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Propranolol is a non-selective, beta-adrenergic antagonist drug useful in various clinical disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, agitation, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), hypertension, insomnia and other psychosis. Objective: To investigate the probable toxic effects of propranolol on the testis and heart of male mice. Methods: Twenty mature male mice were randomized and divided into four groups. The control group received distilled water, and the three experimental dose groups, D-I, D-II, and D-III, received 0.1 ml of propranolol using an insulin syringe with a butterfly needle in three different concentrations i.e. 0.15 µg/g, 0.30 µg/g, and 0.60 µg/g of their body weight, respectively, for a period of four weeks. After completion of the experiment, these mice were weighed, anaesthetized, and dissected. Their serum was collected by the intracardial puncture technique for the analysis of testosterone. Testes and heart were separated from the control and experimental groups for morphometric and histopathological studies. Results: The mice exposed to propranolol revealed a significant reduction in testosterone (P≤ 0.01) and body weight (P≤ 0.01). Histopathological findings also revealed laminar/tubular degeneration, vaccination, and an enlarged amyloid body in testicle tissues, while damaged striated strips and irregular arrangements of nuclei were observed in heart tissues. Conclusions: This investigation clearly reveals the adverse effects of propranolol on the testis and heart tissue of albino mice.

Globally, due to rise in dependence on the agricultural sector for food supply, the use of insecticides i.e., “Chemicals used to kill insects”, has been increasing day by day. One of these is Pyrifluquinazon. The emerging concern is that after field spray, this insecticide has the tendency to be incorporated into surface water and become a part of the food chain and so becomes toxic for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Objective: To investigate the protective potential of Ashwagandha against damaging effect of Pyrifluquinazon (PQZ) on liver and kidney of mature and healthy male albino mice. Methods: Albino mice were divided into four groups, each group contained five mice. First group was control, supplied with water while, three were treated groups (Dose, Dose + Antidote and Antidote group respectively) to check protective potential of Ashwagandha against PQZ induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in mice. The dose group was supplied with PQZ while Dose + Antidote group with PQZ and Ashwagandha as an antidote while the Antidote group was supplied with Ashwagandha. This was accomplished for 20 days trial. Blood sampling and dissection was done at 20th day. Blood sample were taken using intra cardiac sampling method for biochemistry while liver and kidney were separated from each group for histopathological studies. Results: The liver function test and kidney function were normal and indicated restoration of their normal function. Histopathological findings also revealed regeneration in damaged areas of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusions: The Findings of this study clearly revealed the protective potential of Ashwagandha against PQZ induced hepato and nephrotoxicity.

Environmentally friendly biofuels are currently produced in large quantities using algal lipids. Objective: To perform mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on Banana Waste for Biodiesel Production. Methods: Banana waste was treated with acid/alkaline, ground, and sun dried. The resultant hydrolysate was used into studies comparing photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions in microalgae culture. When biomass productivity and lipid content were measured. For mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, and saturated forms, the lipid content differed. The research used analytical methods for fatty acid methyl ester analysis, such as GC-MS. Results: Mixotrophic cultivation exhibited a much higher biomass productivity (135 mg L-1 d-1) than photoautotrophic cultivation (115 mg L-1 d-1). Additionally, mixotrophically raised biomass had a much larger (w/w) lipid content (45%) than photo-autotrophically raised biomass (30 %). Higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (palmitic and oleic acids) was shown by Lipidome. Conclusions: High-quality biofuel might be made possible by the regular availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (64 mg g-1 of dry biomass) in the lipid contents of mixotrophically produced algal biomass

One of the most often utilized taste enhancer in commercial meals is monosodium glutamate (MSG) commonly called Chinese salt. MSG utilization has been increasing over time and linked with toxicity in liver and other organs. Objective: To determine the teratogenic and toxic effects of Chinese salt and folic acid on developing mice. Methods: In this study, 20 female pregnant albino mice were divided into four groups, each consisted 5 mice. The control group was supplied with water. To check the teratogenicity and toxicity of Chinese salt and folic acid the treated groups such as Group-I, Group-II and Group-III were supplied with Chinese salt and/or folic acid of concentration 7.50 ug/g of their body weight. The dose was administered orally on daily basis during 6th to 12th day of gestation. This was accomplished through an 18 days trial. On the eighteenth day of gestation, the pregnant mice underwent dissection and the fetuses were retrieved. Fetuses were taken from all groups for histopathological findings and morphometry. Results: Vast range of morphological, morphometric and histological abnormalities in mice were observed in pregnant mice and fetuses. Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly revealed that Chinese salt and folic acid overdose are potentially toxic to liver and stomach.

Floride toxicity has been under discussion and investigations when taken in excess amounts. Floride leaching into the water bodies as a result of industrialization is a common issue facing most of the developing countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc. This leached fluoride has the ability to cause a myriad of disorders when incorporated in animal bodies. Objective: To find out the ameliorative effect of orange juice against toxic effects of sodium fluoride influencing damaging effect on liver and stomach. Methods: The mice were divided in six groups. The control group was only Nestle’s water, while different concentrations of sodium fluoride (2.50µg/g, 5.00µg/g and 7.50µg/g body weight) were prepared and administered orally in mice for 30 days. Then all treated groups were supplied with fresh natural orange juice for next 30 days to test its ameliorative potential. Results: The data revealed the significant reduction of body weight (p<0.001), stomach length, stomach diameter (p < 0.05) while hepato- somatic and gastro-somatic index increased (p < 0.05) in treated groups as compared to control group after sodium fluoride administration. Morphological studies revealed different abnormalities in treated groups such as spots on the liver and stomach, swelling of stomach, constriction of fundic and cardiac regions and lobes of liver. Conclusions: This study clearly revealed that sodium fluoride is potentially toxic to organs of albino mice, especially liver and stomach and that orange juice demonstrated ameliorative potential against the toxicity due to sodium fluoride.