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Software engineering mainly aims to produce software of good quality that is delivered on time and on budget. Software quality becomes an important concern for quantifying the performance of software attributes. The seminal objective of the work is to choose the appropriate software quality model according to the client's needs where the client can give more importance to specific criteria compared to others as per his/her application's requirements. The proposed approach will help to decide the best alternative suitable for the application. The work is based on selecting the most suitable software quality model taking all the parameters into consideration while making the decision using multi-criteria decision-making techniques.

Melia composita (Burma dek) is one of the multipurpose fast growing tree species applicable for the agri-silviculture system. In northern India, due to its fast growing and short rotation nature it has developed one of chosen tree species by the farmers under agroforestry. Melia composita occurs mostly in tropical moist and dry deciduous forest of Himalayas. The seed have Hard endocarp and therefore quite difficult to germinate. There are different types of seed dormancy and it helps in find out the better pre-sowing treatment to assure early and uniform germination of seeds. This leads to minimize the cost of large scale seedlings production. The present study was conducted at Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University during 2019 to evaluate the “Effect of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Melia composita”. Five pre-sowing treatments viz., normal water soaking (24, 48 and 72hr), conc. H2SO4 (5, 10 and 15 min.), cow dung slurry (5, 10 and 15 days), boiling water (5, 10 and 15 min.), mechanical scarification + GA3 (100 ppm) (8, 16 and 24hr). In laboratory conditions, maximum germination (64.67 %) and seed viability (74.67%) were recorded in concentrated H2SO4 treatment at 15 minute, whereas maximum root length (7.54 cm), shoot length (16.72 cm), root: shoot ratio and seedling dry weight (0.65g) were recorded in mechanical scarification + GA3 (100 ppm) at 24 hr.

Over the past decade, there is a pressing need for the network applications to be connected with peers in the variety of operating conditions such as unreliable networks, frequent node mobility, and resource constraints. Owing to these heterogeneous environments, the network devices face various challenges such as link disruptions, extensive propagation delays and unexpected dropping of packets. Such networks which are marked by the presence of disrupted end-to-end connections are termed as Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). As traditional routing protocols assume seamless connectivity, meager propagation delays and packet loss, their applicability to the delay tolerant networks are limited. Motivated to mitigate the challenges of DTNs, a plethora of routing protocols has been developed to specifically suit the extreme operating environment. The DTNs routing protocols estimate the likelihood of delivery of a message on each hop to select the most applicable relay nodes using various metrics such as frequency of contact, encounter history or duration of contact. The seminal objective of these protocols is to ensure decent reliability with less overhead in connection-disruptive and resource deficit networks. This article aims to begin with the general discussion of routing protocols which employs time-based utility measures and then diving in depth covering various aspects such as relay selection, energy requirements, message replication strategy and buffer management.

High performing low noise amplifier at millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequencies should have high gain, high linearity, low noise figure, low power and high reverse isolation. Realizing such performance has been a challenging task for researchers due to tradeoff among design parameters. With the increase in operating frequency this tradeoff has become even more significant. Therefore, a consolidated analysis of performance parameters in terms of Figure of Merit (FOM) is essential for designing a better LNA. In this paper, a 3-stage balun-less differential-ended LNA has been proposed, which utilizes the benefits of cascode topology incorporating CMOS push–pull technique. The proposed LNA provides better performance in terms of linearity, reverse isolation and Noise Figure, that results in improved FOM value. The proposed design exhibits gain of 25.5 dB with NF 1.46 dB, input reflection coefficient of − 15.8 dB and IIP3 of − 11.6 dBm resulting in FOM value of 78.29 with unconditional stability. Therefore, the proposed LNA is suggested as a potential candidate for applications employing mm-wave frequencies.

An exorbitant source of data is easily available but the actual task lies in using this data efficiently. In this article, the aim is to analyse the significant information embedded in the customer purchase behaviour to recommend new products to them. Our proposed scheme is a two-fold approach. First, the authors retrieve various product correlations from the vast library of user transactions. Based on these product correlations, utility based association rules are learned which depict the customer purchase behaviour. These rules are then applied in a recommender system for novel product suggestions to the customers. With improved utility based mining the paper tries to incorporate the usefulness of an item set like cost, profit or any other factor along with their frequency. In this paper the authors have deployed the rules discovered from both the conventional Frequent Item Set Mining and Improved Utility Based Mining on an e-commerce platform to compare the accuracy of the algorithms. The obtained results establish the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.

Diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes in particular) and colorectal carcinoma are relatively frequent diseases in our population. At the same time, these units share some common risk factors, for example obesity, lack of physical activity and hyperinsulinemia. Available data show patients with diabetes have increased risk of colorectal adenoma and carcinoma, increased risk of colorectal carcinoma at a lower age, as well as increased risk of relapse and increased mortality with colorectal cancer. The aim of this article is to point out the relationship between diabetes and colorectal carcinoma, with emphasis on the information important for clinical practice, particularly the screening of colorectal carcinoma and lifestyle recommendations for patients with diabetes. Therefore, we offer an overview of the important available publications which consider this topic.

Parents' participation is crucial in the dental health intervention of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parenting children with ASD is extremely stressful and challenging. Parents and other caregivers have a responsibility to care for and raise children with ASD. Parental perception of the condition, situational adaptation, and attitude towards the issue are significant indicators of how they will respond and eventually adapt to it.A comparative, descriptive study was done on parents of 154 autistic children and 235 normal children. An 11-variable questionnaire eliciting various details of socio-psychological factors affecting the utilisation of oral health care was designed and validated. The questionnaire also included parameters regarding barriers to accessing dental services. The dental caries and oral hygiene status of all children were examined using the Basic Oral Health Survey 2013 proforma. Chi-square and independent t-tests were applied to find significant differences between the groups.A greater number of male children (61.0%) were observed among autistic children. Parental perception regarding socio-psychological concerns with raising an autistic child showed significant differences for all variables between the groups except for assistance in the child's task with 90.2% as against 55% of the parents with non-autistic children. Parents of autistic children were more receptive to the idea of focus group discussion. Decayed teeth were significantly found to be higher in autistic cohorts (2.554 ± 1.616 versus 1.779 ± 1.841). Oral hygiene status was also statistically significant amongst autism-affected children than those who were not at p =0.000.The present study explored various socio-psychological factors of parental perception of autistic children. A better outcome can be suggested when parents gained awareness regarding various strategies and treatment options available for their child's oral health. Furthermore, dental health can be improved by bringing in certain environmental modifications in which the autistic child is groomed.

A novel method of management of maize pathogens in vitro and in vivo using newly synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) has been documented in this study. CuNPs have been synthesized using CuSO4 as a precursor, NaBH4 and ascorbic acid as a reducing agent, and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG-8000) as a stabilizing agent. Characterization of CuNPs using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) confirmed the nanoparticles' size range of 35–70 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the association of alcohol groups and allyl halides group with CuNPs. The synthesized CuNPs exhibited significant inhibition at 20 ppm of three pathogenic fungi namely Macrophomina phaseolina, Bipolaris maydis, and Fusarium verticillioides, and at 50 ppm against Rhizoctonia solani. Bactericidal property of CuNPs was evidenced against Erwinia carotovora and Ralstonia solanacearum at 30 ppm. Evaluation of CuNPs in vivo against two diseases viz., maydis leaf blight (MLB) and banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) culminated in a reduction in percent disease index (PDI). Seed treatment together with foliar spray @ 300 ppm of CuNPs resulted in a significant reduction of MLB. However, BLSB disease was reduced relatively less at the same aforesaid concentration nevertheless; it was evinced best in controlling BLSB disease. CuNPs were found inimical against beneficial fungi and bacteria. However, a positive effect was observed on soil enzyme activities namely dehydrogenase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase and maize seedling characters viz., shoot length, root length, number of roots per seedlings, fresh and dry weight.

Nanoscience has opened new vistas to manage phytopathogens, improve crop productivity by the development of new varieties, and control infectious diseases in humans. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are highly acclaimed for their wide potential application in various fields. Chemical and physical methods of synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs are widely used; however, such methods possess numerous setbacks, such as the production of toxic residues and indispensable need for high energy. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method. A plethora of species of plant, bacteria, fungi, etc. is available with potential biosynthesis ability. Fungi are a highly preferred organism owing to the ability to secrete a large number of extracellular enzymes, metal toxicity tolerance and bioaccumulation ability, and ease of handling of its biomass. Extracellular enzymes act both as reducing as well as capping agents. Two different methods are used by fungi for synthesis viz., intercellular and extracellular synthesis. Extracellular synthesis is preferred over intercellular as it bypasses several down streaming processes. During the reduction process, the metal ions (Ag2+ and Au3+) are converted to an elemental state (Ag0 and Au0 ) which is in the nano range. Due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and other properties, they become very effective against other pathogens. There is an excellent prospect of the use of nanoparticles in the field of agriculture and health and nanoparticles synthesized using a biological method involving fungi could be a boon.

This paper describes the response surface model for mixed-level factors of the form 2n×3 where experimental units/plots experience the overlap effects from immediate left and right neighboring unit...

High carrier frequency requirement (Sub 6, 28 GHz) to accomplish the high bandwidth specification for millimeter wave band wireless communication, has reduced the ratio of operating carrier frequency (fc) and unity current gain frequency (ft) of MOSFETs in state of the art RFCMOS technology. This poses a challenge for designing a high gain and low noise receiver with better linearity. In an attempt to realize such receiver, this paper presents a 28 GHz receiver front-end in 40 nm RFCMOS technology. It includes 3-stage low noise amplifier incorporating push pull topology, current bleeding down converting gilbert cell based mixer with common gate transconductance stage followed by a standard Gm-C filter. By incorporating these techniques, the performance of the proposed receiver improved in terms of linearity as compared to the state of the art designs. For a comprehensive analysis, the combined effect of performance parameters has been compiled into a single metric i.e. Figure of Merit (FOM). The proposed receiver exhibits conversion gain of 30.5 dB and 2.15 dB noise figure with linearity parameter IIP3 being −21.7 dBm while consuming 36.7mW power resulting in FOM value of 0.27.

A Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a network capable of handling long delays and data loss efficiently in various challenged scenarios and environments. Owing to the mentioned challenges, it becomes crucial to study how the routing protocols are designed to adapt in such networks. Currently, the research in this domain is focused on the improving the data delivery ratio and minimizing delays in the routing protocols. This paper reviews state-of-the-art routing protocols for Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) as well as performs their comparative analysis. DTN routing protocols are grouped into four categories viz encounter based, time based, infrastructure based and hybrid & others. This categorization depends on the information they use for relay selection routing. We have also discussed some of the inherent drawbacks such as energy consumption, delivery rates and buffer constraints of the existing routing algorithms. We have also conducted an empirical analysis and observed the performance of the most popular existing algorithms of encounter and time based category. This paper offers a widespread study of the routing protocols with their pros and cons.

Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the increasing concerns in rice causing severe economic losses worldwide. Chemical control measures are already in practice for the manag...

The services provided by big telecommunication companies are no more restricted to provide 3G/4G services for Wireless networks rather a new Era for “Drones” has emerged to support “Zero Touch Technology” especially in the pandemic situations like coronavirus. This situation of emergency has opened the adoption of drones for multiple purposes like taking tower images, food delivery, medicines routing, serving calamities etc. Data obtained from these drones is the potential source of data analysis. These multiple swarm intelligence-based drones are an edge to conventional systems where multiple units are used to complete a task. Data collected from these swarms are a potential source to form networks. Drones can interact with each other by forming a graph of nodes, sharing responsibilities, and doing multiple tasks. The present work aims at justifying the needs, challenges of existing drones system that can be overcome with the help of swarm Intelligence based drones. Also, the idea of forming signed networks with the data collected by the interaction of swarm drones will also be discussed

Recommender Systemsare used to suggest items of interest to users so that their overall browsing experience of the website is enhanced as well as they are not overwhelmed with the abundance of available information. The benefit of incorporating context in recommender systems is evident as the preferences of the users are highly dependent of the context in which they are making the decision.In our proposed approach, we have used context as an explicit feature to improve the recommendations so that it can adapt to the user's needs according to different scenario.We have extended the traditional two dimensional matrix factorization used in collaborative filtering to N-dimensional tensor factorization. Tensor appropriately models the different ratings given by a user to the same item in different scenario. The experimental results obtained using contextual variables proved to be of higher accuracy.

Deep submicron CMOS technology proves to be suitable for transceiver design at mmwave band frequencies. At the same time, it has been a challenging task to obtain high performance at mmwave frequencies. In this paper, a 28[Formula: see text]GHz low-IF receiver frontend with improved performance by incorporating a proposed linear Gm-C low-pass filter (LPF) is presented using 40[Formula: see text]nm CMOS technology targeting for 5G wireless system. A mathematical expression for the linearity of the proposed filter is derived and compared with the basic filter model. The improved linearity (IIP3 of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBm) of the proposed filter results in the enhancement of linearity and hence the Figure of Merit (FOM) of the receiver with the proposed filter. The receiver attains a conversion gain of 34.6[Formula: see text]dB, a noise figure of 3.1[Formula: see text]dB and IIP3 of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBm. The total current drawn by the receiver is 27.3[Formula: see text]mA at a 1.2[Formula: see text]V power supply. The overall FOM of the receiver with the proposed filter is improved to 0.30 whereas the FOM of the receiver with the basic filter model is 0.13. The area of the receiver is [Formula: see text] whereas the proposed filter occupies [Formula: see text].

In spite of increase in milk production, dairy farmers suffer huge economic losses due to mastitis even in very well organized and modern farms. It has been observed that with the increase in the a...

The pandemic of COVID-19 has arrested the life of 7.8 million people living on this earth. However, some people are more vulnerable to the risk of this deadly virus. The frailty of senior citizens put them at the top of this list. The past 6 months have not only presented a threat to their physical health but to mental health also. Although lockdown was necessary to check the spread of the coronavirus it culminated in an exponential rise in the problems of loneliness, anxiety, fear, helplessness, and depression. The present paper reviews the role of social networking sites, apps, and other digital platforms in saving and enriching the lives of the elderly, especially those who spent the lockdown alone and were devoid of a regular support system due to unavailability of transport and administrative restrictions on the movement of people. It also analyzes the efficiency of the virtual world in reducing their anxiety of being alone by connecting them with others and also make them feel empowered. The review is based on the online data collected about the insurgence in the percentage of elderly people using such platforms, recent studies analyzing the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic on senior citizens. Besides this personal telephonic discussions were conducted with some elderly people who spent their lockdown alone in their homes. The study was primarily focused on three objectives. Firstly it attempts to understand the ways in which senior citizens made use of social networking sites and various digital platforms for managing life better. Secondly, it analyses the process of adopting technology, and finally, it examined the width and depth of the impact technology created in their life and also the permanence of this change. The analysis clearly suggests an increase in the digital life of elderly people. The process moved in distinct stages from utter confusion to relative ease in using technology, thereby significantly reducing the loneliness, and bringing relatively stable change in the way they lead their life.

Natural compounds play very important role in drug development. Natural extracts from plants have been used for several years for different purposes and now a days uses as alternative remedies and food preservatives. In recent years, a great significant attention has been drawn to natural compounds rather than synthetic compounds due to their less side effects or without side effects in therapeutic. Present work deals with chemical composition & in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts of five ginger accessions collected from different places of Uttarakhand. Molecular docking is performed between phytocompounds identified through GC-MS analysis and bacterial protein PDB ID: 1QFE and PDB ID: 2VF5. By comparing the scoring results of compositions in extracts of ginger rhizome with bacterial protein, we can infer antibacterial activity about selected phytocompounds. Molecular-docking analysis and antimicrobial test proved that methanolic extract of ginger accession from Dharchula had strong antibacterial effects. However, despite their potential, the use of natural antimicrobials in food systems remains limited mainly due to the side effects of undesirable flavor or aroma. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the optimum levels of antibacterials that can be safely applied in food systems without unduly altering any sensory characteristics.

In this work the low-IF receiver for 60 GHz wireless system is presented using 40nm CMOS technology. The individual blocks of receiver front-end includes 3-stage low noise amplifier (LNA), mixer, low pass filter (LPF). These blocks are optimized for low power while maintaining other performance metrics. The Radio Frequency (RF) receiver front-end with 3stage single-ended LNA and differential LNA were designed and compared. The incorporation of current amplifier improves the overall performance of receiver. It was observed that RF frontend receiver with single-ended LNA offers 31.11 dB conversion gain (CG) and 3.35 dB noise Figure (NF) whereas receiver with differential LNA offers 41.13 dB CG and 2.63 dB NF. From the results it can be seen that the performance of differential LNA receiver is better than single ended LNA receiver. The details of the design suggest that receiver with differential LNA can be a potential candidate for the transceiver applications.