (Boulenger, 1882) (Figure 2 (a)) Description Adult males, SVL (snout vent length) = 29.85 ��� 43.45 mm; vomerine teeth present; mandibles with two prominent, sharply protruding bones; snout rounded; loreal region concave; nostrils closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes; tympanum diameter (TY), 2 / to 3 / 5 5 of the eye diameter (EY) TY/EY = 0.473 ��� 0.694. Disk of finger small; the first finger reaches and exceeds the second finger; completely webbed toe, except on the fourth finger; subarticular tubercle developed; inner metatarsal present, elongated; length of tibia (TL) half or more of body length (TL/SVL = 0.569 ��� 0.659). Dorsal surface brown, black, reddish yellow; granular- ious, with small, even, smooth warts, following the body axis; there is a distinct fold above the tympanum; sometimes there is a yellowish-white line from the snout, or two lines from the back of the eyes, to the posterior end of the body; there are dark lines on the limbs. Habitat This species was often found close to the water flow, and at most 1 m away. It is sensitive to movement and light. During the survey, it was most active, making noise; however, when approached this species immediately stopped calling and hid. It was found in a variety of habitat types, such as leaf litter, grasses, herbaceous plant roots in the water flow, above the leaves in a puddle of water, fallen trees and branches. One specimen was collected from a rotten root with a horizontal and vertical distance from the water flow of 0.5 m. The noise it made sounded like the call of a bird and was distinct from that of the other individuals of this species. It was active at 20 ��� 25��C and 84 ��� 89% humidity. Remarks The species is widespread, occuring on Sulawesi, Peleng, Seram, Buru, Ambon, Obi, Bacan, Batudaka, Togian and Talatakoh, and Halmahera islands in Indonesia, up to 1200 m asl (IUCN 2017). It was the most common amphibian species observed in the Lake Kalimpa ��� a area, distributed throughout the observation plots at an elevation of 1650 ��� 1700 m asl, except for plot 8., Published as part of Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'a�� Lore Lindu National Park�� Central Sulawesi, pp. 2503-2516 in Journal of Natural History 53 (41) on pages 2506-2507, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930, http://zenodo.org/record/3666451, {"references":["Boulenger GA. 1882. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum. 2 nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis.","[IUCN] The International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2017. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2017 - 1. [Accessed 2017 Jun 1]. www. iucnredlist. org."]}

Polypedates iskandari Riyanto, Mumpuni and McGuire, 2011 (Figure 2 (d)) Description Adult males, SVL 44.90 mm; head width (HW/SVL = 0.324) and head length (HL/ SVL = 0.364, HL/HW = 1.12); nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, internarial distance equal to distance from the nostrils to the eyes (EN/IN = 1.222, EN/ SVL = 0.098, IN/SVL = 0.080); loreal region concave; snout long (snout/SVL = 0.164); large eyes (EY/SVL = 0.126); tympanum round, distinct (TY/EY = 0.611, TY/SVL = 0.076); vomerine teeth present; there is a distinct fold from behind the eyes above the tympanum to the back arm. The formula for the web of the toe, I 0 ��� 1 II 0 ��� 1 III 1 / 2 ��� 1 IV 1 ��� 0 V, follows that used by Savage and Heyer (1997); length of tibia, ratio of TL/SVL about 0.537; length of toe (longest to shortest) 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, fourth toe length (T4) with ratio of T4/ SVL about 0.414 and fourth toe disc diameter (T4D) with ratio of T4D/SVL about 0.030; subarticular tubercles developed; inner metatarsal oval; outer metatarsal is very small. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are granularious; dorsal yellowish brown, there is a tint like a thick line between the eyes, and down to the dorsal bottom. Habitat Some individuals were found hopping among Cuphea carthagenensis plants or sitting and vocalising among partially submerged Axonopus compressus plants. Other individuals were found on the wall of a building. Specimens were collected up to 9 m from the pond and vertically up to 1 m. When approached, individuals of this species immediately jumped into the water or moved into plants in the water. They were found to be active at 19 ��� 23��C and 84 ��� 97% humidity. Remarks Distributional data for this species are still lacking. Riyanto et al. (2011) reported that this species was found in Desa Tomado, Sulawesi Tengah, at an elevation of 1008 m asl. In this study, however, it was found at an elevation of 1650 m asl in the open area (plot 7)., Published as part of Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'a�� Lore Lindu National Park�� Central Sulawesi, pp. 2503-2516 in Journal of Natural History 53 (41) on pages 2510-2511, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930, http://zenodo.org/record/3666451, {"references":["Riyanto A, Mumpuni, McGuire JA. 2011. Morphometry of striped tree frogs, Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) from Indonesia with description of a new species. Russ J Herpetol. 18 (1): 29 - 35.","Savage JM, Heyer WR. 1997. Digital webbing formulae for anurans: a refinement. Herpetol Rev. 28: 131."]}

Oreophryne variabilis (Boulenger, 1896a) Description Small adult size, SVL = 16.15 ��� 27.85 mm; snout rounded; nostrils are located between the eyes and the tip of the snout; tympanum hidden or indistinct, small finger disks; third finger slightly longer than the second and fourth fingers; subarticular tubercles developed, inner metatarsal tubercle an ellipse, heel reaches the posterior eye when adpressed; tibia reaches half of body length when adpressed (TL/SVL = 0.513 ��� 0.517). Dorsum is yellowish to dark, with scattered black spots, dorsolateral fold from eyes to shoulders. Habitat This species was often found concealed in leaf litter in the water flows in plots 4 and 5 (primary forest). Individuals were sensitive to light and movement. When approached they quickly entered the water flow to hide among the leaf litter, in grass, or under fallen wood. The species was found active at 21 ��� 23��C and 86 ��� 86% humidity. Remarks This species was previously reported from southwest Sulawesi (Iskandar and Tjan 1996), and is also known from mounts Lompobatang and Latimojong above 1000 m asl in southern Sulawesi, and from Gunung Karua at 1200 m asl in south central Sulawesi (IUCN 2019). The presence of the species in this study is a new record in Lake Kalimpa ��� a and Lore Lindu National Park. Polypedates iskandari Riyanto, Mumpuni and McGuire, 2011 (Figure 2 (d)) Description Adult males, SVL 44.90 mm; head width (HW/SVL = 0.324) and head length (HL/ SVL = 0.364, HL/HW = 1.12); nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, internarial distance equal to distance from the nostrils to the eyes (EN/IN = 1.222, EN/ SVL = 0.098, IN/SVL = 0.080); loreal region concave; snout long (snout/SVL = 0.164); large eyes (EY/SVL = 0.126); tympanum round, distinct (TY/EY = 0.611, TY/SVL = 0.076); vomerine teeth present; there is a distinct fold from behind the eyes above the tympanum to the back arm. The formula for the web of the toe, I 0 ��� 1 II 0 ��� 1 III 1 / 2 ��� 1 IV 1 ��� 0 V, follows that used by Savage and Heyer (1997); length of tibia, ratio of TL/SVL about 0.537; length of toe (longest to shortest) 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, fourth toe length (T4) with ratio of T4/ SVL about 0.414 and fourth toe disc diameter (T4D) with ratio of T4D/SVL about 0.030; subarticular tubercles developed; inner metatarsal oval; outer metatarsal is very small. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are granularious; dorsal yellowish brown, there is a tint like a thick line between the eyes, and down to the dorsal bottom. Habitat Some individuals were found hopping among Cuphea carthagenensis plants or sitting and vocalising among partially submerged Axonopus compressus plants. Other individuals were found on the wall of a building. Specimens were collected up to 9 m from the pond and vertically up to 1 m. When approached, individuals of this species immediately jumped into the water or moved into plants in the water. They were found to be active at 19 ��� 23��C and 84 ��� 97% humidity. Remarks Distributional data for this species are still lacking. Riyanto et al. (2011) reported that this species was found in Desa Tomado, Sulawesi Tengah, at an elevation of 1008 m asl. In this study, however, it was found at an elevation of 1650 m asl in the open area (plot 7). Polypedates iskandari Riyanto, Mumpuni and McGuire, 2011 (Figure 2 (d)) Description Adult males, SVL 44.90 mm; head width (HW/SVL = 0.324) and head length (HL/ SVL = 0.364, HL/HW = 1.12); nostrils are closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, internarial distance equal to distance from the nostrils to the eyes (EN/IN = 1.222, EN/ SVL = 0.098, IN/SVL = 0.080); loreal region concave; snout long (snout/SVL = 0.164); large eyes (EY/SVL = 0.126); tympanum round, distinct (TY/EY = 0.611, TY/SVL = 0.076); vomerine teeth present; there is a distinct fold from behind the eyes above the tympanum to the back arm. The formula for the web of the toe, I 0 ��� 1 II 0 ��� 1 III 1 / 2 ��� 1 IV 1 ��� 0 V, follows that used by Savage and Heyer (1997); length of tibia, ratio of TL/SVL about 0.537; length of toe (longest to shortest) 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, fourth toe length (T4) with ratio of T4/ SVL about 0.414 and fourth toe disc diameter (T4D) with ratio of T4D/SVL about 0.030; subarticular tubercles developed; inner metatarsal oval; outer metatarsal is very small. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are granularious; dorsal yellowish brown, there is a tint like a thick line between the eyes, and down to the dorsal bottom. Habitat Some individuals were found hopping among Cuphea carthagenensis plants or sitting and vocalising among partially submerged Axonopus compressus plants. Other individuals were found on the wall of a building. Specimens were collected up to 9 m from the pond and vertically up to 1 m. When approached, individuals of this species immediately jumped into the water or moved into plants in the water. They were found to be active at 19 ��� 23��C and 84 ��� 97% humidity. Remarks Distributional data for this species are still lacking. Riyanto et al. (2011) reported that this species was found in Desa Tomado, Sulawesi Tengah, at an elevation of 1008 m asl. In this study, however, it was found at an elevation of 1650 m asl in the open area (plot 7)., Published as part of Putri, Auni Ade, Fahri, Fahri, Annawaty, Annawaty & Hamidy, Amir, 2019, Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa'a�� Lore Lindu National Park�� Central Sulawesi, pp. 2503-2516 in Journal of Natural History 53 (41) on pages 2510-2511, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1705930, http://zenodo.org/record/3666451, {"references":["Boulenger GA. 1896 a. Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians obtained by Mr. Alfred Everett in Celebes and Jampea. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 18 (6): 62 - 64. doi: 10.1080 / 00222939608680409.","Iskandar DT, Tjan NK. 1996. The amphibian and reptiles of Sulawesi, with notes on the distribution and chromosomal number of frogs. In: Kitchener DJ, Suyanto A, editors. Proceedings of The First International Conference on Eastern Indonesian - Australian vertebrate fauna; 1994 Nov 22 - 26; Manado, Indonesia. p. 39 - 46.","[IUCN] The International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2019. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2018 - 2. [Accessed 2019 Jan 15]. http: // www. iucnredlist. org /.","Riyanto A, Mumpuni, McGuire JA. 2011. Morphometry of striped tree frogs, Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) from Indonesia with description of a new species. Russ J Herpetol. 18 (1): 29 - 35.","Savage JM, Heyer WR. 1997. Digital webbing formulae for anurans: a refinement. Herpetol Rev. 28: 131."]}

Ular dianggap berkerabat dekat dengan kadal berdasarkan anatomi perbandingan yang memperlihatkan kemiripan struktur di antara mereka. Beberapa ahli zoologi berasumsi bahwa moyang ular merupakan hewan sebangsa kadal yang dahulunya hidup di liang. Pola hidup di liang dengan menggali lubang di dalam tanah, membuat mereka tidak begitu memanfaatkan kedua pasang tungkainya sehingga lama-kelamaan mengalami penyusutan dan akhirnya berdegenerasi. Pada beberapa kelompok ular primitif, yaitu ular-ular yang keberadaannya di bumi lebih awal dalam perhitungan skala waktu geologi, masih dijumpai adanya sisa tungkai yang berbentuk taji di dekat kloaka, seperti pada Familia Boidae, yaitu: ular Pyton dan ular Boa, sedangkan gelang panggul masih terdapat pada Familia Typhlopidae (Anonim, 1988; Gibbons 1988).

The distribution and habitat preference of freshwater shrimps Caridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902 on two inlets of Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi have been studied. Freshwater shrimps samples was collected in two streams, namely the Pomua Palandu Stream and Toinasa Stream. The sampling station on each streams is divided into three locations based on the distance of the stream flow from its mouth at Lake Poso. Sampling is done by purposive sampling method using the tray net tool. The obtained samples were preserved using 96% alcohol and than identification was carried out at the Laboratory of Animal Biosystematic and evolution, Department of Biology, Tadulako University. The results showed that Caridina ensifera was only distributed in the lower reaches of the Pomua Palandu Stream and Toinasa Stream, having habitat preferences between plant roots that dangled into the water with rocky sand and sand substrates and very slow current speeds. According to von Rintelen and Cai (2009) Caridina ensifera is distributed in Lake Poso.

Labobo isle is one of the satellite isle located around the mainland of Sulawesi Island. This study aims to determine the species composition of freshwater shrimp in the Batambean Stream located on Labobo Island, Banggai Laut, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. A purposive sampling method based on the habitat of freshwater shrimps was applied to collect the shrimps. Measurement of abiotic environmental factors is carried out before samples collection. Furthermore, freshwater shrimp are collected using tray net and hand net. Collected specimens were preserved in alcohol 96%. The specimen wasidentified at the Laboratory of Animal Biosystematics and Evolution, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tadulako University. The composition of freshwater shrimp species in the Batambean Stream consists of four species, namely Macrobrachium equidens, M. australe, and M. latidactylus and Caridina gracilipes. The first three species belong to the family Palaemonidae while the latter species is a member of the family Atyidae. The brief description and conservation status of each species were also provided

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragamaan dan kelimpahan jenis keong air tawar di Sungai Pomua Palandu dan Sungai Toinasa, yang merupakan inlet dari Danau Poso, Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Januari hingga Februari 2019. Sampel dikoleksi pada 6 stasiun menggunakan metode transek. Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 3 spesies dari dua famili yaitu Pachychilidae dan Thiaridae. Famili Pachychilidae terdiri dari 2 jenis yaitu Tylomelania toradjarum dan T. scalariopsis sedangkan famili Thiaridae terdiri dari 1 jenis yaitu Terebia granifera. Keanekaragaman keong air tawar yang diperoleh di Sungai Pomua Palandu tergolong rendah sedangkan di Sungai Toinasa tergolong sedang. Kelimpahan relatif yang tertinggi di Sungai Pomua Palandu dijumpai pada spesies Terebia granifera di hilir sungai dan di Sungai Toinasa pada spesies Tylomelania toradjarum yang juga di hilir sungai.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) is a freshwater prawn species that have a high economic value because of its relatively large size compared to the other freshwater prawn species. Exploration to find this species in the Maraja River, Toli-Toli, Central Sulawesi was carried out in January 2019. Sample collected using tray net. Two male specimens of M. rosenbergii were found in the river, with maximum size of carapace length reaching 45.94 mm. Macrobrachium rosenbergii has been found in habitats with clay substrate and slow flowing current. This record extended the distribution of M. rosenbergii, whose spread in Sulawesi has been known only in the southern part of the island, such as in Makassar, Bone, Pinrang, Wajo and Luwu. In this paper, the morphological characters and line drawing of some character M. rosenbergii from the Maraja River were provided.

S tudi kolonisasi semut hitam ( Dolichoderus sp. ) pada perkebunan kakao , merupakan salah satu bagian dari peran sumberdaya hayati dalam pengendalian hama. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui preferensi Dolichoderus sp. terhadap pakan dari embun madu dan madu lebah, untuk menjadi daya tarik dalam membentuk koloni pada sarang buatan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada bulan April-Mei 2015. Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 pohon kakao yang dipilih secara acak tanpa memperhatikan usia pohon kakao dan varietasnya tidak ditentukan. D ua perlakuan yang berbeda diberikan pada sarang buatan, kedua perlakuan yang digunakan adalah sarang buatan dengan pemberian madu dari lebah dan sarang yang ditempatkan pada buah yang terdapat kutu putih. Parameter pengamatan meliputi terbentuknya koloni semut pada sarang buatan, kehadiran ratu pada koloni baru dan preferensi semut terhadap pakan. Semut hitam melakukan migrasi dengan lambat yang dilihat dari waktu yang dibutuhkan ratu untuk migrasi yaitu pada minggu ketiga pengamatan. Pakan dari embun madu yang digunakan tidak efektif dalam membuat semut hitam membentuk koloni pada sarang buatan, dilihat dari jumlah kehadiran semut pekerja dan semut ratu pada sarang buatan. Pakan madu dari lebah menarik kehadiran semut hitam pekerja lebih banyak dari embun madu dari kutu putih, karena aroma madu yang menyebar cepat dan kandungan gula pada madu yang tinggi

Caridina sulawesi Cai and Ng, 2009, an endemic freshwater shrimp, has been described based on the type locality in Maros, South Sulawesi. Surprisingly, this species was reported from two rivers in Central Sulawesi. Here, we provided the data about ecological aspects and the recent distribution of the species on Sulawesi Island. The specimens were collected using a hand net in 2018 and 2019, from a small natural spring in Bobo and two creeks in Napu. Water temperature varied between 17 to 22°C. Our finding shows C. sulawesi inhabited almost all freshwater habitat exclude lake system, with high variation in elevation and water temperatures.

Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis nyamuk yang terdapat di Desa Alindau Kecamatan Sindue Tobata Kabupaten Donggala Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Koleksi sampel dilakukan pada bulan Februari sampai Maret 2015menggunakan metode landing collection technique. Lokasi sampling dibagi menjadi 4 habitat yang berbeda yaitu sawah, kebun, pantai dan pemukiman yang berada di Desa Alindau.Berdasarkan koleksi spesimen nyamuk sebanyak 232 individu, diperoleh 11 jenis yang tergolong kedalam 4 genus yaitu Aedes , Anopheles , Armigeres , dan Culex . Genus Aedes yang ditemukan terdiri dari 2 spesies yaitu Ae.albopictus danAe .vexans sedangkangenus Anopheles sebanyak 3 spesies yaitu Anopheles indefinitus , An. peditaeniatus , dan An. vagus . Genus Armigeres ditemukan sebanyak 2 spesies yaitu Ar. kuchingensis dan Ar. subalbatus dan genus yang anggotanya paling banyak ditemukan adalah genus Culex sebanyak 4 jenis yaitu Cx. gellidus , Cx. hutchinsoni, Cx. qunquefasciatus dan Cx. vishnui.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan relatif dan preferensi habitat kepiting mangrove Famili Ocypodidae (Uca spp.)di zona intertidal di Kabonga Kecil, Donggala, Sulawesi Tengah. Koleksi sampel dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2017 menggunakan metode purposive sampling pada 4 stasiun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 6 spesies kepiting genus Uca di Kabonga Kecil yaitu Uca annulipes,U. triangularis, U. perplexa, U. dussumieri, U. demani, dan U. vocans yang tersebar pada 3 tipe habitat yaitu substrat berlumpur, substrat berpasir dan substrat pasirberlumpur.Kelimpahan dari masing-masing spesies adalah U. dussumieri 75%; U. demani100%; U. demani 68,67%; dan 4: U. dussumieri 67,65% berturut-turut dari stasiun 1 sampai 4. Hutan mangrove di Kabonga Kecil memiliki suhu substrat yang berkisar antara 26ºC ‒ 30ºC sedangkan pH berkisar antara 5,0% ‒ 6,1%.

Tarsius wallacei Merker e t al., 2010 adalah primata endemik Sulawesi yang penyebarannya terbatas di Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik sarang T. wallacei di habitat alaminya di Lebanu, Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian menggunakan metode observasi dengan variable utama berupa jenis pohon sarang, bentuk sarang, lingkaran pohon dan serta suhu dan kelembaban sarang, sedangkan variabel penunjang berupa vegetasi di sekitar sarang. Dari hasil penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa sarang T. wallacei di Desa Lebanu adalah pohon Ficus spp dengan karakter pohon berongga, relatif gelap dan memiliki akar gantung yang banyak. Ketinggian sarang dari permukaan tanah bervariasi antara 4 m sampai 7 m. Suhu sarang tarsius pada pagi hari berkisar antara 23,12 0 C-24,12 0 C dan pada malam hari berkisar antara 24,96 0 C–25,16 0 C sedangkan kelembaban berkisar antara 86%-90,2% pada pagi hari dan 80,8%-81% pada malam hari. Jenis tumbuhan di sekitar sarang tarsius di dominasi oleh Leea indica dari Famili Vitaceae.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui “Pola Penyebaran Burung di Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Wera Kecamatan Dolo Barat, Kab. Sigi. Sulawesi Tengah” Metode yang di gunakan yaitu metode Indeks Point of Abundance (IPA) dimana pengamat menempatkan diri pada suatu titik tertentu yang telah dipilih secara acak sesuai dengan kondisi habitat yang rapat sampai dengan 200 m pada habitat terbuka. Pengamatan dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2016. Dari hasil pengamatan terdapat 12 jenis burung yaitu Walet Polos (Colacalia vanikorensis), Walet Sapi (Colacalia esculenta), Burung Madu Sriganti (Nectarinia jugularis), Burung Madu Hitam (Nectarinia Aspasia), Cekakak Sungai (Halcyon chloris), Delimukan Zamrud (Chalcophaps indica), Elang Bondol (Haliastur Indus), Cucak Kutilang (Pynonotus aurigaster), Blibong Pendeta (Streptocitta albicollis), Srigunting Jambul Rambut (Dicrurus hottenttotus), Kacamata Laut (Zopterops chloris), Kadalan Sulawesi (Phaenicophaeus calyorhync), dan 2 jenis diantaranya merupakan burung endemik Sulawesi yaitu Blibong Pendeta (Streptocitta albicollis) dan Kadalan Sulawesi (Phaenicophaeus calyorhynchus). Dari dua belas jenis burung ini, delapan jenis memiliki pola penyebaran mengelompok dan empat jenis lainnya tidak teranalisis.

Udang air tawar spesies Macrobrachium scabriculum (Heller, 1862) untuk pertama kalinya dilaporkan dari Sulawesi, Indonesia. Spesies ini dideskripsi pertama kali berdasarkan spesimen yang ditemukan di Sri Lanka. Penyebarannya di Indonesia, sebelumnya dilaporkan dari Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Dalam artikel ini, deskripsi dan ilustrasi M. scabriculum didasarkan pada spesimen yang dikoleksi pada Mei 2016 dan November 2017 di Sungai Batusuya, Donggala, Sulawesi Tengah. Dalam laporan ini juga disajikan sistematika, karakter morfologi, habitat dan distribusi dari udang jenis ini.

Habituasi Kelompok Bercampur Macaca tonkeana-hecki telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai Juli 2016 di Cagar Alam Pangi Binangga, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Menurut informasi penduduk lokal, terdapat dua kelompok yang sering terlihat yaitu kelompok Salubay yang lokasinya berada di tempat pembuangan buah-buahan dan sayuran busuk oleh para penjual buah yang merupakan warga lokal setempat dan kelompok Gunung Batu yang berada di sekitar tebing, jurang dan dekat dengan sungai. Kelompok Salubay cukup sulit ditemukan, dan belum ada individu yang dapat di dekati, dari kelompok ini dan jalur home range mereka belum diketahui. Kelompok Gunung Batu merupakan kelompok yang lebih sering ditemukan selama proses habituasi dan kami dapat mendekati seluruh anggota kelompok selama habituasi dilakukan. Pada sensus pertama (Januari-Februari 2016) ditemukan 29 individu, sedangkan pada sensus kedua (Maret-Juli 2016) dijumpai 23 individu. Tantangan yang dihadapi selama proses habituasi yang meliputi: lokasi penelitian yang berada di daerah yang curam dan terjal, konflik dengan masyarakat lokal dan lokasi home range Macaca yang berada dekat dengan jalan poros dijelaskan dengan rinci dalam artikel ini

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui preferensi habitat cacing tanah di Batui Kabupaten Banggai Sulawesi Tengah. Metode yang dilakukan untuk penentuan lokasi dalam pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive randomize sampling dengan melihat casting (kotoran cacing tanah), permukaan tanah yang lembab dan luas tutupan tajuk tanaman. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada 4 penggunaan lahan yaitu pekarangan rumah, perkebunan kelapa sawit, kebun kakao dan hutan sekunder. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan cangkul, dengan luasan permukaan tanah ukuran 25 x 25 cm. Tanah digali pada tingkat kedalaman 0 – 30 cm. Spesimen diawetkan di Laboratorium Zoologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Tadulako yang diidentifikasi berdasarkan Easton (1979). Cacing tanah yang teridentifikasi tergolong ke dalam genus Planapheretima terdapat pada preferensi habitat pekarangan rumah sebanyak 7 individu dari 11 jumlah individu yang terbagi atas Planapheretima sp1, Planapheretima sp2 dan Planapheretima sp3. Empat individu lainnya di pekarangan rumah tidak dapat diidentifikasi begitu pula dengan cacing tanah yang ditemukan pada lokasi perkebunan kelapa sawit (15 individu), kebun kakao (10 individu) dan hutan sekunder (14 individu) karena masih dalam tahap juvenil.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi udang air tawar yang terdapat di Sungai Toranda, Palolo, Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Koleksi dilakukan menggunakan electric fishing, jaring tangan, dan tangan kosong. Hasil identifikasi sampel di Laboratorium Biodiversity Fakultas MIPA Universitas Tadulako menunjukan bahwa terdapat dua spesies udang air tawar di sungai tersebut yaitu Caridina sulawesi Cai & Ng, 2009 dan Macrobrachium lanchesteri (De Man, 1911). Penemuan C. sulawesi di Sungai Toranda mengungkapkan distribusi yang lebih luas dari spesies ini, yang sebelumnya diketahui hanya terdistribusi di Maros Sulawesi Selatan dan Poboya Sulawesi Tengah. Spesies lain yang ditemukan adalah M. lanchesteri yang merupakan udang air tawar introduksi, sehingga keberadaannya di Sungai Toranda diduga terbawa secara tidak sengaja oleh kegiatan perikanan air tawar di sekitar Sungai Toranda. Penemuan kedua spesies ini merupakan laporan baru untuk Palolo Sulawesi Tengah

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis udang air tawar di Sungai Tinombo, Parigi Moutong, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia . Sampling dilakukan pada beberapa titik yang, tersebar pada bagian hulu sampai hilir Sungai. Spesimen yang diperoleh diawetkan dalam botol yang telah diisi alkohol 96 %. Pengamatan morfologi dan identifikasi spesimen dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Dasar FMIPA Universitas Tadulako. Spesimen disimpan di Laboratorium Biologi Dasar FMIPA Universitas Tadulako dan Laboratorium Crustacea, Divisi Zoologi Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI Cibinong. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan di Sungai Tinombo terdapat dua spesies udang air tawar yang termasuk dalam famili Palaemonidae genus Macrobrachium, yaitu M.australe dan M. placidulum. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis Macrobrachium pada Sungai Tinombo adalah tergolong rendah. Namun demikian, rendahnya keanekaragaman tersebut bukan di pengaruhi oleh faktor fisik dan kimia lingkungan perairan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisir spesies udang air tawar genus Atyoida di sungai Pondo Kecamatan Palu Timur Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Koleksi dilakukan menggunakan jaring, dan tangan kosong. Sampel spesimen diawetkan dengan ethanol 96% dan disimpan di Laboratorium Biologi dasar Universitas Tadulako dan Laboratorium Crustacea Museum Zoologi LIPI Cibinong. Hasil identifikasi sampel menunjukan bahwa terdapat satu spesies udang air tawar genus Atyoida di Sungai Pondo yaitu Atyoida pilipes (Newport, 1847). Berdasarkan habitatnya Atyoida pilipes ditemukan di bagian sungai yang alirannya deras dengan substrat berpasir dan berbatu serta terdapat banyak perdu di bagian tepi sungai.

The atyid shrimp Caridina linduensis Roux, 1904, has not been reported since its description more than a century ago. We here redescribe and figure this poorly known species based on new material from its type locality, Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Two new species, C. dali sp. nov. and C. kaili sp. nov. are also found in this lake and they are described and illustrated. Compared to C. linduensis, C. dali sp. nov. is distinguished by its relatively shorter rostrum which only overreaches the end of basal segment of antennular peduncle and the fewer teeth on the incisor process of the mandible. Caridina kaili sp. nov. can be separated from C. linduensis by its extremely short rostrum, which reaches almost or just reaches the end of the basal segment of the antennular peduncle, proportionately stouter second pereiopod and larger egg size. The two new species also prefer different habitats; C. linduensis is a true lake inhabitant, C. dali sp. nov. can be found both in the lake itself and associated streams while C. kaili sp. nov. is an obligate stream species.