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Currently, there are no drugs for the specific treatment of hypertensive retinal changes. The main therapy is for the treatment of a systemic disease – hypertensive disease. Therefore, the search for ways of specific pharmacological correction of hypertensive retinal changes is of great interest. The aim of the study: To evaluate the correction possibility of retinal injuries with Semax in a rat model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy. Materials and methods: The model was performed by injection of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at a dose of 1.25 mg/100 g of rat mass within 28 days and a single increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg for 5 min. The retinoprotective effect of Semax at a dose of 7.2 μg/100 g of rat mass, in comparison with Picamilon at a dose of 3 mg/100 g of rat mass, was estimated by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and electroretinography (ERG). Results: The use of Semax led to an increase in retinal perfusion by 62.7%, p < 0.05, in comparison with the group with the model, and by 9.9%, p < 0.05, in comparison with Picamilon; an increase in the b/a coefficient by 31.4% in comparison with the group with the model, p < 0.05, and by 14.6%, p < 0.05 in comparison with Picamilon. Conclusion: The neuroretinoprotective effect of Semax in correction of hypertensive retinal changes in rats may be due to the presence of neuroprotective, neurometabolic, antioxidant and endothelioprotective effects in Semax. Thus, Semax can be a promising agent in hypertensive neuroretinopathy treatment.

Magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) has been shown to have a protective effect against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinal cell apoptosis. The current study investigated the involvement of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), p53 and AP-1 family members (c-Jun/c-Fos) in neuroprotection by MgAT against NMDA-induced retinal damage. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to undergo intravitreal injection of vehicle, NMDA or MgAT as pre-treatment to NMDA. Seven days after injections, retinal ganglion cells survival was detected using retrograde labelling with fluorogold and BRN3A immunostaining. Functional outcome of retinal damage was assessed using electroretinography, and the mechanisms underlying antiapoptotic effect of MgAT were investigated through assessment of retinal gene expression of NF-κB, p53 and AP-1 family members (c-Jun/c-Fos) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Retinal phospho-NF-κB, phospho-p53 and AP-1 levels were evaluated using western blot assay. Rat visual functions were evaluated using visual object recognition tests. Both retrograde labelling and BRN3A immunostaining revealed a significant increase in the number of retinal ganglion cells in rats receiving intravitreal injection of MgAT compared with the rats receiving intravitreal injection of NMDA. Electroretinography indicated that pre-treatment with MgAT partially preserved the functional activity of NMDA-exposed retinas. MgAT abolished NMDA-induced increase of retinal phospho-NF-κB, phospho-p53 and AP-1 expression and suppressed NMDA-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB, p53 and AP-1 family members (c-Jun/c-Fos). Visual object recognition tests showed that MgAT reduced difficulties in recognizing the visual cues (i.e. objects with different shapes) after NMDA exposure, suggesting that visual functions of rats were relatively preserved by pre-treatment with MgAT. In conclusion, pre-treatment with MgAT prevents NMDA induced retinal injury by inhibiting NMDA-induced neuronal apoptosis via downregulation of transcriptional activity of NF-κB, p53 and AP-1-mediated c-Jun/c-Fos. The experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia, UiTM CARE No 118/2015 on December 4, 2015 and UiTM CARE No 220/7/2017 on December 8, 2017 and Ethics Committee of Belgorod State National Research University, Russia, No 02/20 on January 10, 2020.

A main issue in pharmacology is the seek for effective agents for the correction of ED. To study the endothelioprotective effects of 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium (2e3h6m) nicotinate under conditions of L-NAME-induced oxidation. The L-NAME pattern of induced oxide efficiency (25 mg/g) for one week was used. The endothelial and cardioprotective effect of 2e3h6m nicotinate at an amount of 3.75 mg/kg compared to picamilon 10 mg/kg was examined via the coefficient of ED (QED) and a number of exercise tests. Nicotinate 2e3h6m and picamilon exerted a pronounced endothelioprotective impact on the pattern of L-NAME-induced NO deficiency, which manifested itself in a decrease in the coefficient of endothelial dysfunction (ED). At the same time, 2e3h6m nicotinate (7.6 mg/kg) was 2.1 times more effective than picamilon (10 mg/kg). So, 2e3h6m nicotinate was produced itself as an endothelio and cardioprotector.

Objective The aim of this work is: to define the Conceptual model of medical provision of children in educational institutions in modern conditions. Patients and methods Materials and methods: analysis of data from a longitudinal study of children's health; questionnaire of parents, teachers, heads of educational institutions on the volume of medical support for students; questioning students' lifestyle and social determinants of health. Results Results: According to the study has determined the medical and social determinants which negative affect on health status of school age childrens; detected the most appropriate types of of school health services which based on the parents, medical and teachers opinion. The important also is monitoring of health status of children for develop of prevent measure for improove health status and forming of healthy lifestyle behavioral. Problematic issues to be addressed include: improving the legal framework on the competences and volumes of health care for pupils in educational institutions; material equipment; setting up a system for monitoring and analyzing the health status of students and educational groups, identifying health risk factors; establishing a continuous multimodal health-oriented system of student-oriented youth behavior. Conclusion Conclusions: The health status of students and the level of health-oriented behavior, the reform of the medical sector require introduction of an effective system of medical support for students of organized groups, improving the system of preventive care for students, parents, which is presented in the Conceptual model.

Introduction: Retinoprotective effects of non-selective imidazoline receptor agonists: potassium salt of С7070; sodium salt of С7070; С7070 processed with CO2 – were investigated in comparison with C7070 on the retinal ischemia-reperfusion model in rats. Materials and methods: The protective effects of the substances were evaluated by using ophthalmoscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry, electroretinography, histological and morphometric studies of retinal layers. Results and discussion: The most pronounced retinoprotective effect was observed in potassium salt of C7070 at a dose of 10 mg/kg, which expresses in approaching the normal eye fundus image, achieving the target values of the retinal blood flow, b/a coefficient, and reaching the norm values of morphometric indicators. A less pronounced protective effect was found in sodium salt of C7070 at a dose of 10 mg/kg, which expresses in a 71% decrease (p < 0.05) in semi-quantitative assessment of the eye fundus changes, an increase in the retinal blood flow level by 70.4% (p < 0.05), in b/a by 94% (p < 0.05) in comparison with the group without correction, and reaching the norm of the morphometric indicators. A retinoprotective effect of the substance C7070 processed with CO2 at a dose of 10 mg/kg is inferior to that of the sodium salt of C7070. Conclusion: The retinoprotective activity of the substances is expressed in descending order: potassium salt of С7070 (10 mg/kg) ≈ С7070 (50 mg/kg) > sodium salt of С7070 (10 mg/kg) > С7070 processed with CO2 (10 mg/kg) ≈ С7070 (10 mg/kg). Injections of glibenclamide leveled the neuroretinoprotective effects of the substances to varying degrees, which confirmed the participation of ATP-dependent potassium channels in the implementation of these effects.

Introduction: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Codelac® Broncho with Thymus Serpyllum (elixir) in comparison with Fenspiride was carried out on the model of acute carrageenan inflammation of the paws in rats. Materials and methods: Edema was caused by subplantar injection of 0.1 ml of 1% λ- carrageenan gel into the hind paw. The severity of edema was assessed by using 37140 plethysmometer (UGO BASILE, Italy). The measurements were performed before edema induction and 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours afterwards. Anti-inflammatory activity of the drugs was also evaluated based on the analysis of rats’ blood, C-reactive protein concentration and histological examination results. Results and discussion: A decrease in the paw volume increment was revealed in the group with the studied drug in comparison with the group with the carrageenan edema model (control) 4, 12, 24 hours after injection of carrageenan (p

For drugs that have a therapeutic effect on glaucoma through mechanisms not associated with decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP), special attention is paid to the choice of effectiveness criteria. The article examines the possibility of usingTo examine the possibility of reliably associating changes in the amplitude ofThe study was carried out in the laboratory of the Research Institute of Pharmacology of Living Systems of the Belgorod State University. Adult outbred rats were used as a test system. Experimental glaucoma was modelled by multiple injections of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber of the eye; they were examined by recording the time history of intraocular pressure changes, and performing ERG, ophthalmoscopy, and histological examination of the retina and subcortical centers of vision. The following groups were formed: intact, pathology control, positive control.The development of glaucoma in experimental rats was accompanied by neuronal death in the ganglionic layer of the retina; at the same time, characteristic changes were observed in the subcortical visual centers. A change in the ERG was recorded: for thewave, there was a dependence on the degree of changes in the ganglionic layer of the retina, change in the wave can also indicate the involvement of amacrine and horizontal cells in the process; for theERG is suitable for use in preclinical studies of glaucoma drugs as an indicativeДля лекарственных препаратов (ЛП), оказывающих терапевтический эффект в отношении глаукомы по механизмам, не связанным со снижением внутриглазного давления (ВГД), особое внимание уделяется выбору критериев оценки эффективности препаратов. В статье рассмотрена возможность использованияПроверить, можно ли достоверно ассоциировать изменения в амплитудеИсследование проведено в НИИ фармакологии живых систем НИУ «БелГУ». В качестве тест-системы использовали половозрелых аутбредных крыс. Экспериментальную глаукому моделировали путем многократного введения гиалуроновой кислоты в переднюю камеру глаза, оценивали динамику ВГД, проводили ЭРГ, офтальмоскопию и выполняли гистологию сетчатки глаза и подкорковых центров зрения. Были сформированы следующие группы: интактная, контроль патологии, позитивный контроль.Развитие глаукомы у экспериментальных крыс сопровождалось гибелью нейронов ганглионарного слоя сетчатки; одновременно с этим характерные изменения формировались в подкорковых зрительных центрах. Было зафиксировано изменение длины волны на ЭРГ у крыс: для волны прослеживалась зависимость от степени измененности ганглионарного слоя сетчатки, однако изменение волны может также говорить о вовлеченности в процесс амакриновых и горизонтальных клеток; дляЭРГ может быть использована в доклинических исследованиях препаратов для терапии глаукомы в качестве показательного прижизненного метода диагностики состояния сетчатки глаза животных. Использование данного метода особенно ценно для проведения доклинических исследований ЛП, предполагающих длительное применение, когда использование только офтальмоскопии и ВГД не может в полной мере охарактеризовать течение глаукомы, а эвтаназия животных представляется излишней и негуманной.

Purulent meningitis (PM) is a severe disease, characterized by high mortality and a formation of a residual neurological deficit. Loss of treatment of PM leads to the lethal outcome in 100% of cases. In addition, death and the development of residual neurological complications are possible despite adequate therapy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cerebroprotective effects of a new pharmacological compound 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dichlorophenyl(amino)phenylethanoic acid (EMHDPA) on the bacterial purulent meningitis in a model of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Meningitis was simulated by intrathecal injection of the suspension containing Streptococcus pneumoniae at the concentration of 5 × 109 CFU/mL. The cerebroprotective effect was evaluated by survival rates, the severity of neurological deficit, investigatory behaviors, and results of short-term and long-term memory tests. The group administered with EMHDPA showed high survival rates, 80%. Animals treated with the studied compound showed a higher clinical assessment of the rat health status and specific force, and a lesser intensity of neurological deficit compared to the control group (p &lt, 0.05). Locomotor activity of the animals treated with EMHDPA was significantly higher compared to the control group (p &lt, 0.05). There is a decrease in the activity of all estimated indicators of oxidative stress in the group administered with 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dichlorophenyl(amino)phenylethanoic acid relative to the control group: a decrease in the activity of catalase—17%, superoxide dismutase—34%, malondialdehyde and acetylhydroperoxides—50%, and nitric oxide—85% (p &lt, 0.05). Analysis of the data obtained during the experiment leads to the conclusion about the effectiveness of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dichlorophenyl(amino)phenylethanoic acid in the treatment of the experimental PM.

Bronchial asthma (BA) is an incurable chronic disease that can become controlled after the appointment of rational and reasonable therapy. Due to the prevalence of this pathology, a patient with asthma can be met by a doctor of any specialty, so every clinician should have basic knowledge in the field of this nosology. We aimed to analyze the results of the first and second stages of the ASSA project and to determine the differences in the levels of senior students’ knowledge in the field of BA. Material and Methods. The article presents the results of an anonymous multicenter ASSA study (the full name of the project is “Assessment of senior medical students in the field of bronchial asthma”, “ASSA” is a partial acronym) to assess the level of senior medical students’ knowledge in the field of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of BA. The first stage of this study (2014-2016) involved 521 students from 7 cities in Russia. For the second stage (2017-2019), the results from 358 senior students from 6 cities of Russia and Ukraine were received and analyzed. The method of anonymous questioning was used in this study, for which an original questionnaire was developed based on current clinical guidelines. Results and Discussion. Over the five years of the study, the level of students' knowledge remains above the average, without significant changes. The following questions in the two stages of the project caused the greatest difficulties in the respondents: question No.1 (the definition of BA), No.2 (a trigger of an asthma attack), No.3 (a key factor of asthma pathogenesis). Positive dynamics were observed on question No.11 (the basic treatment of moderate asthma), No.7 (the levels of BA control) and No.4 (the laboratory and instrumental markers of BA).

Preeclampsia is a severe disease of late pregnancy. Etiological factors and a pathogenetic pattern of events still require significant clarification, but it is now recognized that a large role is played by placentation disorders and emerging endothelial dysfunction. The administration of short-chain peptides mimicking the spatial structure of the B erythropoietin chain may become one of the directions of searching for new drugs for preeclampsia prevention and therapy. Simulation of ADMA-like preeclampsia in Wistar rats was performed by the administration of a non-selective NOS blocker L-NAME from the 14th to 20th day of pregnancy. The administration of the pHBSP at the doses of 10 &micro, g/kg and 250 &micro, g/kg corrected the established morphofunctional disorders. The greatest effect was observed at a dose of 250 &micro, g/kg. There was a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 31.2 and 32.8%, respectively (p &lt, 0.0001), a decrease in the coefficient of endothelial dysfunction by 48.6% (p = 0.0006), placental microcirculation increased by 82.8% (p &lt, 0.0001), the NOx concentration was increased by 42,6% (p = 0.0003), the greater omentum edema decreased by 11.7% (p = 0.0005) and proteinuria decreased by 76.1% (p &lt, 0.0002). In addition, there was an improvement in the morphological pattern of the fetoplacental complex and the ratio of BAX to Bcl-2 expression which characterizes the apoptotic orientation of the cells.

General aspects of glaucoma: Glaucoma is a heterogeneous multi-factorial disease that is one of the main causes of blindness, along with degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve atrophy. Theories of pathogenesis: There are three theories of glaucoma pathogenesis: biomechanical, vascular, and biochemical. Basic theory of the glymphatic system: The classical knowledge of cerebrospinal fluid circulation has been revised, and in 2012 a new concept of glial-perivascular – glymphatic perfusion of the brain parenchyma was introduced. Due to experimental and clinical studies, it is approved by many scientists, especially in relation to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in which amyloid pathology is the result of dysfunction of the para-/perivascular transport/cleansing pathways. Features of the optic nerve and the cribriform plate: The cribriform plate forms a barrier at the border of intraocular (IOP) and intracranial (ICP) pressures, thus affecting the para-/periarterial flow of cerebrospinal fluid to the optic nerve and retina, as well as the para-/perivenous cleansing outflow. Morphofunctional evidence of an ocular glymphatic system: The presence of an ocular glymphatic system is confirmed by in vivo experiments with the transfer of labeled substances through para-/perivascular structures from the ventricular or subarachnoid space to the optic nerve and by postmortem morphology. Clinical evidence for the glymphatic system hypothesis: There is some clinical, including case-based, and epidemiological evidence for similarities between glaucomatous optic nerve/retinal injuries and AD, since both occur in the form of improper secretion of neurotoxic metabolites, and both are often diagnosed together.

An important task of pharmacology is to find effective agents to improve retinal microcirculation and resistance to ischemia. The purpose of the study is to pharmacologically evaluate the retinoprotective effect of 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine nicotinate in a rat model of retinal ischemia&ndash, reperfusion. A retinal ischemia&ndash, reperfusion model was used, in which an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg was carried out within 30 min. The retinoprotective effect of 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine nicotinate at a dose of 3.8 mg/kg, in comparison with nicotinic acid at a dose of 2 mg/kg and emoxipine at a dose of 2 mg/kg, was estimated by the changes in the eye fundus during ophthalmoscopy, the retinal microcirculation level with laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and electroretinography (ERG) after 72 h of reperfusion. The use of 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine nicotinate prevented the development of ischemic injuries in the fundus and led to an increase in the retinal microcirculation level to 747 (median) (lower and upper quartiles: 693, 760) perfusion units (p = 0.0002) in comparison with the group that underwent no treatment. In the group with the studied substance, the b-wave amplitude increased significantly (p = 0.0022), and the b/a coefficient increased reliably (p = 0.0002) in comparison with the group with no treatment. Thus, 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine nicotinate has established itself as a potential retinoprotector.

Aim. Increase of efficiency of pharmacological correction of hypertensive neuroretinopathy using a new dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) derivative 7-16. Materials and methods. Modeling of hypertensive neuroretinopathy was carried out by introducing a nonselective inhibitor of NO-synthase N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days and increasing intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg by exerting mechanical pressure on the anterior chamber of the eye. To study the fundus of experimental animals, direct ophthalmoscopy (ophthalmoscope Bx a Neitz, Japan) was used. To zoom a lens Osher MaxField 78D model OI-78M has been used. Electroretinography was performed immediately after ophthalmoscopy. The ERG was recorded in response to a single stimulation. The induced biopotentials were amplified, averaged and presented graphically on the screen with the help of Biopac-systems MP-150 with the program AcqKnowledge 4.2 (USA). To assess the degree of development of functional damage to the retina, the ratio of the amplitudes of the b- and a-waves of the ERG, the coefficient b/a, was estimated. Results. The expressed protective properties of the DMAE derivative 7-16 in a dose 25 mg/kg/day, exceeding its effect in a dose 12.5 mg/kg/day, were found, which resulted in a decrease of development of neuronal damage and vascular changes in the retina on the background of hypertension, which were noted in control group; an increase in the coefficient b/a in groups with the correction of pathology, which is caused by the restoration of the positive wave b on the ERG and indicates the preservation of the electrophysiological function of the bipolar and Mullerian cells. Conclusion. The search of new ways to reduce the damaging effect of ischemia formed in hypertensive neuroretinopathy in the experiment is a vital task of pharmacology, which can be solved by using a new DMAE derivative 7-16.

A model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy was developed on Wistar line rats with administration of non-selective NO-synthase blocker N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days on the background of single increased intraocular pressure (IOP) to 110 mmHg. As a result of the interim evaluation of pathology simulation mode the most optimal was a model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy with 5-minute increased IOP at day 26 of the experiment on the background of L-NAME for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents. Changes formation of the retina and optic nerve disc (OND), observed in the hypertensive neuroretinopathy, confirmed by ophthalmoscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), electroretinography (ERG), histological studies in a group of animals with the pathology modeling at the 29 day of experiment.

Currently, there is no doubt surrounding a theory that the cardiotropic effects of sex hormones can be due to their direct effect on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, interest in the study of steroid glycosides has increased. We studied the effects of furostanol glycosides (protodioscin and deltozid) from the cell culture of the Dioscorea deltoidea (laboratory code DM-05) on the physiological and biochemical parameters of vascular endothelial function in hypoestrogen-induced endothelial dysfunction after bilateral ovariectomy. It was shown that the use of DM-05 at a dose of 1 mg/kg makes it possible to prevent the development of arterial hypertension (the level of systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreases by 9.7% (p &lt, 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 8.2%), to achieve a decrease in the coefficient of endothelial dysfunction by 1.75 times against the background of a hypoestrogenic state. With DM-05, an increase in the concentration of stable nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) by 45.6% (p &lt, 0.05) and an increase in mRNA endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression by 34.8% (p &lt, 0.05) was established, which indicates a positive effect of furostanol glycosides on the metabolism of nitric oxide after ovariectomy. Positive dynamics in the histological structure of the heart and the abdominal aorta indicate the pronounced endothelio- and atheroprotective effects of DM-05.

An important task of pharmacology and ophtalmology is to find specific and highly effective agents for correcting retinal ischemia. The objective of this study is to increase the effectiveness of pharmacological correction of retinal ischemia by using new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative&ndash, l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate. A modification to the retinal ischemia-reperfusion model was used, in which an increase in intraocular pressure is carried out by mechanical pressure (110 mmHg) to the front chamber of the eye for 30 min. The protective effects of l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate in comparison with Emoxipine as pretreatment, with parabulbar injection, based on the model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion, were estimated by the changes in the ratio of the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves of electroretinography (the b/a coefficient) and ophthalmoscopy. The use of l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate improves the retinal electrophysiological state after 72 h of reperfusion, in the group of rats treated with l-isomer of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine malate, the coefficient b/a was reliably increased by 9.5%, p &lt, 0.05, in comparison with animals treated with Emoxipine, and by 91.7%, p &lt, 0.05, in comparison with the group with no treatment. Furthermore, it prevents the development of ischemic changes in the retina observed in ophthalmoscopy to a greater extent than Emoxipine.

Introduction: Nowadays, the group of NSAIDs is used the most widely in order to treat the inflammatory process. But its long-term administration increases the risk of complications of pharmacotherapy. Therefore, today it is urgent to search for new molecules that can selectively block biological targets that directly perceive inflammatory mediators. One of such targets is TRPA1. ZC02-0012, a compound from the group of substituted pyrazinopyrimidinones, which is a selective inhibitor of TRPA1 ion channel. Objective: The aim of our study was to study the anti-inflammatory activity of an innovative molecule under the laboratory code ZC02-0012 from the group of selective inhibitors of TRPA1 ion channel. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of ZC02-0012 was studied on the model of acute exudative inflammation of the paw in response to subplantar injection in the right hind paw of mice with 0.02 ml of 2% formaldehyde solution. The mass of the paw was measured after 4 hours (peak edema) after phlogistic injection. The test substance and the reference drug was administered intragastrically or intramuscularly 45 minutes before the injection of formaldehyde solution. The presence and intensity of antiinflammatory activity was judged by the inhibitory effect, represented in percent. Results and Discussion: Selective inhibitor of the TRPA1 ion channel ZC02-0012 revealed the anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 3 and 9 mg/kg, its intensity is comparable to diclofenac sodium. Conclusion: The selective inhibitor of the ion channel TRPA1, a substance under code ZC02-0012, has an anti-inflammatory activity comparable with diclofenac sodium.

Introduction: It should be noted the relevance of developing an adequate model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents. Research tasks: Development of the methodical approaches for evaluation of the neuroretino protective activity of pharmacological agents to objectively assess the degree of the protective activity of new and commonly used neuroretinoprotectors in ophalmology. Methods: To investigate the fundus of experimental animals a direct ophthalmoscopy was used on 29th day of the experiment. The eye drops Irifrin 2.5% were used to expand the pupil. To zoom a lens Osher MaxField 78D model OI-78M has been used. Electroretinography was performed at once after the ophthalmoscopy. To assess the degree of functional damage to the retina we evaluated the ratio of amplitudes of a- and b- waves - the coefficient b/a. For all data, the descriptive statistics were used, and data are checked for normal distribution. Distribution type was determined by using the criterion of Shapiro-Wilk. Betweengroup differences were analyzed by parametric (t-Student criterion) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney test) methods, depending on the type of distribution. Differences were determined at 0.05 significance level. Results: The results of ophthalmoscopy have found that the optimal model of pathology was with single 5-minute intraocular pressure (IOP) increase to 110 mmHg on day 26 of the experiment on the background of daily intraperitoneal N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days: «Optic disc is edematous, increased in size, edema extends to the retina. Slight blurring boundaries of optic disc. There are pockets of "cotton" exudate, indicating the growing ischemia. Veins are congested, crimped at the periphery. Arteries are narrowed. Vessel caliber is uneven. Retina is palely (ischemic). Symptom Salus-Hun I. In rare cases, the solid exudate deposits were observed». In this group ratio b/a was 1.9 ± 0.08 r.u. (p

Ischemic injury was formed in laboratory rats by applying mechanical pressure (110 mm Hg) to the anterior eye chamber for 30 minutes. The experiment revealed that the recombinant erythropoietin (50 IU/kg) prevents the development of degenerative changes in retinal layers caused by ischemic injury. Intensity of the protective effect of erythropoietin on the retina of rats was assessed after 1 hour and 72 hours of reperfusion after pathology simulation. The observed protective effect of erythropoietin with the development of ischemia was confirmed by laser Doppler flowmetry, electroretinography and histomorphometry. Identification and use of pharmacological agents with the preconditioning effect may be a new approach in the correction and prevention of retinal ischemia, which is the leading element in the pathogenesis of a number of ophtalmic pathologies. The possibility of pharmacological preconditioning of ischemic lesions of the retina with erythropoietin is essential for the development of anti-ischemic agents for the treatment and prevention of ischemic ophthalmic pathologies.

For the study of retinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents a model of retinal angiopathy of hypertensive type was created against the background of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in a dose 12.5 mg/kg rat body weight for 28 days. We studied the retinoprotective effects of minoxidil in a dose 0.5 mg/kg, sildenafil in a dose 0.5 mg/kg and distant ischemic preconditioning (DIP) on a model of retinal angiopathy of hypertensive type in Wistar rats. The experiment showed that minoxidil in a dose 0.5 mg/kg prevented the development of ischemic damage and retinal vascular changes of hypertensive type caused by the introduction of L-NAME for 28 days, to a greater extent than sildenafil and distant ischemic preconditioning. The observed retinoprotective effects are confirmed by ophthalmoscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and electroretinography (ERG). The lack of positive dynamics in experimental groups with the introduction of glibenclamide in a dose 5 mg/kg confirms the key role of ATP-dependent potassium channels in the mechanism of realization of preconditioning. Detection of preconditioning properties of pharmacological agents may be a new approach in the correction and prevention of retinal angiopathy, which is the initial part of hypertensive retinopathy.