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Injuries to posterolateral corner (PLC) of knee are often neglected. The three key components of PLC are lateral collateral ligament (LCL), popliteofibular ligament (PFL) and popliteus tendon (PT). For adequate reconstruction, anatomic location of these ligaments should be well understood.Twenty formalin fixed cadaveric knees were dissected. PT and LCL identified. Circumference of the two structures marked with pen just after cutting them close to bone surface. Distance between the centre of LCL and PT was measured along with the measurement of distal femoral medio-lateral dimension (MLD) and Anteroposterior dimension (ALD) of lateral condyle.The mean distance between PT and LCL measured in 20 specimens was 8.3 ± 0.84 mm, with a range of 7 mm to 10 mm. MLD was 81.0 ± 3.6 mm and APD was 62.7 ± 3.2 mm.The distance in Indian population is significantly smaller compared to the western. This has clinical implication in drilling the tunnels for PLC reconstruction.

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been explored intensively for their use in applications requiring efficient fluorescence for LEDs, lasers, displays, photovoltaic spectral-shifting filters, and biomedical applications. High radiative rates are essential for such applications, and theoretically these could be achieved via quantum confinement and/or straining. Wet-chemical methods used to synthesize SiNPs are under scrutiny because of reported contamination by fluorescent carbon species. To develop a cleaner method, we utilize a specially designed attritor type high-energy ball-mill and use a high-purity (99.999%) Si microparticle precursor. The mechanochemical process is used under a continuous nitrogen gas atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the particles. We confirm the presence of quantum-confined NPs (

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the protein (biological) quality of pecan and pine nuts supplemented diets in male Wistar albino rats. Design/methodology/approach A randomized and controlled study (45 d) was conducted in male Wistar albino rats (n = 60) comprising six groups, namely, control (Cc), control with 1% cholesterol (CC1), Pecan group (Pe), Pecan group supplemented with 1% cholesterol (Pi1), Pine group supplemented with 1% cholesterol (Pi1). Protein quality of supplemented diet/s was assessed in terms of various biological indices. Findings Pe and Pi groups exhibited normal growth when compared with Cc. Despite showing higher feed and protein intake, Pe and Pi groups exhibited significantly (P = 0.023) lower weight gain than Cc. There was no significant difference between the protein efficiency ratio (3.8 ± 0.2 and 3.7 ± 0.2), apparent protein digestibility (81.5 ± 2.2 and 80.5 ± 2%), true protein digestibility (90.6 ± 1.1 and 88.5 ± 3.5%) and biological value (BV) (75.6 ± 0.9 and 72.6 ± 0.9%) of Pe and Pi groups, respectively. Pe group presented considerably higher net protein utilization (68.5 ± 1.4 vs 64.4 ± 0.8%) and protein retention efficiency (34.8 ± 1.1 vs 31.2 ± 1.3%) than Pi group. Overall, pecan-based diet displayed superior biological quality over pine nut. Antinutrients present in the nuts did not show any major negative effect on the growth, digestibility and bioavailability of the nutrients in rats. BV ranging from 72.6% to 75.6% suggested a satisfactory quality of experimental nut-based diets. Research limitations/implications Further investigation of pecan and pine nuts consumption to examine the potential benefits and associated mechanisms of action is warranted which would aid in a better understanding and to establish nutritional recommendations. Originality/value Overall, the exploitation of pecan and pine nut flours for the development of value-added food products is favorable from a nutritional point of view.

PURPOSE: To find out an easy method to predict tendon length on the basis of patient height. METHODS: A prospective study which included 256 patients. All patients underwent ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus graft. Pre-operatively age, gender, height and weight were noted. Harvested semitendinosus graft's length and diameter was measured. RESULTS: Both the patient height as well as weight correlated with tendon diameter and tendon length (p-value < 0.05). A simple equation was also derived to pre-operatively predict tendon length. CONCLUSION: To predict graft size, surgeon should consider anthropometric variables. If we divide height of the patient with six, we get the approximate length of the tendon and by subtracting three from the obtained value we are more than 90% sure that ST would not be shorter than this. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: level 4.

PurposeThe health-promoting phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids present in nonfatty portion of pecan nut remain overlooked. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and antinutritional/phytochemical constituents of pecan nut and its effect (as a whole nut flour) on the blood lipid profile in the rat model.Design/methodology/approachThe nutritional composition as well as phytochemicals were evaluated by using standard chemical methods. A controlled randomized study was conducted to assess the hypocholesterolemic effect of nut supplementation in male Wistar albino rats.FindingsPhytochemicals/antinutrients analysis exhibited remarkable amount of phenolic compounds (47.05 ± 9.85–302.67 ± 7.72 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (44.95 ± 0.23 mg/100 g) with low trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) (1.18 ± 0.03 TIU/mg), saponins (0.49 ± 0.04 g/100 g), alkaloids (0.26 ± 0.03 mg/100 g), phytic acid (854.75 ± 15.47) and oxalates (8.15 ± 0.58 mg/100 g) content. Kernel oil showed 2.87 ± 0.75 meq O2/kg oil peroxide value (PV), well below the maximum permissible limit, demonstrating good oxidative stability of pecan oil. Pecan nut-supplemented diet exhibited a favorable alteration in the blood lipid profile by decreasing total cholesterol (TC) (from 85.42 ± 1.62–229.23 ± 3.43 to 72.24 ± 1.39–106.10 ± 1.69 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (from 64.02 ± 1.96–199.07 ± 4.40 to 38.73 ± 0.79–55.48 ± 1.69 mg/dl) and increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (from 8.70 ± 0.85–9.64 ± 1.10 to 20.25 ± 0.65–24.96 ± 0.56 mg/dl) when compared with control (CC).Research limitations/implicationsThis information would be further useful for assessing the biological quality of pecan nut as well as developing value-added food products by exploiting deoiled pecan protein concentrates.Originality/valuePecan nut is a rich source of traditional nutrients and phytochemicals and can be recommended to patients with hypercholesterolemia and related cardiovascular diseases.

Non-communicable diseases are the major inducer of mortality and morbidity in the Western world. In terms of nutrition, a diet high in fat (particularly saturated fat), salt and sugars have shown to be associated with innumerable incidence of diet- associated health diseases. Dietary modification is a central part of any treatment strategy. The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is one among such healthy dietary patterns, which emphasizes on the consumption of fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods, including whole grains, poultry, fish, and small quantities of red meat, sweets and drinks containing sugar. This study provides certain practical evidence that prolonged adoption of DASH diet which can be a useful treatment for numerous non-communicable diseases with a sustained effect on the health that involves both accessibility and proximity to healthy eating choices. Long-term studies are required to assess whether these effects are maintained over time.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a class of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 octadecadienoic acid) having conjugate double bond system. CLA are synthesized in rumen of the ruminants by biohydrogenation of dietary fatty acids; and thus, can be obtained from dairy products as well as from the meat of sheep, lamb and other ruminants. Among the several isomers, c9, t11-CLA isomer is the most biologically active form and accounts approximately 80% of total isomers. A number of clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the role of CLA as anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, etc. Several researchers have suggested the positive association of CLA in weight management, hypercholesterolemia, immunomodulatory functions, and improved bone metabolism.

Objective Understanding the effects of retraction accompanied by intrusion on the periodontium of the anterior teeth along with the change in displacement during the en masse retraction of the maxillary anteriors using orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) and retraction hooks at different levels. Design Finite element analysis. Materials and method The finite element model of maxillary dentition was made using a computed tomographic scan. The implants of 1.5 × 8.0-mm dimensions were inserted at an angle of 90° at distance of 7 mm (low OMI) and10 mm (high OMI) with anterior retraction hooks (ARH) at 3, 6, and 9 mm. Six models were constructed for the study. After the boundary conditions were defined, 200 g of retractive force was applied from ARH at low and high OMI traction. The stresses on periodontal ligament (PDL), bone, bone surrounding implant, and cementum, along with change in inclination and displacements of anterior and posterior teeth along the y- and z-axis were determined. Results An overall tipping and extrusion was seen in all the cases. Low OMI placement with retraction hooks at 3 mm and 6 mm showed more tipping movements, whereas high OMI with 9-mm ARH showed more bodily movement. Both high and low OMI with 9-mm ARH showed more root movement. The stresses in PDL, bone, and cementum were less at 3-mm ARH in both low and high OMI groups. The stresses were more in cortical bone than cancellous bone and also more on lateral incisors than central incisors. Conclusion If controlled lingual tipping of anterior teeth is required with minimum torque loss, high OMI with low ARH is recommended, whereas if lingual root movements with retraction is required, high OMI and high ARH is recommended.

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) (SI) is an oleaginous plant producing oil and protein-rich seeds. It has been cultivated for centuries and is native to the tropical rainforest of the Amazon region of South America including parts of Peru and northwestern Brazil. At present, SI seeds are emerging as a potential source of macro- and micronutrients, α-linolenic acid and phytochemicals. This review attempts to elucidate the nutrients, phytonutrients, safety, toxicity, health benefits and food applications of SI seed. Recent scientific studies have associated the consumption of SI seed/oil with reduced risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, lack of awareness and in-depth understanding has resulted in it being neglected both at the consumer and industrial level. In all, SI is an underutilized and undervalued oleaginous crop which not only has the potential to mitigate food and nutritional insecurity but also offers humongous opportunities for the development of novel value-added food products.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the health effects and safety aspects regarding the consumption of energy drink (ED).Design/methodology/approachA wide variety of publications was identified through electronic databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, Link springer and ResearchGate) on the basis of different keyword such as composition, market status, consumption pattern, health effects, consequences and policies related to ED consumption.FindingsOwing to its popularity, various brands of EDs have been introduced in the market along with a wide variety of modifications to attract the consumers of all age groups. EDs comprise majorly active ingredients such as caffeine, taurine, guarana, L-carnitine and glucoronolactone, ginseng and sweeteners. EDs are well known to have good taste, enhance energy levels, physical alertness and performance, but they also pose risk of certain health hazards, i.e. caffeine intoxication. Because of this, different policies have been formulated by various regulatory bodies of respective countries regarding the composition, labelling, distribution and sale of EDs.Originality/valueThis review will provide a brief overview of composition, market status, consumption pattern, health effects, consequences and policies related to ED consumption.

In view of development of cost effective solution-processed Si based devices, a facile synthesis method using spray coating technique is proposed in this study. The thin films of phosphorus doped nanocrystalline Si powder were fabricated by spraying of the doped Si powder on the quartz glass substrate. For spraying, the powder was dispersed in acetone and sprayed, by an air spray gun, on the substrate. The sprayed film was then sintered at 700° C for 90 min in argon gas atmosphere. Crystallite size in powder and thin films was found to be in the nanometer range as evaluated by XRD and TEM. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nano and micro crystallites in the film, and complete absence of amorphous phase. Strain, stresses and dislocation densities were calculated. The surface morphology of thin films was studied by SEM and AFM. The surface roughness and porosity in the thin film was found as 60 nm and 14%, respectively. AFM images show the presence of nanocrystallites and porosity in the prepared films. The charge carrier concentrations and hall mobility were found to be 3 X 1017 cm-3 and 13.1 cm2/V.s, respectively. The optical performance of the film was evaluated by studying optical absorbance, absorption coefficient, bandgap, and reflectivity. The developed synthesis route also paves a way for recycling and reusing of the unusable Si wafers. The presented research provides a possibility to fabricate low cost solution-processed Si thin film devices using engineered particles as a precursor.

Tannins are complex, astringent and water soluble phenolic compounds known to reduce the bioavailability of nutrients in gut. Furthermore, tannins pose some health consequences viz. antinutritional...

In this paper, we have fabricated NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathodes using a hydroxide co-precipitation followed by a multi-step solid state process. The prepared cathodes were quenched at varied calcination temperatures cycles. Formation of P3 phase was observed at 600°C quenching temperature as confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The transition from P3 phase to O3 phase was observed at higher temperature and complete transition occurred at 900°C with the formation of O3 phase. Rietveld Refinement was done to calculate the lattice parameters. Surface morphology of the prepared cells was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared cells were tested for remaining capacity and Na+ concentrations after charging-discharging cycles. Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) were used to determine the most optimal electrode fabrication conditions for good output from the batteries. The most optimized conditions for this set of experiments are T2 = 900°C, t2 = 48 h, T3 = 900°C, t3 = 6 h and number of cycles = 80 to obtain the highest remaining Na+ ion concentration and capacity. The proposed combined numerical and experimental framework provides a higher degree of automation with precision in experimental designs for electrode fabrication.

The studies on an integrated approach for the battery (cell level), battery pack (system level) and battery pack enclosure (system level) are nascent till date. The present work proposes a combined approach for studying the coupled electrochemical-mechanical performance of the battery (cell level), battery pack and enclosure (system level). In this context, five research problems are undertaken involving the design parameters for the performance evaluation of batteries. The first issue undertaken is battery performance under stress conditions and for that varying initial stress and real-time stresses were applied, and variation in the capacity of the battery packs was studied. Initial stress was found to be in negative relation with the battery capacity. For understanding the mechanical damage (leakage, deformation, etc.), characterization of the battery cell under impact loading was done by subjecting battery cells to different impact loads and impact analysis was done using six statistical features extracted from the impact force processed signal of each test, namely: peak value, mean value, variance, skewness, kurtosis and pulse width. The third issue regards the manufacturing defects in the cell, which can potentially lead to inconsistency of cells performance in a pack and thus lower its total cycle life. Support vector classification clustering methods were applied to form a battery pack with similar performing cells and performance of the pack was compared with industrial packs in which earlier one was found to be better. The fourth research challenge involved the mechanical performance parameters such as strength, deformation, and natural frequency, which, in addition to temperature, are also critical to battery pack safety in the event of impact and vibrations under driving conditions. ANSIS and NSGA-II based approaches were used to optimize the battery design and resultant device shown maximum deformation reduced by 22.2%, the value of minimum inherent frequency improved by 3.2% and the value of mass decreased by 11.6%. The fifth research problem highlighted how, due to the enormous production of electric vehicles, by 2020, there will be 250,000 tons of batteries that need to be recycled. A combined experimental-numerical framework has been thereby suggested to mitigate it. The study resulted in the formation of an online monitoring system and safety design of batteries at both cell and system level (pack and enclosure).

The present research proposes a combined framework that evaluates remaining capacity, material behavior, ions concentration of remaining metals, and current rate of chemical reactions of spent Li‐ion batteries accurately. Voltage, temperature, internal resistance, and capacity were studied during charging and discharging cycles. Genetic programming was applied on the obtained data to develop a model to predict remaining capacity. The results of experimental work and those estimated from model were found to be correlated, confirming the validation of model. Materials structure and electrochemical behavior of electrodes during cycles were studied by cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectrum.

For safety design of industrial vehicles, it is important to understand the optimum posture parameters such as the elbow-ground distance, the popliteal height and the reach angle. RULA and REBA, which are most commonly adopted to evaluate the risk associated with posture exhibit higher dependence on the mentioned parameters. The relative significance of these parameters is not known for drivers in industrial vehicle. The main objective of this study is to develop a model using an automated neural network search (ANS) approach for the prediction of RULA and REBA based on the coupled interactions of posture parameters. In the context of model development, field study that contains measurement of these posture parameters was utilized. RULA and REBA were assessed from these posture parameters using CATIA software. Further, the study also reveals the relative significance of these posture parameters and identifies the most optimum parameters for minimum risk to driver's health.

The recycling process of materials from used and wasted printed circuit boards plays an important role in electronic waste management. These waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) hold metals such as copper, aluminium, nickel, and magnesium. The efficient recovery process of such metals from waste PCBs is needed for recycle and possible reuse for manufacturing of products. The metal recovery process is complex and, multidimensional and costly to perform. In addition, the efficient (maximum) recovery of metals exhibit higher dependence on determination of optimum combination of inputs in the recovery process from waste PCBs. Therefore, this work illustrated the ability of four predictive modelling methods (Analysis of Variance, Genetic Programming, Artificial Neural Network and Generalized Neural Network) to model complex suspension electrolysis process (recovery process) and their comparative analysis on recovery of copper metal from waste PCBs. Experiments were designed based on variations of three design/input parameters such as concentration of sulfuric acid, concentration of copper sulphate and current density. The comparative analysis of the four methods mentioned above reveals that Generalized Neural Network performed the best with coefficient of determination value at 0.92. 3-D surface contour analysis showed that a lower concentration of sulfuric acid (0.3–0.6) coupled with higher concentrations of copper sulfate (∼0.8–1) yielded a higher percentage of copper. However, current density brought an increase in copper recovery only when there was a corresponding increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid or copper sulphate. Thus, the optimal conditions to gain the maximum yield of copper obtained through this method were concluded as follows: concentration of copper sulphate value at 31.4 g/L, concentration of sulfuric acid at 112 g/L and current density at 3 A/dm2.

Oil spills on land and shoreline is a common problem. Oil has great affinity to sand thus contaminate soil significantly. Among the many physical and biological processes to separate oil and sand, the floatation process has been widely utilized due to its cost effectiveness. However, there is lack of research in understanding the effect of input process parameters on the efficiency of floatation technology. To solve this problem, a computational model based on Automated Neural Network Search (ANNS) approach is devised in the present work. The computational model was able to predict the response of the floatation process with respect to the variations in the input parameters with a high degree of accuracy. Global sensitivity analysis predicted that the input parameter, namely sand particle size has maximum influence on determining the efficiency of the floatation process. The computational model developed in the present work could serve as a valuable non-conventional technique of measurement and optimization of the floatation process without the need to conduct time consuming experiments.