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The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here we show orexin receptor type 1 and 2 are predominantly expressed in dorsal raphe nucleus-dorsal and -ventral, respectively. Serotonergic neurons in ventral median raphe nucleus and raphe pallidus selectively express orexin receptor type 1. Inactivation of orexin receptor type 1 in serotonin transporter-expressing cells of mice reduced insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity, mainly by decreasing glucose utilization in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Selective inactivation of orexin receptor type 2 improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice, mainly through a decrease in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Optogenetic activation of orexin neurons in lateral hypothalamus or orexinergic fibers innervating raphe pallidus impaired or improved glucose tolerance, respectively. Collectively, the present study assigns orexin signaling in serotonergic neurons critical, yet differential orexin receptor type 1- and 2-dependent functions in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis., The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here the authors report that inactivation of the orexin receptor type 1 or 2 in serotonergic neurons differentially regulate systemic glucose homeostasis in the context of diet induced obesity.

Pushing behavior impairs people’s sense of well-being in a crowd and represents a significant safety risk. There are nevertheless still a lot of unanswered questions about who behaves how in a crowded situation, and when, where, and why pushing behavior occurs. Beginning from the supposition that a crowd is not thoroughly homogenous and that behavior can change over time, we developed a method to observe and rate forward motion. Based on the guidelines of quantitative content analysis, we came up with four categories: (1) falling behind, (2) just walking, (3) mild pushing, and (4) strong pushing. These categories allow for the classification of the behavior of any person at any time in a video, and thereby the method allows for a comprehensive systematization of individuals’ actions alongside temporal crowd dynamics. The application of this method involves videos of moving crowds including trajectories. The initial results show a very good inter-coder reliability between two trained raters with a 90.5% overlap (KALPHA = .79) demonstrating the general suitability of the system to describe forward motion in crowds systematically and quantify it for further analysis. In this way, pushing behavior can be better understood and, prospectively, risks better identified. This article offers a comprehensive presentation of this method of observation.

Crowd density, defined as persons per square meter, is a basic measuring unit for describing and analyzing crowd dynamics and for planning pedestrian infrastructure. However, little is known about the relationship between crowd density and psychological stress and well-being. This study uses an experimental approach to determine whether higher crowd densities result in higher levels of stress in participants. In this experiment, which was a case study at the university, participants (N = 29) wait in a wooden box of 1 m2 for three minutes. Two, four, six, or eight participants are present simultaneously in the box. It is varied whether participants are supposed to remain silent or to speak with each other. Stress is conceptualized as arousal and measured as skin conductance level/electrodermal activity (EDA). A questionnaire is administered after the experiment, and the positioning of participants in the box is videotaped. The results show that the correlation between crowd density and physiological arousal is more complex than expected. The specific social situation in the box appears to play a more important role than merely the number of people waiting there. Furthermore, our data indicate a temporal trend: participants seem to adapt to the crowd density in the box. Video data analysis reveals that participants choose their positioning and orientation in the box carefully, but that this social choreography works less smoothly in higher densities. This study shows promising results for using EDA as a measurement of arousal in the context of crowd research. However, the limitations of this method and the experiments conducted are also discussed in detail to further improve this approach.

In this article, Turkish mothers’ perspectives on sibling relationships are described and analyzed on the basis of 15 qualitative interviews. It is surprising that sibling relationships have received little attention in cultural psychological or sociological research for decades, while other social relationships—such as parent–child relationships, (marital) partner relationships, peer relationships, or hierarchical relationships (e.g., superior–subordinate)—were often studied. The two main goals of the present study are first, to examine Turkish mothers’ ethnotheories of sibling relationships between their own offspring and second, to analyze these parental ethnotheories through the lenses of the cultural psychological and sociological concepts of collectivism/individualism and interdependent/independent self-concepts. The interview data for this empirical study was derived from a larger project which focuses on parental ethnotheories more broadly. Problem-centered interview method was used. Eleven of the interviews took place via a digital platform due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while four of the interviews were conducted face-to-face just before pandemic’s onset. The Turkish mothers interviewed were from Istanbul and Sinop, a small Turkish city on the coast of the Black Sea. The data was interpreted using the documentary method and relational hermeneutical analysis. The article examines and discusses three topics of sibling relationships, namely hierarchical/equal sibling roles based on birth order, solidarity/sharing, and conflict. We show that all of the mothers interviewed place a high value on connectedness between siblings. With regard to the hierarchical or egalitarian distribution of roles, some of the interviewees differ.

Im Fruhjahr 2020 wurden in Deutschland samtliche Schulen und Kindertagesstatten zur Eindammung des Corona-Virus geschlossen. Fur mehr als drei Monate waren unsere drei Kinder ausschlieslich zuhause – eine anstrengende und, wenn man gleichzeitig versucht, wissenschaftlich zu Elternschaft zu arbeiten, auch eine paradoxe Situation. Ich habe in dieser Zeit daran gedacht, dass es in vielen Landern dreimonatige Sommerferien gibt, damit Kinder in der Landwirtschaft helfen konnen.

The psychological concept of attachment is constantly evolving. Approximately 70 years after attachment theory was first introduced by John Bowlby in the late 1940s, the notion of attachment is still in flux with continually changing ideas of what it means to be a good parent. One path along which attachment as a concept is moving from academia to everyday life is the philosophy of attachment parenting which was first established in the US by William and Martha Sears. Ideas about attachment theory and attachment parenting are frequently accompanied by critical comments on “Western” cultures. This critical perspective on modernity, individualism, and autonomy is portrayed in the first part of this article. The second part traces attachment as a concept transferred to Turkey. Rather than studying academic work on attachment in Turkey, this article focuses on popularized versions of attachment theory which gain ground as part of the parenting philosophy of attachment parenting. This article analyzes parents’ blogs, websites, self-help books, fieldwork protocols, and interviews with parenting trainers and parents themselves. It focuses on how popular scientific use of attachment parenting in Turkey is accompanied by discussions of cultural identity, cultural values, and belonging. The article shows that attachment theory and parenting are used in quite diverse ways to comment on Turkish (parenting) culture, ranging from anglophile readings to more conservative appropriations of attachment theory as Anatolian education. These forms of popularizing attachment theory challenge the sociological concept of psychologization.

We present experiments on the behaviour of participants in front of a bottleneck. The waiting area was limited by a corridor of barriers leading straight to an entrance gate. We varied the width of the corridor and the degree of motivation of the participants to rush through the gate. We show that the density in front of the bottleneck grows with increasing corridor width and increasing motivation. Therefore, the velocity of individuals in the jam in front of the bottleneck is slower for wider corridors. Furthermore, it is shown that the flow through the bottleneck is controlled by the bottleneck width itself but is independent from the corridor width. The degree of motivation has, however, an influence on the flow rate through the bottleneck.

Feministische und queere Psychologien sind schwerpunktmasig im Kontext der zweiten Frauenbewegung und der politischen Bewegungen von Schwulen, Lesben, Bisexuellen und Transgender entstanden. Als wissenschaftliche Subdisziplin konnten sich feministische und queere Psychologien im angloamerikanischen Raum etablieren. Im Rahmen der deutschsprachigen Psychologie hingegen fand bislang keine Institutionalisierung statt, wobei in den letzten Jahren ein verstarktes Interesse an diesen Ansatzen zu beobachten ist. Eine Ausnahme bilden Ansatze feministischer Psychotherapie, diese sind verhaltnismasig weit verbreitet. Feministische und queere Psychologien sind so heterogen wie der Feminismus selbst. Sie unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der wissenschaftstheoretischen Grundlagen, Themen und verwendeten Forschungsmethoden. Tendenziell werden haufiger qualitative als quantitative Methoden eingesetzt; manche Forschungsprogramme orientieren sich aber auch primar an den Methoden der quantitativ-experimentellen Psychologie. Hier werden vier verschiedene Felder vorgestellt: 1. die „Psychologie der Frau“, 2. die feministische Erforschung von Geschlechtergemeinsamkeiten und -unterschieden, 3. sozialkonstruktionistische, diskursanalytische und dekonstruktivistische Ansatze und 4. queere Psychologien.

Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel rekonstruiert die Positionierungen einer Mutter hinsichtlich der Frage, wie und von wem sie ihren Sohn betreuen lässt. Im problemzentrierten Interview kreisen ihre Überlegungen um die Frage, ob sie ihren Sohn zu häufig abgibt. Im Gespräch mit der Interviewerin werden verschiedene Normen „guter“ Mutterschaft thematisiert. Insgesamt lässt sich an diesem Einzelfall zeigen, dass es in der aktuellen Kultur ‚guter Elternschaft‘ – bisweilen als intensive parenting bezeichnet – schwer ist, die eigenen Bedürfnisse sowie die wahrgenommenen Bedürfnisse des Kindes in Einklang zu bringen. Die Ergebnisse der Einzelfallanalyse beruhen auf einer innovativen Kombination von Auswertungsmethoden: Die Resultate, die sich einer Anwendung der dokumentarischen Methode als Einzelinterpretation verdanken, werden zu Deutungen in Beziehung gesetzt, die auf zwei tiefenhermeneutisch orientierten Gruppeninterpretationen basieren. Diese ungewöhnliche Methodenkombination erweist sich als produktiv. Sie gestattet es, die Komplexität der Positionierungen der Mutter sowie die ‚Vielstimmigkeit‘ im Feld der Mutterschaft zu erfassen.

Jessica Benjamin verknupft in ihrer Anerkennungstheorie Hegels Philosophie mit Psychoanalyse und Geschlechterforschung. Sie zeigt auf, wie in der Entwicklung des Kleinkindes durch die Beziehungen zu den Eltern Muster wechselseitiger Anerkennung und Intersubjektivitat erworben werden – oder in machtvolle und hierarchische Geschlechterverhaltnisse auseinanderfallen. Sie legt damit eine theoretisch und normativ gehaltvolle Grundlage zur Analyse zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen vor.

Culture-inclusive psychologies, despite large theoretical and methodological differences, agree on the importance of culture for shaping mental phenomena, human behavior, and actions. How do these psychologists address gender? It is very common in psychology to frame gender as innate and determined by a male–female schema of reproduction. Do culture-inclusive psychologies depart from this schema and look into ways in which gender-related phenomena are culturally shaped? This article overviews two types of psychological texts. First, it examines classic psychological texts belonging to four selected schools of thought: cultural-historical psychology (Leont’ev, Luria, Vygotsky), critical psychology (Holzkamp, Holzkamp-Osterkamp), social constructionism (Mary and Kenneth Gergen), and action-oriented cultural psychology (Boesch, Straub). Second, it compares articles published in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Culture & Psychology. This overview reveals that differences in conceptualizing gender are significant, covering a spectrum ranging from naturalistic to constructionist frameworks.

In this paper, we present results of an entrance experiment investigating the effect of the corridor width in front of a bottleneck on the density. The idea is based on a previous study suggesting that a guiding system in front of an entrance can reduce pushing of the waiting people and thus the density at the entrance. In our study we aim to find out to what extend the corridor width has an impact on crowding or queuing behavior and with that on the density. The results of the presented experiment suggest that the transition takes place between a corridor width of 1.2 m and 2.3 m. The total duration of each experimental run is not significantly influenced by the corridor width but by the width of the entrance itself, the number of participants and partly by the motivation. In general, the density in front of the gate as well as the area of high density is increased by widening the corridor and by intensifying the motivation of the participants. However, the results also suggest that also the number of participants significantly influences the occurrence of pushing and the level of density., Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2018) Lund, Sweden, August 21-23, 2018 Paper No. 77, 8 pages, 10 figures

Epithelium is an important and highly specialised tissue type that makes up the lining of inner and outer surfaces of the human body. It is proposed that a self-study tool adds to efficient learning and lecturing on this complicated topic in medical curricula. This paper describes the development and evaluation of an online interactive 3D resource on epithelium for undergraduate medical students. A first evaluation was carried out by means of an online survey (n = 37). The resource was evaluated positively on the website in general, its visual contents and its value and potential for the medical curriculum.

I analyse scientific articles on human pheromones from a critical feminist perspective, using new materialist feminist theories, in particular, the work of Judith Butler, Karen Barad and Annemarie Mol. Pheromones were defined by Karlson and Lüscher in 1959 as ‘substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species, in which they release a specific reaction – for example, a definite behavior or a developmental process’. In humans, it remains unclear whether substances act as pheromones. With reference to Butler, I show how heteronormativity as a discourse influences research on two potential human pheromones, androstadienone and estratetraenol. I argue that experiments on these two substances have been set up to combine sex-specificity, heterosexuality and reproduction. In these experiments, only the inconsistent effects of androstadienone and estratetraenol were demonstrated. With reference to Barad, I interpret this inconsistency as an indicator of ‘resistant matter’. I argue that in order to experimentally show ‘heteronormative pheromones’ materialities (pheromones) have to merge with discourse (heteronormativity). Androstadienone and estratetraenol partly refuse this collaboration. Finally, I refer to Mol's concept of multiple realities and discuss whether alternative, non-heteronormative effects of pheromones occur instead.

Die Psychologie ist eine erfolgreiche Wissenschaft, die seit ihrer Institutionalisierung im letzten Drittel des 19. Jh. das Selbstund Fremdverstandnis vieler Menschen masgeblich gepragt hat. Die sog. Alltagspsychologie bzw. Folk Psychology ist langst von wissenschaftlichen Begriffen, Theorien und professionellen Praktiken durchdrungen (die im Zuge ihrer Aufnahme in der Lebenswelt allerdings ihre Bedeutung andern und vielfach ,trivialisiert‘ werden). Hierfur gibt es unzahlige Beispiele, nicht nur aus dem Bereich der Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie. Man denke etwa an die Unterscheidung verschiedener Bindungsstile, an mit Intelligenztests gemessene Geschlechterunterschiede oder auch an die Diagnose von Aufmerksamkeitsdefiziten. Entsprechendes Wissen wird von ,Laien‘ aufgegriffen und zur prospektiven oder retrospektiven Erklarung oder Plausibilisierung des eigenen oder fremden Denkens, Handelns und Fuhlens eingesetzt. Freilich nicht ohne das psychologische Wissen selbst zu verandern. Psychologiehistorische Forschung sollte auch diese Prozesse der – tendenziell globalen, in verschiedenen Kulturen jedoch in Art und Wirkmachtigkeit sehr verschieden ausfallenden – Psychologisierung der Lebenswelt unter die Lupe nehmen. Dies geschieht insbesondere in den Geschichtswissenschaften und der Soziologie seit langerem (in den USA seit Philip Rieffs The Triumph of the Therapeutic: The Use of Faith after Freud aus dem Jahr 1966). In jungster Zeit haben einschlagige Arbeiten etwa von Eva Illouz oder Alain Ehrenberg Aufsehen erregt. Im deutschen Sprachraum haben auch Forschungen z.B. aus der Arbeitsgruppe von Sabine Maasen Beachtung gefunden. Aus mindestens zweierlei Grunden sollten sich in diesem Feld auch Psychologen und Psychologinnen starker engagieren: Erstens verfugen gerade sie uber ein breites Fachwissen, das zur Identifizierung entsprechender Wissensbestande im lebensweltlichen Alltag notwendig ist. Und zweitens verandert der Transfer psychologischen Wissens den Gegenstand der Psychologie – denMenschen:Wer sich selbst mithilfe der Kategorien der Bindungstheorie versteht, stellt die Bindungsforschung vor ganz neue Fragen undHerausforderungen.Wer bereits Diskussionsforum 183

Der programmatische Gedanke, menschliches Leben durch gezielte Eingriffe verbessern zu können, hat seit der Entstehung der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaften Konjunktur. Das wissenschaftlich-technisch begründete Programm, Menschen machen zu können, reicht von minimalen Manipulationen bis hin zu umfassenden medizinisch-invasiven oder psychotechnischen Eingriffen. Die Implikationen dieser zwiespältigen Fortschrittsgeschichte sind bis heute unzulänglich untersucht worden. Optimierungen des Humanen und damit verbundene Normierungen der Lebens- und Handlungspraxis transformieren den Menschen und unser Bild vom Menschen in vielfältiger Weise. Die Beiträge in diesem Band gehen solchen »Schattenseiten« von Optimierungsprogrammen nach.