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Intercropping of legumes and cereals can bring many benefits to agriculture, including an increase in yield and the quality of the crops obtained. In addition, it is possible to reduce mineral fertilization, which can have a positive impact on the environment. The aim of the field research conducted in 2021–2023 in central Poland was to evaluate the yields obtained, the content and yield of total protein and the value of land equivalent ratio in the intercropping of narrowleaf lupine with cereals at different seeding levels of components and variable mineral nitrogen fertilization. The following factors were tested: 1—share of components in the sowing: narrowleaf lupine (NL) 120 seeds m−2; spring barley (SB) 300 seeds m−2; M1—NL 30 + SB 225 seeds m−2; M2—NL 60 + SB 150 seeds m−2; M3—NL 90 + SB 75 seeds m−2; spring triticale (ST) 450 seeds m−2; M4—NL 30 + ST 340 seeds m−2; M5—NL 60 + ST 225 seeds m−2; M6—NL 90 + ST 115 seeds m−2; 2—mineral fertilization with nitrogen 0, 20, 40, 60 kg N ha−1. The most favorable results were obtained with mixtures containing 60 + 150 seeds m2 of narrowleaf lupine + spring barley and 90 + 115 seeds m−2 of narrowleaf lupine + spring triticale. In addition, the favorable results and the lack of significant differences at fertilization of 40 and 60 kg N ha−1 show the possibility of a limited dose of mineral nitrogen fertilization. Sowing narrowleaf lupine with spring barley at a ratio of 60 + 150 seeds m2 or with spring triticale at a ratio of 90 + 115 seeds m−2 and fertilizing with 40 kg N ha−1 can be recommended for agricultural practice. The proposed management technique ensures high yields of good quality and thus can be an interesting solution for sustainable cultivation and be successfully implemented on farms.

Field research was conducted at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in 2019–2021. The objective was to determine the effects of bacterial formulations and cover crops on the biomass, number and species composition of dominating weeds prior to spring barley harvest. The field trial involved two factors: A – bacterial formulations: I – control, II – nitrogen-fixing bacteria ( Azospirillum lipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum), III – nitrogen-fixing bacteria ( Azospirillum lipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum) + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria ( Bacillus megaterium var, phosphaticum, Arthrobacter agilis), IV – nitrogen-fixing bacteria ( Azotobacter chroococcum) + plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ( Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens); B – cover crops: control without a cover crop, red clover, red clover + Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass. Spring barley was harvested in late July. Weed samples were collected just before harvest to determine the fresh and dry matter of weeds as well as their number and species composition. The research demonstrated conclusively that an application of bacterial products combined with cover crops contributed to a significant reduction in the weight and number of weeds including dominating species such as Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Elymus repens. Superior weed control was achieved in spring barley grown in combination with Azotobacter chroococcum + PGPR and a mixture of red clover and Italian ryegrass as a cover crop.

In modern agriculture, more and more attention is being paid to the use of microorganisms that can increase crop productivity and quality even under adverse weather conditions. Due to the declining biodiversity of crops and the occurrence of soil erosion and nutrient losses, the introduction of cover crops (CC) can be a positive crop management technique. In the field study presented here, the effect of growing spring barley with CCs applied simultaneously with bacterial consortia on the ratio of the total number of bacteria to actinobacteria (B/A) and the number of fungi in the soil was evaluated. The biomass yield of CCs and the subsequent effect on the yield of spelt wheat grown with the application of bacterial consortia were also evaluated. The bacterial consortia applied included consortium 1, comprising Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and consortium 2, comprising Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Azotobacter chroococcum. The CCs were red clover, red clover + Italian ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass. The most favorable B/A ratio and the highest number of fungi were obtained after growing spring barley with a CC consisting of a mixture of red clover and Italian ryegrass when using bacterial consortium 2. These conditions additionally had the most favorable influence on spelt wheat. The combination of such a forecrop with the application of bacterial consortium 2 resulted in the highest yields of spelt wheat.

The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effect of Azofix and Maxprolin against nitrogen fertiliser on mineral nitrogen content in the soil during the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after its harvest. The following two factors were chosen: I. Biological products: control, Azofix, Maxprolin, Azofix + Maxprolin; II. Nitrogen fertilisation: non-fertilised control, 60 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1 + foliar fertilisation. During the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after harvesting, mineral nitrogen content in the soil was determined. The research demonstrated that, during the period of their intensive growth, spring wheat plants had access to the largest amount of mineral nitrogen in the topsoil following treatment with Azofix + Maxprolin and an application of the nitrogen rate of 90 kg N ha–1.

Field research was conducted in Poland in 2019–2021 to determine the effect of microbial products and living mulches on grain yield and grain yield structure elements as well as the biological index of soil fertility (BIF) in spring barley grown in organic agriculture. Two factors were examined: I. microbial products: control (no treatment with microbial products), inoculation with phosphorus-releasing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, Arthrobacter agilis), and co-inoculation (simultaneous inoculation) with phosphorus-releasing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, Arthrobacter agilis) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillum lipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum); II. living mulch: control (no living mulch—spring barley grown in a pure stand), red clover, red clover and Italian ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass. The study results demonstrated that the highest grain yield at 4.5 t ha−1 with superior structure was produced by spring barley following co-inoculation with phosphorus-releasing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, Arthrobacter agilis) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillum lipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum). The highest value of the biological index of soil fertility (BIF II) determined at the flowering stage was obtained in plots with spring barley cultivated with the living mulch of red clover mixed with Italian ryegrass or red clover following inoculation with phosphorus-releasing bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria 6.9 and 5.7, respectively.

In order to protect and remediate soils, organic farming methods have grown in popularity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of rhizobacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and catch crops (undersown red clover alone, undersown Italian ryegrass alone and a mixture of clover and ryegrass) on the microbiological activity of the soil under organic spring barley. In 2019–2021, a field experiment was carried out on an organic farm, randomly in eight variants, each in three repetitions. The following parameters were analyzed: enzymatic activity of dehydrogenases (DHA), acid phosphatase (PAC) and catalase (CAT), soil fertility index (BIF), and a number of selected physiological groups of microorganisms (molds, bacteria, and actinomycetes). Compared to the control variant (without catch crops and bacteria), the values of DHA, CAT, and BIF increased significantly in the variant in which rhizobacteria and catch crops were used simultaneously. The highest BIF, of 32, was obtained in 2019, after the application of red clover catch crop + Italian ryegrass + rhizobacteria. PAC activity dropped significantly after the application of the bacterial consortium alone and was lower than the control by an average of 30%.

Green fodder obtained from mixtures of legume and cereals can be of good quality for direct feeding. Obtaining good quality fodder from mixtures cultivated on arable land is possible on the condition of proper share of components, harvest time and plant selection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the share of components in the mixture of pea with spring triticale and the harvest date on carbohydrates content in green matter. A field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2018 and two factors were studied: I. Share of components in the mixture: field pea - clean sowing, spring triticale - clean sowing, field pea 75% + spring triticale 25%, field pea 50% + spring triticale 50%, field pea 25% + spring triticale 75%. II. Harvest date: flowering stage of field pea, flat green pod stage of field pea. The highest content of total carbohydrates and water soluble carbohydrates, among the mixtures, was found in the mixture with 75% share of pea and 25% share of spring triticale. The harvest date had no effect on the concentration of total carbohydrates, while delaying the harvest date caused a decrease in the water soluble carbohydrates content in the green matter of the mixtures.

The purpose of the work was to determine the effect of the post-harvest residue biomass of field pea, spring rye and their mixtures on mineral nitrogen content in the soil profile after the forecrop harvest, as well as the yield and quantity of nitrogen accumulated in winter triticale grain. An experiment was conducted to examine the following two factors: (I) forecrop – mixtures: field pea – pure stand 100%, spring rye – pure stand 100%, field pea 75% + spring rye 25%, field pea 50% + spring rye 50%, field pea 25% + spring rye 75%; (II) forecrop harvest date: field pea flowering stage, field pea green pod stage. The results revealed that the lowest mineral nitrogen content in after harvesting spring rye in the flat green pod phase in the soil layer 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm respectively 2.36 and 1.41 mg kg−1 soil. Also, mineral nitrogen content was low in the 0–30 and 30–60 cm soil layers following field pea/spring rye mixtures, in particular the mixture containing 25 + 75% of the respective components. Winter triticale cultivation after field pea/spring rye mixtures harvested at the stage of field pea flat green pod contributes to high grain yield.

The conducted studies show post-harvest residues of sowing/pea mixtures limit leaching of mineral nitrogen deeper into the soil profile compared to post-harvest residues of sowing peas, as they affect the yield and amount of nitrogen accumulated in hybrid winter rye grain. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the post-harvest residue biomass of field pea, oat and their mixtures on yielding and quantity of nitrogen accumulated in hybrid winter rye grain. Two factors were examined: factor I − post-harvest residues of field pea 100% − pure stand, oat 100% − pure stand, field pea 75% + oat 25%, field pea 50% + oat 50%, field pea 25% + oat 75%; factor II − forecrop harvest date: the stage of field pea flowering, the stage of field pea flat green pod. The obtained results demonstrated that the lowest mineral nitrogen content in two soil layers was recorded following oat harvested at the stage of field pea flat green pod. The research revealed that hybrid winter rye cultivated after the mixture consisting of 50% field pea and 50% oat should be recommended for wide agricultural application in order to obtain high grain yield.

The paper presents the results of a study from the years 2009-2011, aimed at the determination of the effect of the temperature and rainfall conditions of central-east Poland on the content of dry matter and sugars in plants of selected European maize cultivars grown for silage. Two factors were analysed in the experiment: A. Time of harvest of maize green forage: I – stage of panicle formation (75% of plants in that stage of growth), II – stage of milky ripeness (after three weeks), III – stage of waxy ripeness (after another three weeks), and B. Cultivars with differing duration of the period of vegetation: Pyroxenia – very early cultivar, FAO 130, Codimi – early cultivar, FAO 200, Moschus – early cultivar, FAO 220, Alombo – early cultivar, FAO 230, Celive – medium early cultivar, FAO 245. The following parameters were assayed in the plant material: content of dry matter, starch, soluble sugars, and reducing sugars. The results obtained allow to state that the weather conditions in the years of the experiment significantly differentiated the content of sugars in maize plants. Green forage of maize cultivars Codimi, Pyroxenia and Alombo harvested in the stage of waxy ripeness in 2010, a year with the highest precipitation total, was characterised by the highest content of starch.

The study was conducted in the years 2009-2011, on a private farm. The experiment was set up in the split-plot design, in three replicates. Two experimental factors were analysed: A – time of harvest of maize green forage: I – in the stage of tasseling (75% of the plants in that stage of growth), II – in the stage of milky ripeness of the plants (after three weeks), III – in the stage of waxy ripeness of the plants (after three weeks), and B – cultivars with various lengths of the vegetation period: Pyroxenia, Codimi, Moschus, Alombo, Celive. The following parameters were determined in the collected samples of plant material: content of crude ash, digestibility of organic matter, and digestibility of dry matter. The results obtained permit the conclusion that the precipitation and temperature conditions in the years of the study caused a significant differentiation in the feed value of the green forage of the European maize cultivars. The digestibility of organic matter (OM) and the digestibility of dry matter (DM) of maize green forage were the highest if the harvest was performed in the stage of waxy ripeness of the plants in 2010, a year with the highest precipitation total. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the harvest date, and of the selection of cultivars from the Common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species (CCA), cultivated in relation to the precipitation and temperature conditions, on the feed value of green forage of maize plants.

Field research was conducted in Poland from 2019–2021 to determine the effect of the bacteria Azospirillumlipoferum Br17 and Azotobacter chroococcum, as well as companion red clover on the total protein content and yield in the grain of spring barley cultivated in a system of organic agriculture. Two factors were examined in the field experiment: I. bacterial formulations: 1—control, 2—nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillumlipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum), 3—nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillumlipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum) + phosphorus-releasing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, Arthrobacter agilis), and 4—nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum) + plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens); II. companion crop: control without a companion crop, red clover, and red clover + Italian ryegrass. In spring barley grain, the total protein content was determined and the total protein yield was calculated. The obtained study results demonstrated that the growing season conditions significantly affected the total protein content and yield in the spring barley grain. The highest total protein content was recorded in the grain of spring barley following an application of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum) combined with PGPR (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and grown with companion red clover.

Post-harvest residues of narrow-leafed lupin/oat mixtures are a valuable source of biological nitrogen for the following crop plants, including winter cereals. Hybrid winter rye, which is increasingly popular in Germany and Poland, positively responds to cultivation at good sites. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of the biomass of the post-harvest residues of narrow-leafed lupin, oat and their mixtures on yield performance and amount of nitrogen accumulated in hybrid winter rye grain. The following two factors were examined in an experiment: factor I - forecrop mixtures: narrow-leafed lupin - pure stand 100%, oat - pure stand 100%, narrow-leafed lupin 75% + oat 25%, narrowleafed lupin 50% + oat 50%, narrow-leafed lupin 25% + oat 75%; factor II - forecrop harvest date: the stage of narrow-leafed lupin flowering, the stage of narrow-leafed lupin flat green pod. The results demonstrated that oat and narrow-leafed lupin/oat mixtures containing 25 + 75% and 50 + 50% of the respective components and harvested at the stage of narrow-leafed lupin flat green pod supplied the greatest amount of post-harvest residue biomass, and narrow-leafed lupin harvested at the aforementioned stage accumulated the most nitrogen. Hybrid winter rye following the forecrop of narrow-leafed lupin/oat mixture containing 50 + 50% of the respective components and harvested at the stage of narrowleafed lupin flat green pod produced the highest grain yield.

The potato tuber content of microelements is lower than that of macroelements but they are equally important. With this respect, there has been noticed a favourable effect of natural and organic manuring. The objective of the study reported here was to determine the effect of manuring with an undersown catch crop, either autumn-incorporated or left on the soil surface as mulch for spring incorporation, and production system on the potato tuber content of microelements. The study involved a field experiment, which was conducted in 2009-2012. The following two factors were examined: I − manuring with undersown catch crop: control, farmyard manure, Persian clover, Persian clover + westerwolds ryegrass, westerwolds ryegrass, Persian clover − mulch, Persian clover + westerwolds ryegrass − mulch, westerwolds ryegrass − mulch; II − production system: integrated and organic. Potato tubers were sampled to determine microelement contents. The highest iron and zinc contents were recorded in the tubers of potato manured with autumn-incorporated Persian clover whereas boron content was the highest in the tubers of potato manured with Persian clover, regardless of when it had been incorporated, as well as an autumn-incorporated Persian clover + westerwolds ryegrass mixture. Organic potatoes contained more iron and boron whereas tubers grown in the integrated production system were higher in zinc, manganese and copper. Potato manuring with undersown catch crops and farmyard manure in both the production systems studied increased the potato tuber content of microelements, excluding copper and manganese.

Research was conducted in Poland in 2017–2019 at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. It aimed at determining the effect of the bacteria Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, the amino acid L-alpha proline, and the mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime on iron content in soil during the period of rapid growth of spring wheat plants, as well as in spring wheat grain and straw. The following two factors were examined: (I) biological products: untreated control, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, L-alpha proline, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline; (II) mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime: nonfertilised control, 60 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation. The study demonstrated that, during the period of rapid spring wheat plant growth, Fe content was the highest in the soil following an application of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline + mineral nitrogen fertiliser applied at the rate of 90 kg N·ha−1. This combination resulted in the highest concentration and uptake of iron by spring wheat grain, whereas for straw, the same result was also achieved following mineral nitrogen fertiliser at a rate of 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation.

The paper presents the results of research carried out over 1999-2002 with the aims to determine the influence of intercrops and farmyard manure fertilization on consumption value of potato tubers in changeable weather conditions. The following combinations of intercrops fertilization were taken into account: the control plot (without intercrop fertilization), farmyard manure, undersown crop (birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot trefoil + Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass), stubble crop (oleiferous radish, oleiferous radish – mulch). The results pointed that, the conditions of vegetation period, significantly modified the consumption values of potato tubers. The consumption value of potato tubers which were fertilized with intercrops was formed on approximated level, as the potato which was fertilized with farmyard manure. The best consumption features, especially taste, had potatoes which were fertilized with birdsfoot trefoil and with the mixture of birdsfoot trefoil and Italian ryegrass.

The paper presents the results of research carried out over 2001-2003 which aimed at describing the influence of undersown crops and spring barley straw fertilization on chemical composition of table potato tubers. Two factors were examined. I - undersown crops fertilization: control variant (without undersown crops fertilization), farmyard manure, black medic (Medicago lupulina), black medic (Medicago lupulina) + Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). II – straw fertilization (subblock without straw, subblock with straw). Obtained results allow to conclude that, fertilization with mixture of black medic with Italian ryegrass and black medic in combinations without straw or with straw in terms of size and quality of yield of potato tubers it equals or it even exceeds the farmyard manure fertilization. The increase of starch, vitamin C and true protein content in comparison with control variant was noted in potato tubers fertilizerd with undersown crops biomass and straw.

Niedobór pasz objętościowych dla bydła mlecznego skłania do podjęcia badań nad uprawą mieszanek strączkowo-zbożowych z przeznaczeniem na zieloną masę. Do uprawy na glebach słabszych zaleca się mieszanki łubinu wąskolistnego z żytem jarym. W latach 2010–2012 w Rolniczej Stacji Doświadczalnej w Zawadach przeprowadzono badania nad określeniem wpływu składu i terminu zbioru na zawartość składników pokarmowych w mieszankach łubinu wąskolistnego z żytem jarym uprawianych na zieloną masę. W doświadczeniu badano dwa czynniki: skład mieszanek oraz termin zbioru. I. Skład mieszanek: łubin wąskolistny – siew czysty, żyto jare – siew czysty, łubin wąskolistny 75% + żyto jare 25%, łubin wąskolistny 50% + żyto jare 50%, łubin wąskolistny 25% + żyto jare 75%. II. Termin zbioru: faza kwitnienia łubinu wąskolistnego, faza płaskiego zielonego strąka łubinu wąskolistnego. W mieszankach uprawiano łubin wąskolistny odmiany Zeus i żyto jare odmiany Bojko. W pobranym materiale roślinnym oznaczono zawartość: białka ogólnego, tłuszczu surowego, włókna surowego i popiołu surowego. Na podstawie wykonanych oznaczeń zawartości składników pokarmowych obliczono zawartość związków bez- azotowych wyciągowych. Niezależnie od terminu zbioru największą zawartość białka ogólnego i popiołu surowego odnotowano w łubinie wąskolistnym uprawianym w siewie czystym, tłuszczu surowego w łubinie wąskolistnym oraz w mieszankach łubinu wąskolistnego z żytem jarym, a włókna surowego i związków bezazotowych wyciągowych w życie jarym uprawianym w siewie czystym. Mieszanki łubinu wąskolistnego z żytem jarym zebrane w fazie kwitnienia zawierały więcej białka ogólnego, popiołu surowego i bezazotowych związków wyciągowych, a zebrane w fazie płaskiego zielonego strąka łubinu wąskolistnego więcej tłuszczu surowego i włókna surowego.

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań z lat 2006–2009 mające na celu określenie wpływu biomasy wsiewek międzyplonowych przyoranych jesienią i pozostawionych do wiosny w formie mulczu na skład chemiczny bulw ziemniaka uprawianego w integrowanym i ekologicznym systemie produkcji. W doświadczeniu badano dwa czynniki. I – nawożenie wsiewką międzyplonową: obiekt kontrolny (bez nawożenia wsiewką międzyplonową), obornik, nostrzyk biały, nostrzyk biały + życica westerwoldzka, życica westerwoldzka, nostrzyk biały – mulcz, nostrzyk biały + życica westewoldzka – mulcz, życica westrwoldzka – mulcz. II – systemy produkcji: integrowany i ekologiczny. Bezpośrednio po zastosowaniu nawożenia wsiewkami międzyplonowymi uprawiano ziemniak na cele jadalne. W bulwach ziemniaka oznaczono zawartość suchej masy, skrobi, witaminy C oraz cukrów redukujących i sumy cukrów. Zawartość suchej masy, skrobi i witaminy C była wyższa, a zawartość cukrów redukujących i sumy cukrów niższa w bulwach ziemniaka nawożonego biomasą wsiewek międzyplonowych. Ziemniaki uprawiane w integrowanym systemie produkcji zawierały więcej suchej masy, skrobi i witaminy C, a mniej cukrów redukujących i sumy cukrów niż ziemniaki uprawiane w ekologicznym systemie produkcji. Najkorzystniejszy skład chemiczny odnotowano w bulwach ziemniaka nawożonego mieszanką nostrzyka białego z życicą westerwoldzką zarówno przyoraną jesienią, jak i pozostawioną do wiosny w formie mulczu w integrowanym systemie produkcji.

The work presents research results from the years 2000–2003. The research aimed to examine the possibilities of replacing farmyard manure, in edible potato cultivation, with catch crops and barley straw without reducing the level and quality of the tuber yield. Two factors were examined. I. Catch crop fertilization: a control object, farmyard manure, undersown catch crop (red clover, red clover + Italian ryegrass), stubble catch crop – biomass incorporated in autumn (fodder radish), stubble catch crop overwintering biomass mulch (fodder radish). II. Straw fertilization: straw-fertilized sub-block, a not-straw-fertilized sub-block, a not-straw-fertilized subblock. Undersown catch crops were sown after planting barley cultivated for grain whereas stubble catch crops were planted after barley harvest. Edible potato was cultivated in the first year after organic fertilizer application. The following characteristics were determined during potato harvest: commercial yield, starch, vitamin C, true protein and glycoalkaloid contents in the tuber samples. The conditions of the growing season significantly modified the commercial yield and the chemical composition of potato tubers. The highest commercial yield of potato tubers with the highest of starch, vitamin C, true protein, and the lowest of glycoalkaloid content was harvested from the treatment fertilized with either a mixture of red clover and Italian ryegrass, or red clover in combination with straw. Moreover, positive results were obtained when a fodder radish mulch + straw combination was applied.

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań z lat 1999–2002, których celem było porównanie plonowania i opłacalności uprawy ziemniaka jadalnego nawożonego międzyplonami i słomą jęczmienia jarego. W doświadczeniu badano dwa czynniki: nawożenie organiczne (kontrola, obornik, koniczyna biała + życica wielokwiatowa, rzodkiew oleista, rzodkiew oleista – mulcz), nawożenie słomą (bez słomy, ze słomą). W pierwszym roku po zastosowaniu nawożenia organicznego uprawiano ziemniaki jadalne. Podczas zbioru określono plon ogólny i handlowy bulw ziemniaka. Dokonano również oceny ekonomicznej uprawy ziemniaka jadalnego w warunkach zróżnicowanego nawożenia organicznego. Obliczono wartość produkcji, bezpośrednie koszty produkcji i nadwyżkę bezpośrednio. Plon ogólny i handlowy bulw ziemniaka nawożonego mieszanką koniczyny białej z życicą wielokwiatową i rzodkwią oleistą były istotnie wyższe lub dorównywały uzyskanym na oborniku. Bezpośrednie koszty produkcji ziemniaka nawożonego międzyplonami i międzyplonami ze słomą były istotnie niższe od odnotowanych na oborniku. Najwyższą nadwyżkę bezpośrednią, analogicznie jak największe plony bulw ziemniaka, odnotowano w kombinacji nawożonej mieszanką koniczyny białej z życicą wielokwiatową.

The present work gives the results of studies from 1997–2000 whose aim was to specify the influence of varied organic fertilization on the chemical composition of potato tubers. The experiment examined following combinations of organic fertilization: control object (without organic fertilization), farmyard manure, birdsfoot trefoil, italian ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil + straw, Italian ryegrass + straw. The underplant crops were sown into spring barley cultivated for seed. After the harvest of spring barley, on the fields with straw, the straw was left crumbled, and on those without straw, it was picked and taken out of the field. The whole biomass of underplant crops was appropriated for the green fertilizer. In the first year after organic fertilization, table potatoes were cultivated. During the potato harvest, from each field average samples of tubers were taken to make the chemical analysis. In the fresh mass of potatoe tubers there were marked: the content of starch, reducing sugars and total sugar, and in the dry mass the content of macroelements. Fertilization of potato with underplant crops in combinations with straw or without it, and also with farmyard manure, increased the content of starch and macroelements, and decreased the content of reducing sugar and total sugar in comparison to control object only with mineral fertilization. The highest content of starch was characteristic of potatoes fertilized with Italian ryegrass and Italian ryegrass + straw, and the highest content of nitrogen was characteristic of the potatoes fertilized with birdsfoot trefoil and with birdsfoot trefoil + straw.

A field experiment was carried out in the years 1996–1998 at the Experimental Farm in Zawady, on the very good rye complex soil of quality class IVa. The experiment was established in a random blocks design in three replications. Varied partcipation of faba bean (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) and spring wheat (100, 75, 50, 25, 0%) in the mixtures was the experimental factor. The aim of the study was to determine the yielding and changes in the nutrient content in the biomass of the mixtures of faba bean and spring wheat intended to be entirely used as feedstuff, respective to the participation of components. The following characteristics were studied: the yield of dry matter, the yield of total protein, the content of crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, crude ash and niterogen free extract. The dry matter and total protein yield as well as the content of nutrients in the biomass varied according to the participation of components in the mixture. However, there was no significant influence of the participation of components on the weeding of the sown area. The highest dry matter yield was obtained in the case of the mixture with 50-percent faba bean and spring wheat whereas the total protein yield was highest in the case of the treatment with 75 and 100-percent participation of faba bean. Increased participation of faba bean was followed by an increase in the content of total protein, crude fibre and crude ash and reduction in the content of crude fat and nitrogen free extract compounds.

The present paper discusses the results of investigations from 1991-1994. Their purpose is to estimate the influence of under-plant crops with straw on the yielding and nutritive value of table potato cv. Bronka. This experiment investigated such combinations of organic fertilization as control treatment (without organic fertilization), farmyard manure, and also under- -plant crops of red clover, a mixture of red clover with Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass over-ploughed in whole or in form of after-harvest residues in combination with straw. The content of dry matter and macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) was marked in investigated organic fertilizers. In the first years after organic fertilization table potatoes were cultivated. During the harvest, the yield of tubers, dry mass was estimated on each field, and then tests were made to mark the content of dry mass, starch, C vitamin and total protein. The under-plant crops over ploughed in whole in combinations with straw gave needed more organic matter, about 45.1%, than farmyard manure. But after-harvest residues with straw relating to this feature were equal to farmyard manure. Among the investigated forms of fertilization the highest rate of macroelements were put into the soil in the mixture of red clover with Italian ryegrass over ploughed in whole in combinations with straw. The highest yields of dry mass of tubers were achieved from treatments which had been fertilized with red clover over ploughed in whole or in form of after-harvest residues in combinations with straw. The nutritive value of potato fertilized with red clover and also mixtures of red clover with Italian ryegrass over ploughed in whole or in form of after-harvest residues in combinations with straw was equal to the nutritive value of tubers fertilized with farmyard manure.