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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in women of reproductive age. Despite being considered to affect up to one-fifth of women in this cohort, the condition lacks generally accepted diagnostic biomarkers and options for targeted therapy. Hereby, we analyzed the diagnostic, therapeutic, and functional potential of a recently discovered miR-335-5p that was observed to be reduced in the follicular fluid (FF) of PCOS patients as compared with healthy women. We found miR-335-5p to be significantly decreased in the serum and FF samples of PCOS patients (n = 40) vs healthy women (n = 30), as well as in primary human granulosa cells (hGCs), and in 3 different hormonally induced PCOS-like murine models vs. wild-type (WT) mice. The level of circulating miR-335-5p was found to significantly correlate with the impaired endocrine and clinical features associated with PCOS in human patients. Ovarian intrabursal injection of the miR-335-5p antagomir in WT mice ovaries induced a PCOS-like reproductive phenotype. Treatment with the miR-335-5p agomir rescued the dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS-phenotype in mice, thereby providing a functional link between miR-335-5p and PCOS. We identified SP1 as a miR-335-5p target gene by using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Both the luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that SP1 bound to the promoter region of human CYP19A1 and inhibited its transcription. miR-335-5p increased the production of estradiol via the SP1/CYP19A1 axis in hGCs, thereby suggesting its mechanistic pathway of action. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that miR-335-5p may function as a mediator in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS, as well as has the potential as both a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PCOS.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is mainly expressed in adipocytes. The risk of abdominal obesity and autoimmune thyroid disease is increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The objective of this study was to explore the relationship of serum concentration of A-FABP with parameters of obesity, e.g., waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the amount of adipose tissue assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and thyroid hormone homeostasis in women with PCOS. We examined 66 women with PCOS and 67 healthy women. Serum concentrations of A-FABP and thyroid hormones were measured; the FT3/FT4 ratio, thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI), thyrotrope thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI) and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) were calculated. In the PCOS group, serum concentrations of A-FABP, FT3 and the FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly higher in comparison to the control group (all p < 0.05). A correlation of A-FABP with WHR (r = 0.26, p = 0.04) and the percentage of adipose tissue (r = 0.33, p = 0.01) has been found only in women with PCOS. We observed no correlation between serum levels of A-FABP and TSHI, TT4RI or TFQI in women with PCOS (all p > 0.05). Our results indicate that A-FABP is an adipokine that may be connected with abdominal obesity independently of thyroid hormone homeostasis in PCOS patients.

Objective PCOS women are characterized by insulin resistance and have higher tendency to the development of hepatic steatosis. Fetuin-B has been introduced as a hepatokine/adipokine, which is increased in hepatic steatosis and may be connected with glucose metabolism disturbances. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between serum fetuin-B concentration and indices of insulin resistance, insulin secretion and markers of liver steatosis in PCOS women in comparison to the control group. Patients and methods The study group included 108 women – 57 women with PCOS and 51 women matched for age and BMI as a control group. Serum concentration of fetuin-B was estimated. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment β cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated. Fatty liver index (FLI), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were used as markers of liver steatosis. Results We found higher serum concentration of fetuin-B and FLI in PCOS women in comparison to the control group (all P r = 0.43, P = 0.01), HOMA-IR (r = 0.31, P = 0.01), FLI (r = 0.29, P = 0.02), VAI (r = 0.29, P = 0.02) and LAP (r = 0.32, P = 0.01) in PCOS women. We also noticed a relationship between HOMA-IR and FLI (r = 0.42, P = 0.01), VAI (r = 0.38, P = 0.004) and LAP (r = 0.41, P = 0.001) in this group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HOMA-β (β = 0.39, P = 0.002) and LAP (β = 0.27, P = 0.02) were independently connected with serum fetuin-B levels in women with PCOS. Conclusions Serum fetuin-B levels are higher in women with PCOS and are independently connected with HOMA-β and hepatic steatosis.

Objective Glucose and lipid disturbances, as well as higher tendency to atherosclerosis, are observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thyroid hormones action has long been recognized as an important determinant of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Some studies suggest that even in euthyroid subjects, thyroid function may affect atherosclerosis risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between thyroid hormonal status and glucose and lipid profile before and after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in PCOS women in comparison to the control group. Patients and methods The study group included 98 women—60 women with PCOS and 38 women matched for age and BMI as a control group. OGTT with estimation of plasma glucose and lipids, as well as serum insulin and thyroid hormones (TH) concentrations was performed. Activity of peripheral deiodinases at baseline (SPINA-GD1) and at the 120 min of OGTT (SPINA-GD2) was calculated according to the formula by Dietrich et al. as a measure of T4–T3 conversion efficiency. Delta GD was estimated as SPINA-GD1–SPINA-GD2, and delta fT3 was calculated as a difference between fT3 before and after OGTT. Results We did not find differences in TH, SPINA-GDs, and plasma lipid concentrations between PCOS and control group before and after OGTT. Glucose load resulted in a decrease of level TSH, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations in women with PCOS, as well as in the control group (all p

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-age women. Important factors in its pathogenesis are hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, which lead to higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications. With the implementation of the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria in 2003, the group of PCOS patients became highly heterogeneous, with varying metabolic risk reported for different phenotypes of the syndrome. The aim of the present review is to assess the prevalence and severity of MetS and its components in patients with the four phenotypes of PCOS. A comprehensive search of Pubmed database was performed to identify studies comparing metabolic characteristics between PCOS patients with different phenotypes of the syndrome. The results of 60 studies published between 2004 and 2020 were retrieved and analysed. More adverse metabolic profile was observed in PCOS patients with hyperandrogenic phenotypes in comparison to normoandrogenic patients, as well as in classic phenotypes, defined by National Institutes of Health criteria, in comparison to newer phenotypes introduced by the Rotterdam criteria. In the majority of observations, normoandrogenic PCOS patients did not differ significantly from controls in terms of metabolic characteristics, although some East Asian studies reported more adverse metabolic profile in normoandrogenic phenotype in comparison to healthy women. In conclusion, metabolic abnormalities in PCOS seem to be associated with joint effects of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and visceral obesity. The differences observed between the four phenotypes of PCOS underline the need for individualised diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Purpose: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease, which results in suboptimal treatment outcomes, and leads to aesthetic and functional side-effects. Many risky behaviours associated with this type of cancer start at a young age. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of HNC awareness in the young population in Poland. Materials and methods: An anonymous online survey on HNC was conducted among 1903 people between the ages of 18 and 35 years. Closed-ended questions concerned HNC risk factors, symptoms and prognosis. Results: 85.1% of respondents were familiar with HNC. The main source of information was the Internet (57.3%); 78.2% of participants associated HNC occurrence with smoking, 43.4% with alcohol consumption and 37.2% with the human papillomavirus infection. The main risk factors mentioned by students of non-medical educational institutions included smoking, stress and excessive sunbathing. A quarter of respondents (37.7%, if medical students are excluded) were unaware of any early symptoms of HNC. The symptoms mentioned most frequently included chronic hoarseness (55.3%), a lump in the neck (51.8%) and chronic sore throat (51.4%). Over three-quarters of medical students and half of the remaining respondents connected early diagnosis with a better chance of being cured; 4.6% of medical students and 9.6% of students of other educational institutions would seek medical advice only when symptoms made everyday functioning impossible. Conclusions: The level of HNC cancer awareness in the young population is alarmingly low. A large number of non-medical students are unaware of risk factors and early symptoms. Educational campaigns aimed at effective prophylaxis, earlier diagnosis and treatment of HNC are needed.

Context Higher prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is linked to exogenous insulin, especially when diabetes is diagnosed before puberty. Objective The study evaluates the impact of prepubertal onset of T1DM and insulin therapy on PCOS diagnosis and phenotypic characteristics in women with T1DM. Design, Setting, and Patients We studied 83 women with T1DM (age 26 ± 5 years, BMI 24 ± 3 kg/m2) 36 with premenarchal (PM) onset of T1DM [17 with PCOS diagnosed (PCOS+PM) and 19 without PCOS (noPCOS+PM)] and 47 women with postmenarchal onset of T1DM [24 with PCOS (PCOS-noPM) and 23 without PCOS (noPCOS-noPM)]. Outcome Measurements Clinical examination, assessment of serum sex hormones, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and ultrasonographic evaluation of the ovaries were performed in all women. Results Applying Rotterdam criteria, 49% of women with T1DM were diagnosed with PCOS. There were no differences in hormonal profile and ovarian parameters between PCOS+PM and PCOS-noPM. Women with T1DM+PM had higher insulin dose/24 h and U/kg bw/24 h than T1DM-noPM (P-values = 0.014 and 0.001, respectively). Both PCOS+PM and noPCOS+PM groups had higher insulin dose U/kg bw/24 h in comparison to PCOS-noPM (P-values = 0.004 and = 0.006, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age of menarche [odds ratio (OR): 0.672; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.465-0.971] and HbA1c (OR: 0.569; 95% CI: 0.383-0.846) were associated with the diagnosis of PCOS. Conclusions There were no differences in the prevalence of PCOS between T1DM+PM and T1DM-noPM; however, earlier menarche might have an influence on PCOS diagnosis in women with T1DM.

Insulin resistance is an important factor in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications. Early atherosclerotic lesions may be diagnosed by ultrasonographic parameters: brachial artery flow-mediated dilation after reactive hyperaemia (FMD) and intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (IMT). The aim of the study was to assess the relation of IMT and FMD with clinical and laboratory parameters reflecting metabolic status in young women with different PCOS phenotypes. The study included 154 PCOS patients diagnosed with the Rotterdam criteria, divided into four phenotypes, and 113 healthy women. Laboratory analyses, transvaginal ultrasound, and IMT and FMD measurements were conducted. MetS was diagnosed with International Diabetes Federation/American Heart Association (IDF/AHA) consensus criteria. MetS was more prevalent in PCOS patients than healthy women (14.29 vs. 5.31%; p = 0.019), with highest prevalence in phenotypes I and II (p = 0.039). IMT and FMD did not differ between PCOS patients and the controls, nor between the PCOS phenotypes. PCOS patients with MetS presented lower FMD than other PCOS patients (p = 0.018). In women with PCOS, FMD correlated with glucose and insulin concentrations in the fasting state (R = −0.33, p = 0.002; R = −0.23, p = 0.026) and at 2 h of OGTT (R = −0.29, p = 0.006; R = −0.26, p = 0.014). In patients with phenotype I, correlations were found between IMT and BMI (R = 0.45, p = 0.006) and between FMD and fasting glucose concentrations (R = −0.46, p = 0.011). Metabolic disturbances and the diagnosis of MetS in patients with PCOS, especially in hyperandrogenic phenotypes, might be associated with alterations in IMT and FMD.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and abdominal obesity in the state of an improper diet balance. Leptin is a peptide considered to be a satiety hormone that plays an important role in the long-term energy balance, whereas ghrelin is a hormone that controls short-term appetite regulation and is considered a hunger hormone. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations and the dietary macronutrient content in PCOS women. We examined 73 subjects: 39 women diagnosed with PCOS by the Rotterdam criteria and 34 healthy controls, matched by the body mass index. The subjects completed a consecutive three-day dietary diary to identify the macronutrient and micronutrient intake. Serum concentrations of leptin and total ghrelin were measured and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The studied groups did not differ significantly in terms of the intake of macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) and serum concentrations of ghrelin and leptin (all p &gt, 0.05). In the PCOS group, the serum leptin concentration positively correlated with the intake of total fat (r = 0.36, p = 0.02), total cholesterol (r = &minus, 0.36, p = 0.02), saturated fatty acids (r = 0.43, p &lt, 0.01), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (r = 0.37, p = 0.02), whereas the serum ghrelin concentration correlated in an inverse manner with the intake of total fat (r = &minus, 0.37, p = 0.02), MUFA (r = &minus, 0.37, p = 0.02), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = &minus, 0.34, p = 0.03), and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = &minus, 0.38, p = 0.02). In this group, we also found a negative association of HOMA-IR with serum ghrelin levels (r = &minus, 0.4, p = 0.03) and a positive relationship with the serum leptin concentration (r = 0.5, p &lt, 0.01) and relationships between HOMA-IR and total dietary fat (r = 0.38, p = 0.03) and MUFA (r = 0.35, p = 0.04) intake. In PCOS women, dietary components such as the total fat and type of dietary fat and HOMA-IR are positively connected to serum leptin concentrations and negatively connected to serum ghrelin concentrations, which may influence the energy balance.

Insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia observed in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are associated with metabolic disturbances and could be connected with body composition pattern. To date, several studies defining the parameters of body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method in the group of PCOS patients have been published, however, without the analysis in different phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between serum androgens concentration, insulin resistance and distribution of fat mass using DXA method in various PCOS phenotypes according to the Rotterdam criteria. We examined 146 women: 34 (38%) had PCOS phenotype A, 20 (23%) phenotype B, 20 (23%) phenotype C and 15 (16%) phenotype D (with mean age of each phenotype 25 years), and 57 control subjects (mean age of 25.5 years). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Serum concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were assessed and free androgen index (FAI) was calculated. In phenotypes A, B and C, we observed higher FAI in comparison to the control group (all p &lt, 0.01). Serum concentrations of androstenedione and DHEA-S were higher in phenotypes A and C in comparison to the control group (all p &lt, 0.01). However, only in phenotype A we found higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and android/gynoid ratio (A/G ratio) in comparison to the control group (all p &lt, 0.01). In phenotype A, we observed connection of VAT with FAI (r = 0.58, p &lt, 0.01). Accordingly, A/G ratio was related with FAI in all phenotypes (all p &lt, 0.05). Additionally, in phenotype C, A/G ratio was related to serum concentrations of DHEA-S and androstenedione (r = 0.46, p = 0.03, r = 0.53, p = 0.01, respectively). We also found connections of HOMA-IR with VAT and A/G ratio in all phenotypes (all p &lt, 0.05). Women with phenotype A had higher amount of VAT and A/G ratio in comparison to the control group. Serum concentration of androgens and insulin resistance are connected with VAT and A/G ratio in normoandrogenic and hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) diagnosis requires invasive assessment by right heart catheterization (RHC), but screening and monitoring are performed using non-invasive methods: echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The aim of the study was to assess correlations between the parameters obtained in non-invasive testing and RHC in patients with PH of different etiologies.The study included 53 medical records of PH patients (32 women) aged 29-81 years. We analyzed correlations between RHC (systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (dPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac output (CO)) and echocardiographic (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), sPAP) and CPET parameters (end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures (PetOEchocardiographic estimation correlated well with RHC measurement of sPAP (r=0.65, P0.001). TAPSE correlated with PVR assessed with thermodilution method (r=-0.5, P=0.005), dPAP (r=-0.53, P=0.002) and CO (r=0.53, P=0.002). PVR assessed with thermodilution and Fick methods showed positive correlation with PetOSimple cardiac function indicators obtained by commonly used non-invasive methods allow only approximate estimation of the main hemodynamic RHC-derived parameters: sPAP, CO and PVR. Obtained results suggest the relationship between RV dysfunction and ventilation abnormalities in PH patients.

We present a case of a 54-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes affected by multiple microvascular and macrovascular complications. Over the course of the disease, he developed diabetic nephropathy that resulted in renal transplant, proliferative retinopathy of both eyes, and sensory polyneuropathy. He also suffered from arterial hypertension and diabetic foot syndrome, complicated by an amputation of fourth left toe. With the implementation of intensive insulin therapy (IIT), a decrease in prevalence of diabetic complications has been observed. Tight metabolic control, especially during early years of the disease, significantly reduces the risk of their development. However, there are patients who suffer from multiple complications, despite receiving IIT. One of the most important aspects of effective diabetes management is patients’ education and their active participation in the treatment.

Background : Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardiovascular pathology leading to right-sided heart failure. A qualitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in echocardiography provides valuable information on a patient’s condition. The standard echocar- diographic parameter, assessed in PH patients, is RV free wall motion. Aim : To verify the utility of RV free wall motion assessment via echocardiography in PH patients. Methods : Data from 30 PH patients, regardless of aetiology (except for left heart disease), was retrospectively analyzed. Based on the RV free wall motion visual echocardiographic assessment the population was divided into: group 1- normokinetic; group 2- hypokinetic RV. All patients underwent a medical interview, physical examination, basic laboratory work-up, echocardiography, and right heart catheterization (RHC). Twenty-one patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Results : The analysis revealed, that patients with RV free wall hypokinesis were characterized by impaired gas exchange parameters (higher values of ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide, higher end-tidal oxygen pressures, lower end-tidal carbon dioxide pres- sures and higher minute ventilation – carbon dioxide production relation slope) and cardiovascular response to exercise (lower increase in O2 pulse during exercise) obtained in the CPET. RHC showed that patients with hypokinetic RV had higher diastolic and mean pul- monary artery pressures (dPAP, mPAP), lower cardiac index, and higher pulmonary vascular resistance. Conclusions : RV free wall motion abnormalities, assessed using echocardiography in PH patients, are found in those with more advanced disease. They are characterized by impaired ventilation in the CPET and more advanced haemodynamic abnormalities in RHC. The association between this parameter and prognosis requires validation in a larger population of patients. JRCD 2017; 3 (5): 161–167

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is higher than in the general population. Both diseases are associated with higher risk of premature atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the cardiovascular risks conferred by T1DM and PCOS are additive. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group included 78 women divided into 4 groups: 19 women with PCOS and T1DM (T1DM+PCOS), 16 women with T1DM only (T1DM/no‑PCOS), 27 women with PCOS only(PCOS), and 16 healthy women (control group). We evaluated the serum concentrations of cardiovascular disease biomarkers: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM‑1) and soluble endothelial‑leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (sE‑selectin). We also assessed brachial artery flow‑mediated dilation (FMD) and estimated the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CIMT) by ultrasonography. RESULTS The serum concentrations of sICAM‑1and sE‑selectin were higher in the T1DM+PCOS group compared with women with PCOS only (P = 0.041 and P = 0.002, respectively) and were comparable to those in the T1DM/no‑PCOS group. FMD and CIMT did not differ between the groups. In women with T1DM, sICAM‑1 positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.34, P = 0.047), CIMT with daily insulin dose (r = 0.37, P = 0.039), and FMD negatively correlated with diabetes duration (r = -0.42, P = 0.02). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence of T1DM, with adjustment for sICAM‑1, was the only predictor of sE‑selectin concentrations in the whole study group (odds ratio, 8.03; 95% confidence interval, 2.56-13.49; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The presence of PCOS does not increase the risk of subclinical vascular disease in young lean women with T1DM.

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is higher than in the general population. Both diseases are associated with higher risk of premature atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the cardiovascular risks conferred by T1DM and PCOS are additive. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group included 78 women divided into 4 groups: 19 women with PCOS and T1DM (T1DM+PCOS), 16 women with T1DM only (T1DM/no‑PCOS), 27 women with PCOS only(PCOS), and 16 healthy women (control group). We evaluated the serum concentrations of cardiovascular disease biomarkers: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM‑1) and soluble endothelial‑leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (sE‑selectin). We also assessed brachial artery flow‑mediated dilation (FMD) and estimated the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CIMT) by ultrasonography. RESULTS The serum concentrations of sICAM‑1and sE‑selectin were higher in the T1DM+PCOS group compared with women with PCOS only (P = 0.041 and P = 0.002, respectively) and were comparable to those in the T1DM/no‑PCOS group. FMD and CIMT did not differ between the groups. In women with T1DM, sICAM‑1 positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.34, P = 0.047), CIMT with daily insulin dose (r = 0.37, P = 0.039), and FMD negatively correlated with diabetes duration (r = -0.42, P = 0.02). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence of T1DM, with adjustment for sICAM‑1, was the only predictor of sE‑selectin concentrations in the whole study group (odds ratio, 8.03; 95% confidence interval, 2.56-13.49; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The presence of PCOS does not increase the risk of subclinical vascular disease in young lean women with T1DM.

Introduction. Data underline the role of betatrophin in glucose homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship of serum betatrophin concentrations with indirect indices of IR and insulin secretion in women with PCOS, compared to the control group. Methods. The study group comprised 43 women with PCOS and 16 controls. IR was assessed by HOMA-IR and Matsuda index. Insulin secretion was evaluated with HOMA-B. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with estimation of serum betatrophin concentrations was performed. Results. Glucose load resulted in an increase in serum betatrophin concentrations in the control group (p=0.02). Serum betatrophin concentrations at 120 min of OGTT were lower in women with PCOS than in the control group (p=0.02). We observed positive correlations between baseline serum betatrophin concentrations and HOMA-IR (r=0.39, p=0.008), negative correlations with Matsuda index (r=−0.31, p=0.004), and a positive relationship with HOMA-B (r=0.38, p=0.01) in women with PCOS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HOMA-B (β=0.47, p=0.001) was an independent factor connected to serum betatrophin levels in PCOS. Conclusions. Serum concentrations of betatrophin are connected with insulin resistance and beta cell function and did not change after glucose load in women with PCOS.

Background HNC is the sixth most common type of cancer in Europe, with over 150,000 new cases in 2012. It is usually recognized at an advanced clinical stage, when the survival rate is remarkably lower, compared to patients diagnosed early. Main risk factors, tobacco and alcohol use, are usually present in young people, thus health education in this group is crucial. The aim of our study was to evaluate the level of HNC awareness among young population in NorthEastern Poland.