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Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML), a life-threatening complication of cytotoxic therapy, represents an emerging challenge of modern oncology.Evaluation of t-AML clinical outcomes, considering genetic changes and treatment intensity.We conducted a retrospective analysis of all consecutive AML patients from one hematology center (hospitalisation between 2000-2021). t-AML diagnosis was established according to the 2016 WHO criteria. Overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were defined to evaluate treatment outcomes. Retrospective identification of 17p13 deletion and TP53 mutation was conducted.Among 743 AML patients, 60 (8.1%) were diagnosed with t-AML (63.4% with previous solid tumors). Complex karyotype (CK) and 17p13 deletion were detected in 26.8% and 26.7% of t-AML, respectively, while FLT3-ITD and TP53 mutations occurred in 15.4% and 12.5% t-AML. Median OS and PFS were 13 and 8 months, respectively. Survival outcomes were superior for alloHCT treatment than intensive chemotherapy alone (median OS: 47 vs 7 months, P=0.01). APL patients did not reach median OS and worse survival was noted within CK than non-CK t-AML (median OS: 6 vs 24 months, P=0.02). In intensively treated t-AML, survival was better for patients under 64 years of age (P=0.03). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, alloHCT was associated with superior OS (HR=0.19, 95% CI=0.04-0.91, P=0.04). Moreover, we noted high frequency of treatment-related complications of t-AML.Our study revealed that prognosis of t-AML varies. Hence, the treatment strategy should rely on performing alloHCT as soon as possible in patients with adverse genetics.

Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the leading indication for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), with over 12,000 transplants per year in Europe. Due to low toxicity, an entirely outpatient procedure or an early discharge after ASCT can be considered as alternatives to inpatient transplantation. Thus, we launched an Early Discharge Program (EDP) for patients qualified for ASCT due to MM who were under 60 years of age, without significant comorbidities, who had a caregiver available 24/7, and who lived within a 60-minute drive of our hospital. Material and methods: Patients spent 72 hours in the hospital being administered melphalan 200 mg/m 2 intravenous followed by an infusion of hematopoietic stem cells. They were eventually discharged and remained under outpatient care. The program was launched in September 2019 and was temporarily halted due to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic in early 2020. Five patients were enrolled to the EDP. Results : Non-hematological toxicity was mild and manageable in an outpatient setting. Only one patient was readmitted due to exacerbation of ulcerative colitis that was probably not related to ASCT. We observed neither infections nor bleeding. Due to hematological toxicity, three of the five patients received platelet transfusion on the 6 th day after ASCT as outpatients. No packed erythrocytes were transfused. The EDP demonstrated lower costs compared to an inpatient approach. Conclusions: We believe that early discharge, which is an intermediate step to full at-home transplantation due to patients’ wellbeing, reduction of infections caused by resistant microorganisms, and costs, will eventually replace a full inpatient procedure for a significant population of patients suffering from multiple myeloma and indeed other diseases.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is an effective new treatment for hematologic malignancies. Two anti-CD19 CAR-T products, namely axicabtagene ciloleucel and tisagenlecleucel, have been approved for the management of relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two lines of systemic therapy. Additionally, tisagenlecleucel is indicated for refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in pediatric patients and young adults up to 25 years of age. CAR-T cells are undoubtedly a major breakthrough therapy in hematooncology resulting in up to 90% response rate with durable remissions in population with refractory high-risk disease. However, there are serious side effects resulting from CAR-T therapy, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Manifestations of CRS mostly include fever, hypotension, hypoxia, and end organ dysfunction. Neurologic toxicities are diverse and include encephalopathy, cognitive defects, dysphasia, seizures, and cerebral edema. Since the symptoms are potentially severe, practitioners need to familiarize themselves with the unique toxicities associated with these therapies. In this article, we present a practical guideline for diagnosis, grading and management of CRS and CAR-T neurotoxicity. In addition, infectious complications and late toxicities including prolonged cytopenias and hypogammaglobulinemia are discussed.

The objective of this paper is to present the process of the national and international accreditation leading to the establishment of the first certified chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) Cell Unit in Poland on the basis of the Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation in Poznan University of Medical Sciences and first successful CAR-T therapy in Poland. During 12 months from the initial decision to establish the CAR-T Cell Unit to the application of CAR-T cell treatment in the first patient, the center had to undergo the multidisciplinary external and internal training, as well as the adaptation of multiple procedures within the Transplant Unit and Stem Cell Bank. In order to get accreditation for the implementation of CAR-T cell therapy, an initial training of the team involved in handling cellular products and patient care was organized and updated as a continuous process. The Department fulfilled the site-selection international criteria. The first patient diagnosed for refractory/relapsed DLBCL was qualified, and finally CAR-T cells were administered with successful clinical outcome.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare, but severe Epstein-Barr virus (EPV)-driven disorder that manifest after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT). This heterogenous disease may manifest as localized or disseminated, and clinical presentation may differ significantly. It may be difficult to early diagnose PTLD, as is may be misdiagnosed as infection or graft rejection. The majority of EBV-PTLD typically occurs within four months following HSCT, and almost all cases present within the first year. EBV-PTLD that manifests > 5 years is considered an exceedingly rare occurrence. We describe a case of 66-year-old male, who was diagnosed with high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). He underwent allogeneic HSCT from HLA-identical sister, and subsequently developed acute followed by chronic graft-versus-host disease, for which he was long-term treated with immunosuppressants. At 6 years following HSCT, the patient presented with life-threatening perforation of gut. Histological evaluation revealed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Serum sample test showed positive EBV DNA and diagnosis of probable EBV-PTLD was done. After the treatment with rituximab, along with the reduction of immunosuppression, the patient achieved complete remission. Late onset EBV-PTLD after HSCT is extremely uncommon, and hardly described in literature.

Aim of the study The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of second malignancies among patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) treated with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) following a modified BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan, dexamethasone) regimen between 1992 and 2012 at our department. We also intended to define the risk factors for the occurrence of second neoplasm after ASCT. Material and methods The long-term outcomes after transplant were evaluated in 170 patients, median age 31 years (range 17–61), who received a median of two pre-transplant chemotherapy lines (range 1–5). Results MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) or MOPP-type regimens were given to 12% of patients prior to ASCT. The median follow-up of the survivors was 73 (12–242) months. The 7-year overall survival and progression-free survival were 75% and 64%, respectively. Second malignancies occurred in 7 of the 170 patients, including 5 haematological malignancies, and 2 solid tumors. They developed at a median of 8 years (range 0.4–13.5) from ASCT. The 10-year and 15-year cumulative incidence of developing a second malignancy were 7% and 13%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 40 years at transplant (HR = 8.8; p = 0.008) and pre-transplant MOPP-type chemotherapy (HR = 5.6; p = 0.030) were the only factors significant for developing a second malignancy. Conclusions Our results indicate that age of patient and the type of pre-transplant chemotherapy contribute to the risk of the development of a second neoplasm after ASCT in patients with HL. We believe that better characterization of second malignancies and associated risk factors may be useful for clinicians who care for these patients.