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Background: Hyperkeratinization and changes in skin pH play very important role in pathogenesis of tinea infections resulting in treatment failure in multiple patients. The objective of the current consensus was to provide an experience-driven approach regarding the management of hyperkeratotic tinea infection with combination of topical antifungal and keratolytic agents. Materials and Methods: 9 experts in the field of dermatology participated in digital meeting to discuss the role of combination of topical antifungal and keratolytic agent based on prevalidated questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Questions were graded on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 being not recommended and 10 being strongly recommended). Results: During the meeting panellists discussed regarding the pathophysiological aspects of hyperkeratotic tinea infection, impact of hyperkeratinization or scaling and changes in skin pH on management of patients with tinea infection, ideal topical antifungal and keratolytic agent and the rationale for combination, frequency, duration and method of application, initiation of therapy, safety of combination and precautions to be taken during treatment period. After the end of meeting total 18 recommendations were made based on a thorough discussion, available evidence and practical experience of the experts. Conclusion: This consensus will help in management of patients with hyperkeratotic tinea infection and will improve the treatment outcomes in these patients. Keywords: Hyperkeratotic tinea infections, Keratolytic, Combination, Luliconazole, Salicylic acid.

Direct pulp-capping is a procedure in which exposed vital pulp is treated by placing a dental material over dental pulp to maintain vitality and to facilitate reparative dentin formation. The most commonly used pulp-capping material for decades is calcium hydroxide. But due to a number of disadvantages, there is a need for an alternate ideal pulp capping material. Recently MTA and Biodentine have been suggested as promising candidates for use in direct pulp capping procedures. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practise of usage of MTA and biodentine as direct pulp capping agents. An online questionnaire consisting of 15 questions which included demographic details, and questions regarding their knowledge and awareness of direct pulp therapy and the properties of MTA and biodentine. The study was conducted among undergraduate students of a private dental institute. Data was collected from filled questionnaires and analysed using SPSS software. Majority of the respondents (40.1%) chose calcium hydroxide as the material of choice for direct pulp capping and only 30% of the study population chose both MTA and biodentine as a direct pulp capping agent, which was statistically significant (p=0.000). 52% of the respondents were not aware of the major drawbacks of MTA. Knowledge regarding properties of biodentine in comparison to MTA was higher. Within the limits of the study, it shows that the knowledge in regard to the use of MTA and biodentine as direct pulp capping was poor despite recent studies showing a growing number of advantages over calcium hydroxide.

The mandibular first molars are one of the first permanent teeth to erupt; thus, it remains the longest in terms of exposure to cariogenic pathogens. Also, its anatomical location and structure make it a prime location for dental caries (DC) but hard to access for cleaning. Thus, we aim to compare its incidence in adults and teenagers because the identification of the most susceptible age for tooth decay is key in prevention and prophylaxis against the same. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing and analysing the data of 86,000 patient records from June 2019 to April 2020. Patients with treated mandibular first molars were selected from the age group of 13 and above. A Microsoft Excel 2016 data spreadsheet was used to collect data and was later exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (Version 20.0, SPSS). The number of males with DC in their mandibular first molar (59%) was higher than that of the females (41%). The highest number of cases were reported to prevail in the 'Young Adults' group, with 56.7%, followed by the 'Middle Adults' with 26%. This shows that adults have a higher incidence of DC in their mandibular first molars than teenagers. Also, there was a clear incidence of 46 having a higher incidence than caries in 36. (52.5% > 47.5%). There is an association between age and incidence of dental DC as proved by our Chi-Square Test, where we obtained a 'p' value of p

Introduction: Topical cooling has long been used to help heal injured tissues. Local external cooling has been used for treating sprains, burns, fractures, bruising and insect bites. There is very little information in the literature regarding the benefits of pre-cooling the injection site, to reduce the pain and discomfort caused due to injection. Aim: To do a comparative study on the effectiveness of cold stimulus instead of topical anaesthetic during injection of local anaesthetic solution. Materials and Methods: Patients will be subjected to LA injections after one of the following mucosal preparations - 1. no pretreatment ; 2. a 2 min application of 15% lidocaine topical anaesthetic; 3. application of cold stimulus. Patients will then give a score on the injection discomfort after each administration on a 100 mm visual analogue scale. Results: With application of cold stimulus using ice sticks prior to local anaesthetic injection, 60% of the study population had mild discomfort/pain and 40% had moderate discomfort/pain. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that topical application of cold stimulus prior to the injection of local anaesthetic solution, helps reducing the pain and discomfort caused by the injection.

Root canal treatment in a common procedure in dentistry. The main indications for RCT are irreversible pulpitis and necrosis of dental pulp due to caries or dental trauma.The aim of this study was to assess the number of single visit RCT done in irreversible pulpitis cases. The study includes patients visiting the OP of Saveetha Dental College diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis who have undergone Single - visit RCT. The results were statistically analysed and graphs were tabulated. Single visit RCT was less prevalent among the population (43.40%) than multi visit RCT (56.60%). Male predominance was found to be higher with a percentage of (50.75%). The association of gender and number of visits for RCT shows that single visit RCT was more prevalent among females (22.01%) than males (21.38%) and chi square test shows a positive significance (p value = 0.000). The incidence of single-visit RCT was lower than multi-visit RCT. The type of RCT to be done depends on the amount of inflammation and extent of the lesion. It can also be based on the patient’s preference, as patients might want the treatment to be done in a single visit.

Apex locator is an electronic device used in endodontics that determines the position of the apical constructionand it determines the root canal space length. Usually the correct working length determination is identifiedby using radiograph ,but electronic apex locators are being used increasingly nowadays. These electronicapex locators reduce the number of radiographs required and assist where radiographic methods createdifficulties. Detection of root canal perforation is also considered as one of the roles of an apex locator. Thebenefit of apex locators include that these devices are much less affected by fluid conductive media in thecanal. Some experience in the use of the apex locator will allow the clinician to recognize the differencesimmediately. It is used to find the working length determination, cementing the file in place, extracting thetooth and locating the file under magnification in the root canal . This review assesses the advantages andadvances that would enable the use in dentistry and determination of working length.

Background: Idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus is a complex deformity that is difficult to correct. The treatment of club foot is controversial and continues to be one of the biggest challenges in paediatric orthopaedics. Most orthopaedicians agree that the initial treatment should be non-surgical but if it fails, advise surgical treatment in the form soft tissue release for better results. The study was done with the aim to study a short term follow up of 14 patients treated to assess the efficacy of the treatment modality.Methods: 14 patients underwent the posteromedial soft tissue release (PMSTR) at Department of Orthopaedics, S. V. S. Medical College during the period from October 2013 to September 2015. Patients were followed up regularly up to one and half year. Severity of foot deformities were graded according to Denis-Brown classification.Results: Out of 14 cases there were 10 males (71.4%) and 4 females (28.6%) for the sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female. The youngest child was 6 months old and oldest child was 3 years old. In bilateral cases both feet were operated at an interval of 7 to 10 days. Good results were seen in 15 feet (71%), fair: in 04 feet (19%) and poor: in 02 feet (10%).Conclusions: The PMSTR method is a safe and cost-effective treatment for congenital idiopathic clubfoot and radically decreases the need for extensive corrective surgery. Non-compliance with orthotics after surgery and surgery at late age are causes for failure of technique.

BACKGROUND: The current strategies to prevent and treat menopausal osteoporosis are hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, the long-term use of hormone replacement therapy is limited due to its side-effects. Alternately, use of phytoestrogens has been implicated. Trigonella foenum graecum (TFG) seeds are rich in phytoestrogen and known traditional medicine to treat menopause induced hyperlipidemia. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the role of dietary TFG seed extract on bone structure and mechanical properties in ovariectomized rats.METHODS: Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups; 1) control, 2) ovariectomized, 3) ovariectomized + TFG seed extract and 4) ovariectomized + 17β-estradiol. TFG seed extract/17β-estradiol was administered for 30 days, 14 days after ovariectomy. After the treatment, right femora were collected to measure the length and biomechanical properties, and left femora were gathered to study the micro architectural changes while tibia were collected to measure the dry weight.RESULTS: Maximum flexor load to break femur bone was significantly low in ovariectomized rats in comparison with control rats (P