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Rapeseed is an important oil crop worldwide, with an annual production of more than 70 million tons. Rapeseed meal (RSM) is a by-product of rapeseed oil production and is second after soybean meal (SBM) in the world production of protein meal. Rapeseed meal derived from black-seeded winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) usually contains between 35 and 40% of crude protein (CP), which is considered to be one of the more valuable plant proteins. It has a good balance of essential amino acids and a very high protein efficiency ratio (PER=3.29). However, full utilisation of this protein is difficult due to presence of the non-protein components of the seed which are associated with it. These are called antinutritional factors and they limit the utilisation of RSM in monogastric animal nutrition. The main antinutritional factors in RSM are dietary fibre, glucosinolates, phytic acid, and phenolic compounds (sinapine, tannins). For many years, research has been conducted in many centres around the world to improve the nutritional value of RSM, which will consequently increase its use in feeding monogastric animals. The attempts that have been undertaken include breeding strategy, optimisation, modernisation and better control of the oil extraction process, as well as technological treatments of seeds and meal. This review provides information on how RSM has evolved in recent years, as well as on its nutritive value, particularly protein, fibre and glucosinolate content. Techniques which have been used to improve the nutritional value of rapeseed products are also discussed. However, the used methods do not allow for full replacement soybean meal by RSM in monogastric animal nutrition.

Background. Cereal products, including bread, play an important role in our daily diet and are a source of energy, nutrients and health promoting components. Consuming bread of the best possible quality is an important element of preventive treatment in times marked by the increasing number of dietrelated diseases in the society. There is also a need to research the quality of bread assortment available on the market. As a result, consumers will have access to information on the benefits of consuming highquality food and will be able to choose an assortment tailored to their own needs. The aim of this work was to assess the diversified content of nutrients and bioactive ingredients in popular types of bread available on the Polish market. Moreover, it was demonstrated how ingredients used for baking bread affected the chemical profile of the finished product. Results and conclusion. Eight commercial samples of bread with different composition declared on the labels were tested. In all samples the following nutrients were marked: protein, ash, lipids and starch, as well as bioactive components: dietary fiber broken down into insoluble and soluble fractions, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The analyzed breads differed significantly in terms of chemical composition, which resulted from the amount of raw materials used in production, production technology and additives used. The research showed that out of all samples covered by the analysis the wholemeal rye bread had the best composition and contained the highest content of ash (3.9 %), dietary fiber (15.2 %) and β-glucan (1.6 %), as well as high antioxidant activity (5.5 mg Trolox/g). The wheat roll had the least favorable properties – it had the highest lipid content (3.4 %) and contained the lowest level of ash (2.3 %) and most bioactive compounds (dietary fiber 5.6 %, lignin 0.2 %, resistant starch 1.2 %, total phenolic compounds 0.5 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity 2.4 mg Trolox/g).

The research included 19 breeding lines and 4 cultivars of spring barley from the preliminary field experiments harvested in 2020 in Radzików. All barley samples were characterized for the content of protein, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) with soluble (S-NSP) and insoluble (I-NSP) fractions and β-glucan. Additionally, viscosity of water extracts (WEV) was measured to determine the functional properties of the grain. It was the most diverse parameter (CV = 27%) and was significantly correlated with β-glucan content (r = 0.50; for p

The aim of the study was to estimate the technological value and chemical composition of new common wheat cultivars. The experimental material consisted of grain and flour obtained from 5 cultivars of common wheat, registered in 2017-2019, donated by Plant Breeding Strzelce - IHAR Group Ltd., Co., and harvested in years 2017-2018. The physical characteristics of the grain were determined: milling yield, falling number, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index as well as farinograph analysis and laboratory baking were performed. Furthermore, the content of grain nutrients and dietary fiber was determined. Significant differences between cultivars in terms of technological parameters and chemical composition have been demonstrated. The protein content in the grain was in the range of 13.3-15.2%, and the amount of gluten in the range of 28.6-36.8%. The cultivars were characterized by low alpha-amylase activity with an average falling number value 331s. The average water absorption of flour was 62.1%, and the volume of obtained bread was in the range 318-381cm3. The bread of best quality was obtained from the Wilejka cultivar, that was also the richest source of protein. The average dietary fiber content from two years of research was 10.8%, including 7.7% of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), of which 5.8% of the insoluble fraction (I-NSP) and 1.9% of the soluble fraction (S-NSP). The richest source of dietary fiber was the spring wheat Alibi. The tested cultivars were characterized by high technological value and very good chemical composition and can be recommended for use in the food industry.

The article presents basic information on dietary fibre, including its current definition and characteristicsof individual components. The physiological and health-promoting effects of soluble and insoluble fractionsof fibre, are also presented. The characteristics of dietary fibre are discussed, taking as examples the selectedcereal species most popular in Poland and in Europe which make up a significant part of the diet and, as such,are an important source of this component.

The major grains in human diet are wheat, rice and corn, but in the last few years oats (Avena sativa L.) have received increased attention by the food industry because of their unique chemical com...

Nowadays non-bread cereals, including oats, due to their healthy properties are increasingly used as additives in bread production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate new healthy triticale-oat bread by replacement as much as possible of triticale flour by high fibre oat concentrate (COF), without decreasing technological quality of bread. The flours obtained from 4 winter triticale varieties were enriched with 2.5%, 5% and 10% of COF. An increasing COF level resulted in significantly increased nutritional parameters content as well as dietary fibre (up to 11.5%), including six-fold increase in β-glucan content (from 0.3% for control breads to 1.0% and 1.8% for 5% and 10% COF, respectively) and as a consequence even two-fold increase in viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Obtained results were compared to popular, available in bakery wheat and wheat-rye breads. All obtained triticale-oat breads can be included as food products high in fibre (over 6 g per 100 g). The dough properties and bread parameters, especially bread volume, shape and crumb texture decreased with the addition of COF. Results show that triticale flour replaced by up to 5% of COF makes it possible to prepare new kind of healthy bread.

During the last few decades triticale has become a commercial crop grown in a variety of environmental conditions worldwide. Triticale, a hybrid cereal developed by crossing wheat and rye combines the valuable properties of both parental forms. In the present study the differences in chemical composition between grain, flour and bread of eight triticale varieties were determined. The results were compared against the standard wheat variety. Independently of the degree of material processing, all samples were characterised for nutrients (protein, starch, ash, lipids) and bioactive components (dietary fibre (DF), total polyphenols (TPC)) and viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Following grain milling, the average content of some components decreased significantly in comparison to grain (protein (2%), ash (58%), lipids (38%), DF (64%), TPC (40%)). After baking the differences in the content of some bread components were compared to flour. The most significant differences between flour and bread samples were noted in the average content of ash (0.8% vs. 2.3%), starch (74.1% vs. 64.7%), DF (4.6% vs. 5.4%), TPC (0.9mgGAE/g vs. 0.5mgGAE/g). Our results show that the grain of some modern triticale varieties, with a favourable chemical composition from a technological and nutritional perspective, is good material for flour and bread production.

The research was aimed at characterizing the chemical composition of husked and decorticated grains, as well as assessing the impact of growing conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of oat varieties. The research material was husked and hulled grain of 22 oat varieties, as well as 3 varieties of naked forms, from the HR Strzelce collection. In the material, the share of hulls, minerals, protein, total lipids, oligosugars, calorific value, digestible starch, non-starch polysaccharides divided into soluble and insoluble fraction, β-glucan and Klason lignin were determined.

Celem badań było wykazanie wpływu genotypu i warunków środowiska, w tym lat uprawy na zmienność zawartości alkilorezorcynoli w ziarnie pszenicy ozimej. Materiał badawczy stanowiło ziarno 20 odmian i 4 linii pszenicy ozimej z Hodowli Roślin Strzelce z lat uprawy 2005–2007. Zawartość alkilorezorcynoli oznaczono metodą kolorymetryczną z zastosowaniem soli diazoniowej Fast Blue B. Wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej. Średnia zawartość alkilorezorcynoli w ciągu trzech lat badań wynosiła 552 mg/kg, przy wartości współczynnika zmienności 14%. Wykazano, że zawartość alkilorezorcynoli w latach 2005–2007 była zdeterminowana głównie warunkami środowiska (51%).

Celem badań było wykazanie wpływu genotypu i warunków środowiska, w tym lat uprawy na zmienność zawartości błonnika pokarmowego, wyliczonego metodą pośrednią z różnicy podstawowych składników ziarna. Materiał badawczy stanowiło ziarno 20 odmian i 4 linii pszenicy ozimej z Hodowli Roślin Strzelce z lat uprawy 2005–2007. W celu obliczenia zawartości błonnika pokarmowego w ziarnie oznaczono zawartość następujących składników: białka, popiołu, lipidów, skrobi oraz cukrów wolnych. Wyniki zawartości błonnika pokarmowego poddano analizie statystycznej. Wykazano, że zmienność zawartości błonnika pokarmowego w ciągu trzech lat uprawy oraz lepkość wodnych ekstraktów ziarna były zdeterminowane warunkami środowiska (45%) oraz interakcją genotypowo-środowiskową (30%). Szeroki zakres zmienności genotypowej dotyczącej błonnika pokarmowego umożliwia wskazanie odmian o dużej zawartości tego składnika i wykorzystanie ich do produkcji pieczywa pszennego, którego udział w strukturze spożycia pieczywa jest największy.

Materiałem badawczym było ziarno 25 rodów jęczmienia jarego browarnego oraz 3 odmian wzorcowych, Blasku, Conchity i Suwerena, uczestniczących w doświadczeniach wstępnych w roku 2012. Ziarno każdego rodu i odmiany pochodziło z trzech różnych warunków uprawy: Bąkowa, Radzikowa i Strzelec. Oceny wartości technologicznej ziarna dokonano na podstawie 12 parametrów: masy 1000 ziaren, celności, zawartości białka ogółem i białka rozpuszczalnego słodu, liczby Kolbacha, kruchości, ekstraktywności, lepkości brzeczki, siły diastatycznej, zawartości β-glukanu, stopnia ostatecznego odfermentowania oraz wskaźnika Q. Dla tych parametrów jakości obliczono następnie współczynniki zmienności (CV%) i korelacji (r) oraz przeprowadzono dwuczynnikową analizę wariancji, jak również wyznaczono grupy jednorodne. Wyniki badań wykazały istotne zróżnicowanie parametrów jakości technologicznej w obrębie analizowanego materiału i pozwoliły na uszeregowanie kandydujących do rejestracji rodów jęczmienia pod względem przydatności ziarna do słodowania.

Wzrastające wymagania jakościowe dotyczące znajomości zawartości białka w różnych surowcach roślinnych jak również w żywności i paszach spowodowały szersze użycie metody Dumasa, która jest metodą nawet starszą niż powszechnie od lat stosowana metoda Kjeldahla. Celem badań było porównanie wyników zawartości białka w 138 próbkach ziarna trzech rodzajów zbóż, pszenicy, owsa i jęczmienia oraz 4 próbkach śruty rzepakowej i jednej sojowej, wyprodukowanych w warunkach polskich, uzyskanych tymi dwiema metodami standardowymi. Stwierdzono wysoką korelację między wynikami otrzymanymi metodą Dumasa i Kjeldahla, wynosząca 0,9983 dla całego materiału badawczego. Wyniki uzyskane metodą Dumasa były średnio o 0,46 jednostki procentowej wyższe, aniżeli te otrzymane metodą Kjeldahla, co stanowiło 2,4%, jednakże różnice pomiędzy metodami zależały od rodzaju badanego produktu roślinnego. Stwierdzone wysokie korelacje między wynikami otrzymanymi tymi dwiema metodami wskazują, iż metoda Dumasa z powodzeniem może być stosowana, jako metoda alternatywna do badania ziarna zbóż, śruty rzepakowej i sojowej, na zawartość białka.

Within the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screening program, the variation in the content of dietary fiber and components thereof in different types of wheat was studied. The wheat types were winter (131 varieties) and spring (20 varieties) wheats (both Triticum aestivum L., also referred to as common wheats), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf., 10 varieties), spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L., 5 varieties), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum L., 5 varieties), and emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schubler, 5 varieties). Common wheats contained, on average, the highest level of dietary fiber [11.5-18.3% of dry matter (dm)], whereas einkorn and emmer wheats contained the lowest level (7.2-12.8% of dm). Intermediate levels were measured in durum and spelt wheats (10.7-15.5% of dm). Also, on the basis of the arabinoxylan levels in bran, the different wheat types could be divided this way, with ranges of 12.7-22.1% of dm for common wheats, 6.1-14.4% of dm for einkorn and emmer wheats, and 10.9-13.9% of dm for durum and spelt wheats. On average, bran arabinoxylan made up ca. 29% of the total dietary fiber content of wheat. In contrast to what was the case for bran, the arabinoxylan levels in flour were comparable between the different types of wheat. For wheat, in general, they varied between 1.35 and 2.75% of dm. Einkorn, emmer, and durum wheats contained about half the level of mixed-linkage beta-glucan (0.25-0.45% of dm) present in winter, spring, and spelt wheats (0.50-0.95% of dm). All wheat types had Klason lignin, the levels of which varied from 1.40 to 3.25% of dm. The arabinoxylan contents in bran and the dietary fiber contents in wholemeal were inversely and positively related with bran yield, respectively. Aqueous wholemeal extract viscosity, a measure for the level of soluble dietary fiber, was determined to large extent by the level of water-extractable arabinoxylan. In conclusion, the present study revealed substantial variation in the contents of dietary fiber and constituents thereof between different wheat types and varieties.

The effects of genotype and environment on the content of bioactive components in rye were determined with four varieties being grown on one site for three years and on three additional sites in the third year and a fourth variety being included in all trials except year 1. Clear differences were observed in the extent to which the contents of dietary fiber components (arabinoxylan, beta-glucan, total dietary fiber) and phytochemicals (folates, alkylresorcinols, sterols, tocols, phenolic acids) varied between varieties and between the same varieties grown in different sites (United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Poland) and years (2005-2007 in Hungary), with sterols being the most stable and phenolic acids the least. However, no single variety could be selected as having the highest overall level of bioactive components or as being more stable in comparison across environments.

The contents of alkylresorcinols (AR) were analyzed in 131 winter wheats, 20 spring wheats, 10 durum wheats, 5 spelt wheats, and 10 early cultivated forms of wheat (5 diploid einkorn and 5 tetraploid emmer), which are part of the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. AR were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), which provides both total contents and relative homologue compositions, as well as with a Fast Blue colorimetric method that provides only total contents but which is fast and easily screens a large number of samples. There was considerable variation in the total AR content analyzed with GC: winter wheat (220-652 microg/g of dm), spring wheat (254-537 microg/g of dm), durum wheat (194-531 microg/g of dm), spelt (490-741 microg/g of dm), einkorn (545-654 microg/g of dm), and emmer wheat (531-714 microg/g of dm). The relative AR homologue composition was different for different types of wheat, with a C17:0 to C21:0 ratio of 0.1 for winter, spring, and spelt wheats, 0.04 for einkorn and emmer wheat, and 0.01 for durum wheat. The total AR content analyzed with the Fast Blue method was lower than that analyzed with GC but there was a good correlation between the two methods (R(2) = 0.76).

Ten different barley varieties grown in one location were studied for their content of tocols, folate, plant sterols, alkylresorcinols, and phenolic acids, as well as dietary fiber components (arabinoxylan and beta-glucan). The samples included hulled and hull-less barley types and types with normal, high-amylose, and waxy starch. The aim was to study the composition of raw materials, and therefore the hulls were not removed from the hulled barleys. A large variation was observed in the contents of all phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Two varieties from the INRA Clermont Ferrand barley program in France (CFL93-149 and CFL98-398) had high content of tocopherols and alkylresorcinols, whereas the variety Dicktoo was highest in dietary fiber content and phenolics. Positive correlations were found between 1000 kernel weight, alkylresorcinols, and tocols, as well as between dietary fiber content and phenolic compounds. The results demonstrate that the levels of phytochemicals in barley can likely be affected by breeding and that the contents of single phytochemicals may easily be adjusted by a right selection of a genotype.

Ten rye varieties grown in one location were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber (arabinoxylan and beta-glucan) and phytochemicals (folate, tocols, phenolic acids, alkylresorcinols, and sterols). The varieties included old and modern varieties from five European countries. Significant differences were observed in the contents of all phytochemicals in whole grains and in the fiber contents in the flour and bran. The old French varieties Haute Loire and Queyras had high contents of most phytochemicals, whereas the Polish varieties Dankowskie-Zlote and Warko were relatively poor in phytochemicals. The varieties with a high content of folate tended to have low alkylresorcinol contents and vice versa. Furthermore, high contents of arabinoxylans were associated with high contents in tocols and sterols. The 10 selected rye samples comprising old populations and old and modern varieties from different ecological regions of Europe demonstrate high natural variation in their composition and show that landraces and old populations are useful genetic resources for plant breeding. The contents of single phytochemicals can likely be affected by breeding, and they may be adjusted by the right selection of genotype.