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The objective of this work is to improve the knowledge of the shock-to-detonation transition properties variation .The study is based on a different explosives like PETN(pentaerythritol tetranitrate) at initial pressure 1.65 g/cm3 , Nitromethane ,CL-20-based High Explosives , Detonation Transition in Porous Explosives from Rapid Compression Loadings and RDX, HMX and NTO based composite high explosives modelling . Showing the variation in Temperature , Pressure ,Density ,Volume , Pore size in Shock to detonation transition .

The In-pipe Inspections robot (IPIR) are robots that run inside of pipelines and carry out the inspection work there. The pipelines develop certain anomalies like corrosion, cracks, dents, misalignments, etc. during their work cycle that needs to be rectified. Using IPIR eases the process of inspection that is difficult with the manual procedure that includes visual and some external non-destructive testings (NDTs). There are various types of robots in these fields including wheel-driven, track-driven, Pipe inspection gauge (PIG), walking type, and inchworm type. This paper will provide the specifications and design specialties of each type of robot. Each robot is designed considering certain parameters like maneuverability, pipeline diameter, adaptability, design structure, and more, and hence these are specific. There are certain limitations to each design at the end. Finally, this paper will help to select a specific robot for a particular requirement based on the comparison.

Background: The knee joint is complex joint and being superficial joint is more exposed to external forces. It is the commonly injured joint now a day because of increased vehicular trauma and sports related injuries. Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures usually occur in a bimodal age distribution. The most important factor in deciding the timing and modality of definitive management is the status of local soft tissue. Adequate fixation and early achievement of post-operative range of motion are important for a good prognosis and adequate postoperative functioning. Surgical fixation of Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures is challenging because of geographic complexity and compromise of the soft tissue envelope. In this small study, our aim is to outline the various principles of surgical management of Bicondylar fracture tibia as practiced in our institution and to evaluate the results while having an insight into contemporary literature related to the topic.Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study conducted on 34 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria from June 2016 to June 2018 to study different methods of surgical management of bicondylar fracture tibia.Result: According to Modified Rasmussen Scoring System, clinically we had 06(17.65%) excellent, 23(67.65%) good, 4(11.76%) fair and 01(2.94%) poor results and radiologically 10(29.41%) excellent, 16(47.06%) good, 08(23.53%) fair and none poor results. We also used Oxford Knee Score in our study where we had 8(23.52%) excellent results, 19(55.88%) good results, 7(20.58%) fair results and 00(00%) poor results.Conclusion: Pre-op planning is must. CT scan gives exact anatomy of fracture pattern and helps in deciding type of implant and also guides about the surgical approach to be used. To reduce skin related problems and to achieve reasonable alignment, spanning external fixator should be applied at early stage and kept till acute phase is over. Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures having bone defects must be filled with iliac crest autograft / bone substitutes after reduction of articular fragments. Medial side buttress plating is always desirable in bicondylar fracture pattern with unstable medial condyle to prevent delayed medial collapse and undesirable varus deformity. Early mobilization not only gives good knee ROM but also restores patient’s confidence resulting in better compliance.

Introduction: Over ⅓ of the population in the United State is obese (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2), with an increasing proportion being morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m2). As the obesity rate climbs, an increasing number have entered the super-obese category (BMI >50 kg/m2), theoretically increasing risk for complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study compared complications in non-obese, obese, morbidly obese, and super-obese patients undergoing THA. We specifically assessed: (1) 1- and 2-year peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates; (2) complication rates; as well as (3) 1- and 2-year revision rates. Methods: A database review identified patients undergoing primary THA from 01 January 2010 to 31 December 2019. Patients were stratified based on the presence of International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th revision diagnosis codes of non-obese (BMI 2) ( n = 8680), obese (BMI 2) ( n = 12,443), morbidly obese (BMI 2) ( n = 5250), and super-obese (BMI >50 kg/m2) ( n = 814) prior to THA. Complication rates at 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years were compared across groups. Results: At all time points, super-obese patients were associated with higher rates of PJI, even when compared to morbidly obese patients. Complications such as sepsis, venous thrombo-embolism, and revision surgeries were found in higher numbers in super-obese as well as morbidly obese patients, compared to obese and non-obese patients. Conclusions: This study provides large-scale analyses demonstrating the association between super-obese and morbidly obese patients and higher infection rates, as well as complications, following THA. Importantly, the association of PJI is highest among super-obese patients, even when compared to morbidly obese patients. Attaining a BMI 2 prior to surgery may be an important goal discussed with patients to lower the chance of postoperative infections.

BACKGROUND: Hip arthroscopy is a minimally invasive technology for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in various hip disorders. Over the past decade or so, the technology and understanding related to this surgery have improved by leaps and bounds; however, in India the overall pace has been limited. The present review highlights the status of hip arthroscopy in the Indian context. METHODOLOGY: A small survey with five questions related to practice of hip arthroscopy among Indian orthopaedic surgeons was conducted. Additionally a PubMed database search was conducted to recognise and assess studies pertaining to hip arthroscopy originating from India. RESULTS: Forty-two responses were received for the questionnaire, out of which 38 surgeons performed hip arthroscopy in their practice; the overall numbers were very low with only one respondent performing more than 50 surgeries in a year. For 84.2% of the respondents, the practice was limited to less than ten surgeries per year. 63.2% of the surgeons affirmed that there has been no change in their practice of hip arthroscopies over the past 5 years, signifying the slow growth and limited application of the technique. Only nine studies pertaining to the topic were available in the literature search, out of which five were case reports. The most common indication was removal of intraarticular foreign bodies, followed by joint debridement and lavage, synovial biopsies and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). The outcomes in all the studies were satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Hip arthroscopy is in its nascent stages in India and much is still needed to be done for better implementation of the technique on a wider scale. Adequate training and continued medical education programme, with exposure to the experts in the field, will go a long way in better utilisation of the surgery in India.

Introduction: Many authors have tried to prove a causal relationship between hypocalcemia and increased mortality in ICUs. For many years correction of ionic calcium for albumin level and magnesium levels has been done. In vivo the importance of calculated ionic calcium for changes in pH has not been very well studied. Objective: The objective of our study is to find out if ionic calcium values (iCa) need to be corrected and calculated for in vivo acid base imbalances in ICU settings. Methods: The study was a time bound prospective study done from November 2016 to May 2017 in PICU of Dr. B.R.A.M. Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The ABGs and ionic calcium of all the critically ill children were collected according to inclusion & exclusion criteria. The iCalevels of the ABG machine was considered as the actual iCa value and the iCavalues were corrected for pH of 7.4 using the standard formula. The differences in ionic calcium levels and corresponding calculated ionic calcium levels were statistically analysed for significance using “paired t test”. Results: A total of 239 reports were studied, 80 records were acidotic, 78 exhibited normal pH and 81 had alkalosis. The difference between ionic calcium (iCa) and corrected ionic calcium (iCac) values were found significant [p=0.022] for moderate and severe acidosis. However, normal pH group [p=0.05186] and alkalosis group [p=0.0729] had insignificant differences. Conclusion: iCa, especially the actual iCa from the ABG reports should be considered for the treatment purposes specially in the case of acute acidosis.

Analysis of big data is a challenging task as it involves large distributed file systems. The infrastructure require for analyzing big data is different from Amazon analysis technology and data mining on various types of data. Mapreduce is widely popular for analysis of big data. Mapreduce is working with mapping, sorting, shuffling and reducing using Master/Slave architecture. Similarly Amazon MapReduce programming model over large data set is introduced by Amazon, on the web especially used for ecommerce. In this paper Amazon EC2 cloud computing model used for central part of designed web and for collection and storing of large data Amazon uses S3. Amazon clusters is a group of servers which is working together to perform any type of tasks on distributed database on different servers in parallel. Amazon services are used in analysis of big data and to increase business efficiency

Background: Biologics have transformed the management of moderate to severe psoriasis. The persistency of biologics lacks real-world data. Objectives: To quantify drug survival of infliximab (IFX), adalimumab (ADA), etanercept (ETA), and ustekinumab (UST) and to identify potential factors affecting drug survival. Methods: An observational, retrospective 2-centre study consisting of 906 patients from private practices in Ontario between July 2003 and June 13, 2016, was conducted, including patients with plaque psoriasis receiving commercial treatment with ADA, ETA, IFX, and UST. Paper and electronic records of each patient were reviewed. Results: Median survival times for UST, IFX, ADA, and ETA were respectively, in months, 68, 23, 33, and 28. Female sex was determined to be a statistically significant positive predictor of drug survival. Our study was consistent with the literature in that UST had the highest survival rate compared to the other biologics, and the shape of our drug survival curve suggested that loss of drug efficacy is a stochastic occurrence. Compared to other studies, our data exhibited lower survival rates at various time points for all the biologics studied, and female sex did not predict drug survival in other studies. We also investigated potential reasons for differences in biologic survival times between different practices; the main differentiator was drug dosage, as higher dosages were associated with greater survival. Conclusion: UST has a higher drug survival rate than ADA, ETA, and IFX, as observed in other studies. When practice patterns are compared, dosage difference is the main factor that may cause differing survival rates.

The Amazon MapReduce programming model, introduced by Amazon, a simple and efficient way of performing distributed computation over large data sets on the web especially for e-commerce. Amazon EMR work on Master/Slave Architecture using Amazon EMR for map and reduce big data. Amazon EC2 use cloud computing is a central part of designed web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. Here we also discuss about the Benefit and limitation of using Amazon EMR. Amazon S3 use easy to store and retrieve any amount of data on web. A Amazon clusters is a set of servers that work together to perform tasks work on distributing database with the servers in parallel. Amazon EMR work in the concept of Hadoop, nodes and cluster. Amazon EMR Model used for analysis big data to increase their business efficiency.

Hadoop MapReduce is processed for analysis large volume of data through multiple nodes in parallel. However MapReduce has two function Map and Reduce, large data is stored through HDFS. Lack of facility involve in MapReduce so Spark is designed to run for real time stream data and for fast queries. Spark jobs perform work on Resilient Distributed Datasets and directed acyclic graph execution engine. In this paper, we extend Hadoop MapReduce working and Spark architecture with supporting kind of operation to perform. We also show the differences between Hadoop MapReduce and Spark through Map and Reduce phase individually.