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Diacylglycerol kinase-ε (DGKε) catalyzes phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid with a unique specificity toward 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol, which is a backbone of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Owing to this specificity, DGKε is involved in the PI cycle maintaining the cellular level of phosphorylated PI derivatives of signaling activity and was also found crucial for lipid metabolism. DGKε dysfunction is linked with the development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and possibly other human diseases. Despite the DGKε significance, data on its regulation by cotranslational and/or post-translational modifications are scarce. Here, we report that DGKε is S-palmitoylated at Cys38/40 (mouse/human DGKε) located in the cytoplasmic end of its N-terminal putative transmembrane fragment. The S-palmitoylation of DGKε was revealed by metabolic labeling of cells with a palmitic acid analogue followed by click chemistry and with acyl-biotin and acyl-polyethylene glycol exchange assays. The S-acyltransferases zDHHC7 (zinc finger DHHC domain containing) and zDHHC17 and the zDHHC6/16 tandem were found to catalyze DGKε S-palmitoylation, which also increased the DGKε abundance. Mouse DGKε-Myc ectopically expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells localized to the endoplasmic reticulum where zDHHC6/16 reside and in small amounts also to the Golgi apparatus where zDHHC7 and zDHHC17 are present. The Cys38Ala substitution upregulated, whereas hyperpalmitoylation of wild-type DGKε reduced the kinase activity, indicating an inhibitory effect of the Cys38 S-palmitoylation. In addition, the substitution of neighboring Pro31 with Ala also diminished the activity of DGKε. Taken together, our data indicate that S-palmitoylation can fine-tune DGKε activity in distinct cellular compartments, possibly by affecting the distance between the kinase and its substrate in a membrane.

Spinal injuries are the most common cause of formation of spinal subsequently they may be formed as a result of inflammation, tumors or other diseases. Among the consequences of spinal cord injury can be distinguished numbness, paralysis or paresis as well as restrictions within the urinary tract and sexual performance. There is also the increased chance of bedsores. The appearance of abnormal muscle tone and spasticity in the form of periarticular ossification. These problems make it difficult to "normal" functioning in society. Rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord injury is aimed at reducing symptoms and finding methods that most effectively compensated by the quality of deficiencies in the functioning of society.

Palmitic acid (C16:0) is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in animals serving as a substrate in synthesis and β-oxidation of other lipids, and in the modification of proteins called palmitoylation. The influence of dietary palmitic acid on protein S-palmitoylation remains largely unknown. In this study we performed high-throughput proteomic analyses of a membrane-enriched fraction of murine liver to examine the influence of a palm oil-rich diet (HPD) on S-palmitoylation of proteins. HPD feeding for 4 weeks led to an accumulation of C16:0 and C18:1 fatty acids in livers which disappeared after 12-week feeding, in contrast to an accumulation of C16:0 in peritoneal macrophages. Parallel proteomic studies revealed that HPD feeding induced a sequence of changes of the level and/or S-palmitoylation of diverse liver proteins involved in fatty acid, cholesterol and amino acid metabolism, hemostasis, and neutrophil degranulation. The HPD diet did not lead to liver damage, however, it caused progressing obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. We conclude that the relatively mild negative impact of such diet on liver functioning can be attributed to a lower bioavailability of palm oil-derived C16:0 vs. that of C18:1 and the efficiency of mechanisms preventing liver injury, possibly including dynamic protein S-palmitoylation.

Siminska Joanna, Przybylska Sara, Świątkowska Anna, Domarecka Iwona, Miszewski Waldemar, Nowacka Krystyna, Hagner Wojciech. Służby ratunkowe w Tatrach = Emergency services in the High Tatras. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):404-411. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.168477 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4016 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.11.2016. Revised 12.11.2016. Accepted: 25.11.2016. Służby ratunkowe w Tatrach Emergency services in the High Tatras Joanna Siminska1, Sara Przybylska2, Anna Świątkowska1, Iwona Domarecka1, Waldemar Miszewski1, Krystyna Nowacka1, Wojciech Hagner1 1 Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji Collegium Medicum Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2 Studenckie Koło Naukowe Dydaktyki ratownictwa i fizjoterapii pourazowej Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Streszczenie Co roku polskie Tatry odwiedza około 3 milionów osób. Tak duża liczba turystów wiąże się z nieuniknionym ryzykiem powstania wypadków. Na straży bezpieczeństwa gości Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego stają górscy ratownicy, zrzeszeni w Tatrzańskim Ochotniczym Pogotowiu Ratunkowym, a po stronie Słowacji Horskej Záchrannej Službie. Organizacje stanowią integralne części Państwowych Systemów Ratownictwa. Co roku ratownicy muszą interweniować kilka tysięcy razy, używając do tego specjalistycznego sprzętu oraz profesjonalnych pojazdów. System pogotowia górskiego w Polsce w dużej mierze opiera się na funduszach pochodzących z Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych, a także wpływów pozyskiwanych z biletów wstępu do Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego (15 procent). Dodatkowe pieniądze organizacja pozyskuje od sponsorów zewnętrznych. Horska Záchranna Služba jest w pełni finansowana z budżetu państwa, a zarządza nią Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych Republiki Słowackiej. Odpłatności za akcje ratownicze na Słowacji (poza śmigłowcem funkcjonującym tam na innych zasadach w ramach Pogotowia lotniczego) nigdy nie przekroczyły 8 procent budżetu. Słowa kluczowe: służby ratunkowe, Tatry Abstract Every year, the Polish Tatras is visiting about 3 million people. So a large number of tourists involves the inevitable risk of the emergence of accidents. The security guard of the Tatras National Park are the mountain rescuers, members of the Tatras Rescue Alert Volunteer, and on the side of the Slovakia Mountain Rescue Service. Organizations constitute integral parts of the State Rescue Systems. Every year, the rescuers have to intervene a few thousand times, using special equipment and professional vehicles. The system of the mountain rescue service in Poland, largely based on the funds from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as well as the proceeds derived from admission tickets to the Tatras National Park (15 percent). The extra money the organization acquires from external sponsors. Mountain Rescue Service is fully financed from the State budget, and managed by the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic. Extra payment for emergency actions. Key words: emergency services, High Tatras

Siminska Joanna, Pietkun Katarzyna, Porzych Piotr, Głowacka Iwona, Świątkowska Anna, Ogurkowski Karol, Grzyb Sebastian, Nowacka Krystyna, Beuth Wojciech. Przegląd wybranych metod rehabilitacji kończyny górnej u pacjentów po przebytym udarze niedokrwiennym mózgu = A review of selected methods for the rehabilitation of the upper extremity in patients after undergone brain ischemic stroke. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(4):240-248. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50155 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3466 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.03.2016. Revised 17.04.2016. Accepted: 17.04.2016. PRZEGLĄD WYBRANYCH METOD REHABILITACJI KOŃCZYNY GÓRNEJ U PACJENTÓW PO PRZEBYTYM UDARZE NIEDOKRWIENNYM MÓZGU A review of selected methods for the rehabilitation of the upper extremity in patients after undergone brain ischemic stroke Siminska Joanna1, Pietkun Katarzyna1,2, Porzych Piotr1, Głowacka Iwona1, Świątkowska Anna1, Ogurkowski Karol1, Grzyb Sebastian3, Nowacka Krystyna1, Beuth Wojciech4 1Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji CM UMK Bydgoszcz 2Katedry Kosmetologii i Dermatologii Estetycznej CM UMK Bydgoszcz 3Klinika Neurochirurgii, Neurotraumatologii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej CM UMK Bydgoszcz 4Oddział Neurochirurgii, Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny, Włocławek Słowa kluczowe: udar niedokrwienny mózgu. Keywords: ischemic stroke. Streszczenie Analizując dane statystyczne uważa się, że udary mózgu stanowią około 15% wszystkich zgonów na świecie. W Polsce na udar mózgu zapada około 70 tysięcy osób rocznie , spośród których w okresie pierwszego miesiąca umiera około 20%, kolejne 10-25% pacjentów odzyskuje pełną samodzielność, u 40% chorych pozostaje umiarkowana niepełnosprawność, zaś około 15-30% osób wymaga stałej pomocy osób drugich. Dlatego tak niezwykle istotnym faktem staje się wczesne wdrążenie właściwych algorytmów postępowania procedur rehabilitacji. Wiadomo, że optymalnym okresem powrotu i poprawy funkcji, w tym wykonywania czynności samoobsługowych, są pierwsze 3 miesiące od wystąpienia incydentu udaru mózgu. W tym okresie należy odpowiednio zaplanować i zastosować możliwie najefektywniejsze metody leczenia i usprawniania, co pozwala na poprawę jakości życia jak i podniesienie możliwości wykonywania czynności w zakresie samoobsługi tych chorych. Abstract Analysing statistical data, it is considered that strokes account for approximately 15% of all deaths in the world. In Poland the stroke falls approximately 70 thousand people per year, of which during the first month dies around 20%, 10-25% of patients recover full autonomy in 40% of patients remains a moderate disability, while about 15-30% of people requires constant assistance of another person. Why it is so extremely important fact becomes early implementation of the relevant algorithms conduct rehabilitation procedures. It is known that the optimal period of return and improved features, including self-service operations, are the first 3 months of the occurrence of an incident of stroke. During this period, please plan accordingly and apply as soon as possible the most effective methods of treatment and improve, allowing you to improve the quality of life and raise the possibility of performing self-service operations of these patients.