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Objectives Ectopic adrenocorticotropic syndrome (EAS) causes approximately 10–18% of cases of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) in adults, while in children it occurs much less frequently. Case presentation We report two cases of neuroendocrine tumors (of the thymus and the appendix) in a 12-year-old boy and a 15-year-old girl who presented with the clinical features of CS. Elevated serum cortisol, ACTH, and chromogranin levels were observed in both patients. Diagnoses were made on the basis of a mass in the thymus/appendix region visualized with chest/abdominal CT scan and radiotracer accumulation in scintigraphy in the same areas. Histopathological examinations confirmed the diagnoses of NET. Conclusion EAS is an extremely rare endocrine disorder. However, it should be taken into consideration in the diagnostic process of every case of ACTH-dependent CS.

The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methodology was used to predict the blood–brain permeability (log BB) for 65 synthetic heterocyclic compounds tested as promising drug candidates. The compounds were characterized by different descriptors: lipophilicity, parachor, polarizability, molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond acceptors, number of rotatable bonds, and polar surface area. Lipophilic properties of the compounds were evaluated experimentally by micellar liquid chromatography (MLC). In the experiments, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the effluent component and the ODS-2 column were used. Using multiple linear regression and leave-one-out cross-validation, we derived the statistically significant and highly predictive quantitative structure–activity relationship models. Thus, this study provides valuable information on the expected properties of the substances that can be used as a support tool in the design of new therapeutic agents.

This article discusses two film adaptations of Romeo and Juliet, i.e. one directed by Franco Zeffirelli and the other by Baz Luhrmann. It covers the following aspects: the structure of both the drama and its two film adaptations, the characters’ creation, the choice of setting and screen time, and the function of tragedy. Shakespeare’s language is characterised by unparalleled wit and powers of observation, and the final form of his plays is a clear indication of his ambivalent attitude towards tradition and the rigid structure of the drama. By breaking with convention, favouring an episodic structure, and blending tragedy with comedy, Shakespeare always takes risks, in a similar vain to the two directors who decided to make film adaptations based on his plays. Each technical device the adaptors selected could have turned out to be a wonderful novelty or a total disaster. The strength of both Zeffirelli’s and Luhrman’s adaptations is their emphasis on love and youth, which thanks to their directorial skill is perfectly in tune with the spirit of their respective times.

The article highlights sorptive properties of poultry litter. Preliminary studies on sorption of Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ ions at the concentration range of 1–1000 mg L-1 were carried out. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to determine the potential capacities of the poultry litter. Sorption parameter outcome from isotherms exhibited the following order: Pb > Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni. During the batch adsorption experiment, a decrease of the absorbance of solutions in the UV-Vis range was observed, proportional to the increase in the concentration of metals in the solutions. This phenomenon was associated with the precipitation of complexes of fulvic/humic-like compounds and uric acid with metals. The decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration confirmed previous assumptions. The FT-IR spectroscopy showed significant role of uric acid in Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ sorption. FT-IR measurements allowed determining the type of active sites involved in sorption, especially carboxylic groups. The findings should be helpful in soil reclamation practices with poultry litter.

A universal innovative burner with vertical feeding of fuel was developed. The burner allows for installation in coal-fired boilers of various manufacturers and to meet the requirements related to emission limits and thermal efficiency. The paper presents the results of thermal and emission tests after the application of innovative construction solutions of the retort burner in a water boiler using eco-pea coal and alternative fuel produced in the form of pellets from fine coal and coal sludge. Obtained results were applied to current requirements related to emissivity and thermal efficiency for boilers with automatic fuel hoppers equipped with a retort burner. Combustion in the developed innovative retort burner for eco-coal and alternative fuel pellets allowed compliance with the highest emission classes for gas and dust substances as well as high combustion efficiency.

Background and aims – Based on pedicel length, three morphological forms of Lycopodium clavatum L. are recognized. It has been previously reported that these are correlated with the ploidy level. The present investigation compares for the first time in Poland the diversity in pedicel length with the corresponding nuclear DNA amount and the ploidy level of L. clavatum. We aimed to find correlation between the morphotypes and the ploidy level in the Polish population of L. clavatum.Methods – Samples of shoots were taken from two clumps of L. clavatum. The ploidy level and 2C DNA content analysis was combined with pedicel length measurements. The ploidy level and genome size estimation were performed using flow cytometry.Key results – We found the occurrence of two morphological types of generative stems. The morphotype A produced distinct long pedicels (10.8–43.3 mm). The morphotype B had visible, but very short pedicels (4.5–9.3 mm). We tested the already existing hypothesis, according to which the A and B morphotypes represent respectively diploid and triploid ploidy level. Surprisingly, we did not find such a correlation. Regardless of the morphotype, all the studied plants were diploid, with 5.04–5.13 pg/2C nuclear DNA content.Conclusions – The occurrence of stems of different morphology in L. clavatum was not linked to the ploidy level. It is not excluded that the morphotypes may be genetically determined, but in the studied material, the ploidy level is certainly not at the origin of their differentiation.

This article is devoted to the history of the Metropol movie theater, which started its activity in the interwar period. The story of Metropol intertwines with the history of the town and the fate of its inhabitants.

The formation of strobili, which are groups of sporangia-bearing sporophylls on shoot apices, terminates the axis growth in the majority of lycopods. Here, we present an interesting developmental aberration in Lycopodium annotinum L. The structure of abnormal strobili was histologically analyzed using the anatomical sections. Additionally, the expression patterns of LAMB1 and LAMB2, which are known to be specific to L. annotinum sporogenous and vegetative tissues, respectively, were comparatively analyzed in normal and abnormal strobili. Histological analyses revealed that the morphological and anatomical changes in abnormal strobili were related to the resumption of the vegetative growth of the strobilus apex after the production of several sporophylls and sporangia. The identity of both distinct zones of abnormal strobili, i.e., the basal sporangial part and the apical proliferative part, was confirmed by expression patterns of LAMB1 and LAMB2, indicating that microphylls in the apical proliferative zone were of the vegetative type. The results strongly suggest a change of meristem fate and activity in the process of abnormal strobilus formation. The abnormal strobili in L. annotinum could be a specific example of reversion in lower vascular plants. This phenomenon in lycopods is discussed in a developmental context.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown aetiology characterised by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in various organs and tissues. The various imaging modalities that are useful in the investigation of lesions, staging and establishing indications for treatment include: conventional radiography, CT, MRI, and scintigraphy with ⁶⁷Ga, ²⁰¹Tl, 99mTc sestamibi, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) as well as ¹⁸F-FDG-PET/CT. This paper discusses the most commonly used technique of the scintigraphic, gallium (⁶⁷Ga) citrate) and its role in the evaluation and monitoring of patients with sarcoidosis.

This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of greenhouse gas emissions generated through methanol and electricity co-production system based on coal gasification technology. The analysis focuses on polygeneration technologies from which two products are produced, and thus, issues related to an allocation procedure for LCA are addressed in this paper. In the LCA, two methods were used: a ‘system expansion’ method based on two approaches, the ‘avoided burdens approach’ and ‘direct system enlargement’ methods and an ‘allocation’ method involving proportional partitioning based on physical relationships in a technological process. Cause-effect relationships in the analysed production process were identified, allowing for the identification of allocation factors. The ‘system expansion’ method involved expanding the analysis to include five additional variants of electricity production technologies in Poland (alternative technologies). This method revealed environmental consequences of implementation for the analysed technologies. It was found that the LCA of polygeneration technologies based on the ‘system expansion’ method generated a more complete source of information on environmental consequences than the ‘allocation’ method. The analysis shows that alternative technologies chosen for generating LCA results are crucial. Life cycle assessment was performed for the analysed, reference and variant alternative technologies. Comparative analysis was performed between the analysed technologies of methanol and electricity co-production from coal gasification as well as a reference technology of methanol production from the natural gas reforming process.

SUMMARY The exploitation of coal-mine methane is analysed to reduce the environmental impact from coal power systems. The analyses are based on a life cycle assessment, and the results were compared with carbon-capture and storage technologies. The results suggest that by increasing the use of coalmine methane, the environmental impacts of coal power plants could be clearly reduced. Although the CO2 reduction is much less than through sequestration of CO2, increased use of coal-mine methane in Poland could potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions up to 9 million tonnes of CO2 per year, which corresponds to about 2.5% of the emissions of Poland. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

3D echocardiography offers options of left ventricular systolic function analysis. The aims of this study are: to assess the usefulness of 3D echocardiography, to test 3D regional measurements (with area strain) among a spectrum of patients and then to check prospectively the value of 3D echocardiography vs 2D in the assessment of response to resynchronization.The first retrospective study group comprises 42 subjects: 23 consecutive patients with left ventricular systolic heart failure and 19 healthy control subjects. The left ventricle was assessed by: 2D-Simpson's biplane, 3D-triplane and -automated volumetric method. Next, 24 patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy were prospectively assessed before and after 6 months. A haemodynamic response criterion of 15% left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV) reduction was used.The 3D volumetric method was the fastest method for left ventricular ejection fraction assessment (bi-33 vs tri-53 vs145 sec, ANOVA P0.001). In heart failure the only strain parameter associated with QRS width was global peak longitudinal strain (r = 0.47, P = 0.023). A high agreement in left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes between methods was observed. The following measures select resynchronization candidates in the heart failure group: (1) 3D global longitudinal strain (AUC-0.756; P = 0.022; the cut-off value-9.52%; 78% sensitivity, 80% specificity), radial strain (AUC-0.739; P = 0.086; cut-off value 20%; 78% sensitivity, 80% specificity) and area strain (AUC-0.733; P = 0.045; cut-off value-13.5%; 67% sensitivity, 80% specificity). The agreement between the response assessment by Simpson's biplane and 3D was 78% with a negative predictive value of 100%. The lack of global area strain improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy has a negative predictive value of 100% in the selection of non-responders.3D echocardiography is applicable in the assessment of both preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. This assessment is fast and requires minimal user intervention. 3D strain may help in cardiac resynchronization therapy candidates and response assessment. After cardiac resynchronization, none of the patients were incorrectly identified as responder to cardiac resynchronization therapy by 3D algorithms compared to 2D Simpson's reference.

Clumps of trees left on the clear-cuttings have an important role in protecting populations of endangered plant species against destruction during silviculture activities. The aim of this study is to describe the changes in the area of the Lycopodium annotinum patches. The area of L. annotinum patch in clump of trees, have been significantly reduced during 5 years after clear-cut. In the first year of the observations, the studied population occupied an area of 69.8 m2 whereas in 2012, it was only 37.5 m2. Most of the shoots were withered away on the south side of the clump. The probable reason was too strong insolation. Shoots that survived were located in the north part of the clump – shielded by young trees and shrubs layer. At this time, the control patch of L. annotinum located inside the forest increased its area. Before the clear-cuttings, the annual growth of vertical shoots of clubmoss was higher in the patch located in future tree clump. After the clear-cutting, growth of shoots in this patch was shorter than in patch located all the time inside the forests. The most effective growth was observed in the third studied patch located in the clear-cutting border. The explanation for this phenomenon could be the higher humidity of habitat on this site. Clumps of trees left after the clear-cutting contribute to the protection of endangered populations, but do not eliminate the significant microhabitat changes. The clubmoss patches located in moist habitats are more likely to survive even if they are partially exposed to the sunlight.

The key to the interpretation of the image of London presented in Mike Leigh’s films can be found in his own words: “I actually do think London is a hidden city the way New York isn’t.” and “You can get the hang of New York, but London is a collection of villages. It takes a long time to get under its skin.” London in Mike Leigh’s films perfectly matches the director’s creative thought, exposing social differences and the lack of communication in the family. However, the director releases his characters from the dark corners and hideous streets, and lets more light and nature into their lives. Thanks to this, as he has said, the city becomes a collection of small villages, which for him is the greatest value of the place where he lives and makes his films. Kluczem do interpretacji wizerunków Londynu w twórczości Mike’a Leigh pozostają słowa samego reżysera: “Myślę, że Londyn jest ukrytym miastem w sposób, w jaki Nowy Jork nie jest.” oraz “Możesz uchwycić ideę Nowego Jorku, ale Londyn jest zbiorem wiosek. Zajmuje dużo czasu zanim wnikniesz pod jego skórę.” Londyn w filmach Leigh idealnie wpisuje się w myśl twórczą reżysera. Obnaża różnice społeczne i brak komunikacji w rodzinie. Coraz częściej jednak udaje się reżyserowi wyzwolić swoich bohaterów z ciemnych zakamarków i szpetnych ulic, w zamian za to wpuścić do ich życia więcej światła, pozwolić na kontakt z naturą. Dzięki temu, zgodnie ze słowami reżysera, miasto staje się zbiorem małych wsi, to zaś sam Leigh uważa za największą wartość miejsca, w którym przyszło mu żyć i robić filmy.

Lycopodiella inundata is an endangered, wetland species, able to occur in secondary, anthropogenic habitats. The article presents five-year changes in the occurrence of Lycopodiella inundata on the one of the largest stands in Central Poland. Chosen parameters of population were examined in different stages of vegetation succession. In open thickets the number of fertile stems was near three times higher and amounted above eight hundred fertile stems per square meter. In contrast, in patches with dense herb- and shrub-layer, the low number of fertile stems of L. inundata, have been observed. At anthropogenic sites, where L. inundata occurs, active protection should be made for the inhibition of succession and for the rejuvenation of habitat.

The addition of t-butyl N,N-dibromocarbamate (BBC) to alkenes and cycloalkenes in the presence of BF3·Et2O proceeds smoothly at −20°C in CH2Cl2 affording upon reduction with aqueous Na2SO3 the corresponding β-bromo-N-Boc-amines. Immediate deprotection of these adducts with gaseous HCl yields β-bromoamine hydrochlorides in moderate yields. The regioselectivity typical for Markovnikov addition was observed for styrene. Stereospecific anti-addition of BBC to cyclohexene and (E)-hex-3-ene, as proven by 1H NMR evidence, is compatible with an ionic addition pathway and can be rationalized by assuming the intermediate complex formation between BBC and BF3.

Despite the rapid development of neuropharmacotherapy, medical treatment of neuropathic pain (NP) still constitutes a significant socioeconomic problem. The authors herein present a group of patients treated with motor cortex stimulation (MCS) for NP of various types and aetiologies.Our cohort included 12 female and 11 male NP patients aged 53 ± 16 treated with MCS. Eleven patients were diagnosed with neuropathic facial pain (NFP), 8 with hemi-body neuropathic pain (HNP), and 4 with deafferentation pain (DP). Prior to surgery, 16 out of 23 patients were treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), with a positive response in 10 cases. Pain intensity in our group was evaluated with the visual analogue scale (VAS) one month before and three months after MCS implantation.Improvement on the VAS was reported in the whole group of patients (p0.001). The best results were reported in the NFP group (p0.001) while the worst ones were noted in the DP group (p = 0.04). Anamnesis duration positively correlated with outcome. Infection forced the authors to permanently remove the system in one case. There were no other complications in the group.Minimally invasive, safe neuromodulative treatment with MCS permits neuropathic pain control with good efficacy. The type of neuropathic pain might be a prognostic factor.

Anna Śliwińska Katedra Filmu, Telewizji i Nowych Mediów UAM, England in a Miniature in Mike Leigh's “The Short and Curlies”, Anglia w miniaturach w filmie Mike'a Leigh'a „Krótkie i kręcone” „Images” 2012, vol. X: Microcosmos, red. A. Szpulak i W. Otto, nr 19, s. 23-31, ISSN 1731-45x, język: angielski Mike Leigh’s films are known for having kept the same tone and having played out the same melody for years. It is noteworthy that all the themes which Mike Leigh developed in his subsequent films, appeared in The Short and Curlies. Short scenes from the life of the English in The Short and Curlies can be seen in each scene of the film. From details such as a street with a perfectly straight terrace of houses with small gardens to social questions that are constant in the British culture. This ordinary, everyday observation gave rise to the plot of The Short and Curlies, revolving around a love affair of Joy (Sylvestra Le Touzel), a young woman working at a chemist’s and Clive (David Thewlis), a man who communicates with her only by means of his humourless jokes. Another story in the film is a complicated relationship of an eccentric hairdresser Betty (Alison Steadman), who is more interested in the life of the pharmacist than in the life of her own daughter Charlene (Wendy Nottingham). As Ewa Mazierska says: “Mike Leigh was once called the painter of miniatures – his films and TV productions for which he is equally praised and admired, concentrate on life of «small people with small gardens»”. Mike Leigh knows that his strengths are well written dialogues and this extraordinary skill to become a fictional character possessed by the actors he chooses. Filmy Mike’a Leigh od lat utrzymują ten sam ton i wygrywają podobną melodię. Warto zauważyć, że wszystkie wątki, do których odwoływał się reżyser w późniejszych filmach, pojawiły się już w Krótkie i kręcone. Minatury związane z życiem Anglików pojawiają się w każdym ujęciu tego filmu. Od drobnych szczegółów dotyczących pokazywania kolejnych ulic z równymi domami i ogródkami, aż po, stałe w kulturze brytyjskiej, pytania społeczne. Z tej zwykłej, codziennej obserwacji powstała też fabuła Krótkie i kręcone, która krąży wokół romansu między Joy (Sylvestra Le Touzel), młodą kobietą, pracującą w aptece, a Clivem (David Thewlis) mężczyzną, który komunikuje się z nią tylko poprzez pozbawione humoru dowcipy. Drugim wątkiem ukazanym w filmie jest skomplikowana relacja ekscentrycznej fryzjerki Betty (Alison Steadman), którą życie młodej aptekarki interesuje bardziej niż los jej córki Charlene (Wendy Nottingham). Jak pisze Ewa Mazierska: „Kiedyś nazwano Mike’a Leigh malarzem miniatur – jego filmy, a także produkcje telewizyjne, za które jest w Brytanii równie ceniony i szanowany, koncentrują się na życiu <>”1. Mike Leigh wie, że jego atutami są świetnie napisane dialogi i wprost niebywała umiejętność wchodzenia w postać, która charakteryzuje pracę wybranych przez niego aktorów. 1. E. Mazierska, Z czułością, „Kino” 1997, nr 3, s. 37.

The conducted study aimed to show the differences in the process of sporulation at two populations of Lycopodium annotinum L. occurring within the governmental forests in the habitats: undisturbed and disturbed by economic treatments. The study was conducted in 2008-2011 in the southern part of the Krakowsko-Czestochowska Upland. It concerned the number of observations of sporophylls occurring during the year. There was also examined till which months within the year spores are released. The study also included observations of the lot of sporophylls which released the spores. Studies have shown that in the undisturbed habitat during the year there occurred 6 times more sporophylls than in the disturbed habitat. It was also observed that the period of their appearance in the undisturbed habitat was prolonged compared to literature data, and lasted until November 2008. Such a late appearance of sporophylls was not in the disturbed habitat, where the appearance of sporophylls was observed only until July 2008. However, only in the disturbed habitat there was observed occurrence of sporophylls in March 2009. In the undisturbed habitat spore release process lasted until October 2008, while in the disturbed one until September. In this habitat there was also observed that 28% of marked shoots with strobili died before the release of spores. This situation was not observed in the undisturbed habitat. The study also showed that in the both positions, after releasing the spores, all the shoots died within 3 years, however, in the disturbed habitat shoots died much faster than in the undisturbed one.

A general simple procedure having the potential for large scale preparations of racemic β3-amino acids has been developed. The procedure involves base-catalyzed Michael-type addition of sodium diethyl malonate to N-Boc-α-amidoalkyl-p-tolyl sulfones in tetrahydrofuran. Hydrolysis of the adducts by refluxing with 6 M aqueous hydrochloric acid affords β3-amino acid hydrochlorides in high yield and excellent purity.

The addition of t-butyl N,N-dibromocarbamate (BBC) to a variety of terminal alkenes has been studied. The reaction was spontaneously initiated and proceeded smoothly in refluxing dichloromethane. The N-bromo adducts, formed upon addition, could be reduced in situ with aqueous sodium sulfite to give the corresponding 2-bromo-N-Boc-amines. Immediate deprotection of these compounds with gaseous HCl or p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded 2-bromoamine hydrochlorides or tosylates in pure state and good overall yields. The observed regioselectivity for anti-Markovnikov addition, as proven by NMR and MS, is fully consistent with the radical-chain mechanism proposed for the reaction.

Poetics of the Happy Ending in Mike Leigh’s Films While the most recent cinema is about surprising us with strange formal solutions, whose finale is intended to completely confuse and outsmart us, Mike Leigh makes fi lms which surprise us with their “typicality”, at the same time (paradoxically) leading to fi nales that we may not expect. Among researchers on melodrama, there are voices clearly assessing happy endings negatively. It is pointed out that a happy ending oft en looks as if it were “tacked on” and artifi cial, ignoring the overall plot rather than being integral to the rest of the fi lm. In the case of Mike Leigh’s films, the situation looks (ostensibly) similarly. Leigh oft en leads the viewer through the dramatic lives of his characters, and watches the process of families’ lives being ruined, one aft er another, only to finally make them rise like a phoenix from the ashes. It may be stated that Leigh’s fi lms in a somewhat artifi cial way take advantage of the happy ending. Th is artifi ciality, however, is not about a banal or ridiculous ending, but about one we have not been prepared for by the director.

How is ballet presented in documentaries? Is Central European cinema different from cinema in the West in this respect? 52 Percent, Rafal Skalski’s documentary about Alla, a girl dreaming of becoming a ballerina, provides an intriguing answer to this question. Th is article compares 52 Percent by Rafal Skalski with two documentaries made in the West (First Position and Only When I Dance), which also show the endeavours of young people who want to fulfil their dreams of becoming ballet dancers. Alla tries to enrol in the famous Russian Agrippina Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet in Sankt Petersburg. Th e exams are really tough, and she must do additional exercises to lengthen her legs (she lacks 0.4% to achieve the perfect leg-upper body ratio). The girl cannot make her legs longer, although she tries hard. Her days fi lled with exercise are filmed in long, static shots. There is no joy or enthusiasm. Sweat and tiredness are a part of strenuous exercise. Alla does not spin on a roof, nor does she jump rhythmically while cooking, like the characters of First Position and Only When I Dance. There is nothing from a fairy tale or Hollywood in her experiences. Additionally, Skalski’s fi lm breaks the myth of the dancer’s body being strong and inexhaustible. This is how we traditionally look at ballet, where there is no place for showing weakness.

Jazz variations in “angry young men” cinema Jazz music and the vision of the world depicted by the “angry young men” are connected by a mysterious bond, its basis being not a simple citation of musical pieces, but functioning based on the identicalness of conveyed feelings and thoughts. Rarely can one find an example of correspondence of arts characterised by such extraordinary cohesion of thought and outlook on life. The objective of the present text is not to show the way jazz music functions in the “angry young men’s” films, but to take a closer look at this tangent point, this place where two worlds meet – worlds which are completely different, and yet, in consequence, alike. It transpires, after all, that there is only one way to self-cognition (whether in jazz or “angry young men’s” cinema) – the one leading through daring steps, rebellion and improvisation.

Śliwińska Anna, Zakochany Szekspir i Upstart Crow, czyli o dwóch bałamutnych biografiach Williama Szekspira [Shakespeare in Love and Upstart Crow – Two Fictional Biographies of William Shakespeare]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 323–339. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.17. The article focuses on two productions (the TV series Upstart Crow and the feature film Shakespeare in Love), which present the life of the famous playwright in an unusual way. It also looks at matters related to the practice of writing biographies of famous people, as well as biographism, which is treated by the makers of the aforementioned productions in a deceptive and hypothetical way. Finally, the question is asked regarding the function of deception and mystification, which were consciously used in the process of creating Shakespeare’s biographies in the two examples analysed.

Endophytes are a large and diverse group of fungi that colonize healthy plant tissues without causing any symptoms. The majority of studies have focused on angiosperm and conifer hosts and few have examined the endophytes of lycophytes. In the present study, we characterized culturable endophytic fungi in two closely related Lycopodium species (L. annotinum and L. clavatum) from pine, beech, oak and spruce forests across Poland. More than 400 strains were isolated but only 18 Ascomycete species were identified. Members of the Dothideomycetes dominated the fungal endophyte communities in Lycopodium. The most abundant taxa cultured were Phoma brasiliensis (from L. clavatum) and Paraconiothyrium lycopodinum (from L. annotinum). Five taxa were isolated exclusively from L. annotinum, but only two of them (Paraconiothyrium lycopodinum and Mycosphaerella sp.) were relatively abundant. Two taxa were only found in L. clavatum, namely: Stagonospora pseudovitensis and an unidentified Dothideomycete. The taxon assigned as Ascomycota 2 (SH219457.06FU) was isolated only from strobili of both host species. Direct PCR and cloning from L. annotinum shoots revealed a substantially greater endophyte richness compared with the results from culturing.