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Drawing from my action research project teaching and learning modding digital games for social justice with teens in a library setting in the US Midwest, this paper examines repeated moments of technological troubles and its demand for care during teaching to trace the temporal politics of caring for educational technologies. Instead of disregarding moments of technological troubles in pedagogical encounters as irrelevant logistics, this paper centers these moments by attending to emerging digital technologies’ request for canimating these moments to unpack the temporal order negotiated, made, and remade through its commonplaceness in teaching practices. By reading moments of technological troubles through feminist science and technology studies scholarship on care, temporality, and technologies, I argue that my habituated teacher subjectivity that used lesson plans as a technology and my habituated networked subjectivity that used emerging digital technologies in mylesson plans structured a temporal order that was inhospitable towards emergent artistic knowledge production through practices of care. Yet, as these moments point toward a visible seam in the temporal order of technological progress, I contend that art educators are also invited to care for mending this seam that might lead to the knowledge of an alternative logic. To do so, I conclude by advocating for art educators to make the time to care throughrethinking lesson plans as educational technologies.

The application of large-scale metabolomic profiling provides new opportunities to realize the potential of omics-based precision medicine with regard to asthma. We leveraged over 14,000 individuals from four distinct epidemiological studies. We identified and independently replicated seventeen steroid metabolites that were significantly reduced in individuals with prevalent asthma. Importantly steroid levels were reduced among all individuals with asthma regardless of medication use; however, the largest reduction was associated with inhaled corticosteroids use (ICS) that was further confirmed in a four-year ICS clinical trial. Cortisol levels extracted from electronic medical records confirmed that cortisol is reduced among asthmatics taking ICS over the entire 24-hour period, compared with all other groups. Clinical-grade adrenal suppression in asthmatics on ICS, resulting from substantial reductions in steroid metabolites, represents a larger public health problem than previously recognized. Regular cortisol testing may identify at-risk individuals, enabling personalized treatment modifications and improving overall patient care.

In this paper, I situate Tarot at the worldmaking juncture where anti-oppression meets technological innovation among social justice activist communities in the United States. The adoption, appropriation, and adaptation of Tarot and other delegitimized technologies by and for marginalized communities to cultivate imaginations informed by ancestral wisdoms demonstrates the resilience and resourcefulness of social justice activism. In light of these innovations, I propose Tarot as a technology, extending the meaning of Tarot into a technology of care, for art educators to consider. My aim is to draw attention to common assumptions we make about technologies, what we choose to name as technologies, and assumptions technologies make about us, particularly in the field of art education. Art educators can use Tarot to begin an exploration of justice, where the card decks serve as tools and the reading strategies serve as techniques that constitute a practice of justice-oriented worldmaking.

This study applied the System Dynamics methodology in evaluating the equilibrium state performance of First-In-First-Out (FIFO) and Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) for perishables. It recognizes that while a certain policy may have optimal results for a few successive periods, it may produce undesirable patterns in the long-term (e.g. accumulation of old stock). A non-perishables scenario was simulated for each policy to validate the logic of the model, and for comparison. This revealed that while FIFO and LIFO have little difference in the long-term for non-perishables, there is a major difference for perishables. Based on the results, this study concludes that LIFO is superior in equilibrium, in terms of consistency in quality of goods sold and stability of production rate.

This paper investigates the properties of CuMn/Ru/SiO2. The optimal concentration of Mn in the CuMn alloy as a barrier layer in this structure is determined. The properties of CuMn/Ru/SiO2 are compared to those of CuMn/SiO2 and CuMn/Ta/SiO2. The electrical and material properties of CuMn (0–10 at.% Mn) alloy films deposited on SiO2, Ta, and Ru are studied. A diffusion barrier layer self-formed at the interface during annealing, and the growth behavior followed a logarithmic rate law. The microstructures of the CuMn films are analyzed using trans mission electron microscopy and are correlated with the electrical properties. After thermal treatment, only Cu–5 at.% Mn/SiO2 did not exhibit a diffusion of Cu atoms. After annealing, the thermal stability of films grown on Ru/SiO2 was better than that of films grown on SiO2 and Ta/SiO2. When a Ta or Ru layer was added, the Mn atoms diffused not only to the interface but also to the grain boundaries in the under layer and to the interface between the under layer and SiO2. The tolerance of Mn content increased when the Ru layer was used, and thus, CuMn/Ru prevented the diffusion of Cu after heat treatment at 600 $^{\circ}\hbox{C}$?> for 30 min.

This study investigates the effect of sulfide treatment on the structural and photoluminescent properties of the electrodeposited CdS film by Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction measurements. The dependences of the film quality and luminescence on sulfide treatment time were found. The crystallinity can be enhanced while following sulfide treatment. Such an improvement indicates the reduced number of the sulfur-related vacancies as a result of the adsorption (incorporation) of the sulfur atoms during the sulfide treatment process. In addition, a suitable sulfide treatment time may lead to a smoother CdS surface.

Preeclampsia represents a major public health burden worldwide, but predictive and diagnostic biomarkers are lacking. Metabolomics is emerging as a valuable approach to generating novel biomarkers whilst increasing the mechanistic understanding of this complex condition. To summarize the published literature on the use of metabolomics as a tool to study preeclampsia. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for articles that performed metabolomic profiling of human biosamples using either Mass-spectrometry or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance based approaches and which included preeclampsia as a primary endpoint. Twenty-eight studies investigating the metabolome of preeclampsia in a variety of biospecimens were identified. Individual metabolite and metabolite profiles were reported to have discriminatory ability to distinguish preeclamptic from normal pregnancies, both prior to and post diagnosis. Lipids and carnitines were among the most commonly reported metabolites. Further work and validation studies are required to demonstrate the utility of such metabolites as preeclampsia biomarkers. Metabolomic-based biomarkers of preeclampsia have yet to be integrated into routine clinical practice. However, metabolomic profiling is becoming increasingly popular in the study of preeclampsia and is likely to be a valuable tool to better understand the pathophysiology of this disorder and to better classify its subtypes, particularly when integrated with other omic data.

The barrier properties of self-forming barrier are sensitive to the thickness, annealing temperature, annealing time, and impurity concentration of itself. In this paper, the properties of Cu/CuMn/ SiO2 bilayer structures were investigated, and an optimized thickness of Cu and CuMn alloy used as barrier layers in these bilayer structures was also determined. The bilayer structure could reduce the resistance of barrier and improve the surface morphology in electroplating process because Mn is easier to be corroded and oxidized than Cu in sulfuric acid. The electrical and material properties of Cu/CuMn/ SiO2 were studied. A diffusion barrier layer self-formed at the interface during annealing, and the growth behavior followed a logarithmic rate law. The microstructures of the metal films were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and then correlated with the electrical properties of the CuMn films. After annealing, the thermal stability of Cu/ CuMn films was better than single Cu film and CuMn film. When Cu layer was capped, the Mn atoms diffused easily to the interface due to high chemical potential of the Cu layer. Thus, Mn atoms tend to move to SiO2, and the amount of surplus Mn atoms in Cu will reduce after heat treatment.

This study investigates the effect of thermal annealing on the structural, compositional and photoluminescent properties of the electrodeposited CdS film by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction measurements. The annealing temperature was varied from 200 to 500 °C. Note, the crystallinity can be enhanced while increasing temperature. Consequently, the improved crystallinity may lead to the enhanced radiative recombination processes, increasing the intensity of the band-edge luminescence. However, the high annealing temperature could make some of sulfur evaporation, enhancing the intensity of the sulfur vacancy-related luminescence and shifting the (002) diffraction peak toward higher diffraction angle.

We synthesized a scenic morphological form of a large-area NbO2 nanoscale farmland using the hot-filament metal-oxide vapor deposition technique (HFMOVD). The nanoscale farmland is comprised of one-dimensional (1D) NbO2 nanorods arranged in various domains, which grow in multi-directions. Each domain contains ∼620 nanorods per square micrometer and has its own growth direction. The 1D NbO2 nanorods are found to have purple-blue photoluminescence (PL) emissions at room-temperature as well as very low turn-on and threshold fields for field emission (FE). The PL and FE results indicate that the 1D NbO2 nanorods are brilliant light and electron emitters.

A1 Introduction to the 8th Annual Conference on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation: Optimizing Personal and Population Health David Chambers1, Lisa Simpson2 1Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; 2AcademyHealth, Washington, DC, 20036, USA For the second year in a row, we are pleased to be able to share the proceedings of the Annual Conference on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation in Health, a large meeting reflecting the expanding and evolving research field that seeks to optimize the use of evidence, interventions, and tools from health research within the myriad of settings where people receive health care, make health-related decisions, and increase knowledge of influences on the health of the population. We once again benefitted from a strong partnership, co-led by AcademyHealth and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with co-sponsorship from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and the WT Grant Foundation. In addition, we benefitted from the collaboration of staff from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). NIH and AcademyHealth again co-led the program planning committee, which focused on the development of the plenary sessions, and convened a scientific advisory panel to suggest speakers and advise on the overall conference development. The planning committee identified four key areas around which to focus the plenary panels and keynote address. Dr. America Bracho, M.D., M.P.H., Executive Director of Latino Health Access in Orange County, California, spoke about the opportunities for implementation science to inform efforts to improve community health and engage underserved populations. The three plenary panels each focused on a significant future direction for dissemination and implementation (D & I) research: the interface between D&I science and population health, emerging opportunities for global implementation science, and the challenges around implementation of precision medicine. The plenary sessions were complemented by facilitated lunchtime discussions on the same three topics, which offered participants an opportunity to identify key research questions for each and brainstorm next steps. Synopses of the lunchtime discussions are included in this supplement. Given the overwhelming success of the 2014 conference and the large number of abstracts received in 2014 (660), the program planning committee identified eight program tracks for abstract submitters to respond to, and through which the concurrent sessions of the conference would be organized. These tracks—Behavioral Health, Big Data and Technology for Dissemination and Implementation Research, Clinical Care Settings, Global Dissemination and Implementation, Promoting Health Equity and Eliminating Disparities, Health Policy Dissemination and Implementation, Prevention and Public Health, and Models, Measures and Methods— were designed to enable conference participants to follow a consistent theme across the multiple sessions of the conference and form the structure of this supplement. The call for abstracts, including individual paper presentations, individual posters and panel presentations, resulted in 515 submissions, spread across the eight thematic tracks. Over one hundred reviewers devoted their time to ensuring a comprehensive and expert review, and reviews were conducted within each track and coordinated by the track leads. For the final program, 64 oral presentations, 12 panels, and 263 posters were presented over the two-day meeting. Slides for the oral presentations and panels (with the agreement of the authors) were posted on the conference website (http://diconference.academyhealth.org/archives/2015archives) and all abstracts were included on the conference webapp (https://academyhealth.confex.com/academyhealth/2015di/meetingapp.cgi). This supplement has compiled the abstracts for presented papers, panel sessions, and lunchtime discussions from the 8th Annual Meeting on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation in Health: Optimizing Personal and Population Health. We are pleased to have the abstracts from the conference together in one volume once again, and look forward to the 9th Annual meeting, scheduled for December in Washington, D.C.

Injury to cervical dorsal roots mimics the deafferentation component of brachial plexus injury in humans, with intractable neuropathic pain in the deafferented limb being a common consequence. Such lesions are generally not amenable to surgical repair. The use of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) for dorsal root repair, via acute transplantation, has been successful in several studies. From a clinical point of view, delayed transplantation of OECs would provide a more realistic timeframe for repair. In this study we investigated the effect of delayed OEC transplantation on functional recovery of skilled forepaw movements and amelioration of neuropathic pain, using a C7 and C8 dorsal root injury rat model previously established in our lab. We found that OEC transplantation to the dorsal horn 1. week after root injury effectively attenuated neuropathic disturbances associated with dorsal root injury, including spontaneous pain behavior, tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The sensory controls of complex, goal-oriented skilled reaching and ladder walking, however, were not improved by delayed OEC transplantation. We did not detect any significant influence of transplanted OECs on injury-induced central reorganisation and afferent sprouting. The anti-nociceptive effect mediated by OEC transplants may therefore be explained by alternative mechanisms such as modification of inflammation and astrogliosis. The significant effect of OEC transplants in mitigating neuropathic pain may be clinically useful in intractable pain syndromes arising from deafferentation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair. © 2010.

Background: A preconditioning stimulus can trigger a neuroprotective phenotype in the nervous system - a preconditioning nerve lesion causes a significant increase in axonal regeneration, and cerebral preconditioning protects against subsequent ischemia. We hypothesized that a preconditioning nerve lesion induces gene/protein modifications, neuronal changes, and immune activation that may affect pain sensation following subsequent nerve injury. We examined whether a preconditioning lesion affects neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation after peripheral nerve injury. Results: We found that a preconditioning crush injury to a terminal branch of the sciatic nerve seven days before partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PSNL; a model of neuropathic pain) induced a significant attenuation of pain hypersensitivity, particularly mechanical allodynia. A preconditioning lesion of the tibial nerve induced a long-term significant increase in paw-withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli and paw-withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli, after PSNL. A preconditioning lesion of the common peroneal induced a smaller but significant short-term increase in paw-withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli, after PSNL. There was no difference between preconditioned and unconditioned animals in neuronal damage and macrophage and T-cell infiltration into the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) or in astrocyte and microglia activation in the spinal dorsal and ventral horns. Conclusions: These results suggest that prior exposure to a mild nerve lesion protects against adverse effects of subsequent neuropathic injury, and that this conditioning-induced inhibition of pain hypersensitivity is not dependent on neuroinflammation in DRGs and spinal cord. Identifying the underlying mechanisms may have important implications for the understanding of neuropathic pain due to nerve injury.

Dorsal root injury (DRI) disrupts afferent input from the periphery and often leads to sensory deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite cervical root injuries in rodents being a useful model for deafferentation studies, a quantitative characterization of the sensory deficits produced by DRI is still lacking. This study aimed to characterize the different functional deficits resulting from a dorsal two- or four-root (C7-C8 and C5-C8, respectively) crush injury in rats at levels that innervate the forepaws. The impairment of the affected forepaw was assessed by mechanical and thermal pain responses, and rating the performance on the skilled reaching and ladder rung walking tests (LRWT). Postoperatively, only the two-root DRI rats developed mechanical allodynia, which persisted throughout the course of the study. Thermal hyperalgesia peaked at weeks 1 and 6. The four-root DRI animals were less sensitive to mechanical and thermal stimulation. Performance on the skilled reaching task could only be measured in two-root DRI rats, as animals with four-root injury were unable to grasp the pellets at all. On the LRWT, gait impairment was proportional to the severity of the lesion, with four-root DRI animals showing a significantly higher rate of errors than two-root DRI animals. These results suggest that two-root DRI represents a good model to assess treatments for allodynia-induced neuropathic pain, and for the restoration of the sensory component of the skilled motor performance. On the other hand, the four-root DRI would be a useful model when forepaw deafferentation is required.

Convention centers are among the key players in the convention industry, make a critical economic contribution to the destination and present an important consideration in meeting planners' site selection process. Given the substantial investment in convention centers in recent years and the increased competition among them for business, an understanding of critical facilities, attributes and services is vital. This article assesses convention delegates' perceptions of the importance of select venue facilities, attributes and services. Furthermore, the performance of one of the top convention centers in Asia is assessed, identifying its strengths and weaknesses on the basis of an importance-performance analysis.

The effect of green tea drinking in reducing human cancer risk is unclear, though a protective effect has been reported in numerous animal studies and several epidemiologic investigations. Herein the hypothesis that green tea consumption may reduce the risk of cancers of the colon, rectum and pancreas is examined in a large population-based case-control study conducted in Shanghai, China. Newly diagnosed cancer cases (931 colon, 884 rectum and 451 pancreas) during 1990-1993 among residents 30-74 years of age were included. Controls (n = 1,552) were selected among Shanghai residents and frequency-matched to cases by gender and age. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each cancer associated with green tea consumption were derived after adjustment for age, income, education and cigarette smoking. Additional adjustment for dietary items and body size was found to have minimal impact. An inverse association with each cancer was observed with increasing amount of green tea consumption, with the strongest trends for rectal and pancreatic cancers. For men, compared with non-regular tea drinkers, ORs among those in the highest tea consumption category (> or = 300 g/month) were 0.82 for colon cancer, 0.72 for rectal cancer and 0.63 for pancreatic cancer, with p values for trend being 0.38, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively. For women, the respective ORs for the highest consumption category (> or = 200 g/month) were 0.67, 0.57 and 0.53, with the respective p values for trend being 0.07, 0.001 and 0.008. Our findings provide further evidence that green tea drinking may lower the risk of colorectal and pancreatic cancers.

Gap junctions are specialized transmembrane channels that allow rapid electrical signalling and direct intercellular communication for maintenance and coordination of normal cellular activities and homeostasis. Although gap junction channels in the nervous system mediate intercellular coupling between glial cells and between neurons, they also contribute to the spread of secondary damage and inflammation under pathological conditions. There is now evidence of the involvement of gap junctions in chronic pain caused by nervous system damage or tissue inflammation. In this Mini-Review, we highlight recent studies demonstrating the dynamic plasticity of gap junctions in response to nervous system injury and the effects of gap junction blockade on neuronal survival and modulation of pain in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. The involvement of dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord gap junctions in mediating chronic pain and the potential for targeting connexins as a novel modality for the treatment of intractable pain syndromes arising from nervous system injury and disorders are discussed.

Background Personalized health-care promises tailored health-care solutions to individual patients based on their genetic background and/or environmental exposure history. To date, disease prediction has been based on a few environmental factors and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), while complex diseases are usually affected by many genetic and environmental factors with each factor contributing a small portion to the outcome. We hypothesized that the use of random forests classifiers to select SNPs would result in an improved predictive model of asthma exacerbations. We tested this hypothesis in a population of childhood asthmatics. Methods In this study, using emergency room visits or hospitalizations as the definition of a severe asthma exacerbation, we first identified a list of top Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) SNPs ranked by Random Forests (RF) importance score for the CAMP (Childhood Asthma Management Program) population of 127 exacerbation cases and 290 non-exacerbation controls. We predict severe asthma exacerbations using the top 10 to 320 SNPs together with age, sex, pre-bronchodilator FEV1 percentage predicted, and treatment group. Results Testing in an independent set of the CAMP population shows that severe asthma exacerbations can be predicted with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) = 0.66 with 160-320 SNPs in comparison to an AUC score of 0.57 with 10 SNPs. Using the clinical traits alone yielded AUC score of 0.54, suggesting the phenotype is affected by genetic as well as environmental factors. Conclusions Our study shows that a random forests algorithm can effectively extract and use the information contained in a small number of samples. Random forests, and other machine learning tools, can be used with GWAS studies to integrate large numbers of predictors simultaneously.

Most spinal cord injury research is undertaken using in vivo animal models but the extensive care associated with spinalised animals, inherent variability between animals, and complex surgeries makes alternative models especially valuable. Here we present a novel ex vivo model that enables culture of intact post-natal spinal cord segments for up to five days and the assessment of peripheral nerve grafting repair, enhanced with connexin43 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (Cx43 AsODN), in this model. Down-regulating Cx43 expression with Cx43 AsODN in cultured spinal cord segments prevents cell death and inhibits inflammation spreading from the site of injury to neighbouring tissue, hence maintaining culture viability. Reduction in segment swelling and improvement in neuron survival were evident after Cx43 AsODN treatment. Furthermore, the combination of Cx43 AsODN with peripheral nerve graft implants into cultured spinal cords promoted axon sprouting from the spinal cord into the peripheral nerve graft. This ex vivo spinal cord segment culture model provides a valuable addition to tools currently available for spinal cord injury research.

Elevated levels of NF-kappaB are frequently detected in many inflammatory diseases and cancers. Blocking the IKK-NF-kappaB pathway has been seen as a promising approach for new therapies. By employing the dominant-negative mutant of IKKbeta, our data revealed that loss of IKKbeta activity reduces not only the proliferation and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vitro but also the tumour formation, metastasis and angiogenesis in mouse xenograft model. Treatment of IKKbeta inhibitors (CYL-19s and CYL-26z) leads to the arrest of cell cycle progression at G1 and G2/M, followed by apoptosis. IKKbeta inhibitors can increase the protein stability, nuclear accumulation and promoter-binding activity of p53, leading to the p21 gene transcription. Furthermore, knockdown of IKKbeta by siRNA increased the stability and expression of p53 and p21 promoter activity. In addition, IKKbeta inhibitor-induced p53 and p21 expressions were augmented in the presence of IKKbeta siRNA. Correlation between p53 acetylation and its protein stabilization was also seen after treatment with IKKbeta inhibitors. These results suggest that loss of IKKbeta activation is important for the enhancement of p53 stability, leading to p21 expression and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of tumour cells.

ContextCurrent clinical practice relies on hemoglobin to detect iron deficiency, which misses infants not yet anemic and places them at higher risk for neurocognitive impairment. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) has never been compared with hemoglobin for screening healthy infants.ObjectivesTo evaluate CHr for detecting iron deficiency without anemia in healthy 9- to 12-month-old infants and to compare CHr with hemoglobin in screening for iron deficiency in this population. A secondary objective was to explore the association between CHr and subsequent development of anemia.Design, Setting, and PatientsA prospective observational cohort study of 202 healthy 9- to 12-month-old infants from an urban, hospital-based, primary care clinic in Boston, Mass, who were screened for iron deficiency between June 2000 and April 2003, and followed up for a median of 5.6 months.Main Outcome MeasuresIron deficiency (transferrin saturation

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population(1,2). Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie's (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)(3) (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity. CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins. For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs(4). The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter(5,6). The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.