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Black phosphorus (bP) is a promising material for mid-infrared (mid-IR) optoelectronic applications, exhibiting high performance light emission and detection. Alloying bP with arsenic extends its operation toward longer wavelengths from 3.7 μm (bP) to 5 μm (bP3As7), which is of great practical interest. Quantitative optical characterizations are performed to establish black phosphorus-arsenic (bPAs) alloys optoelectronic quality. Anisotropic optical constants (refractive index, extinction coefficient, and absorption coefficient) of bPAs alloys from near-infrared to mid-IR (0.2-0.9 eV) are extracted with reflection measurements, which helps optical device design. Quantitative photoluminescence (PL) of bPAs alloys with different As concentrations are measured from room temperature to 77 K. PL quantum yield measurements reveal a 2 orders of magnitude decrease in radiative efficiency with increasing As concentration. An optical cavity is designed for bP3As7, which allows for up to an order of magnitude enhancement in the quantum yield due to the Purcell effect. Our comprehensive optical characterization provides the foundation for high performance mid-IR optical device design using bPAs alloys.

To ensure long-term safety and performance, geological nuclear waste repositories require low-permeability barriers such as bentonite buffers and/or shale host rock. Shale is not only known for its low permeability but also for its trend to undergo time-dependent deformation (i.e., creep), which could heal damage, but the effects of shale creep on the long-term performance of nuclear waste repositories have not been clearly understood. In particular, the anisotropic nature of shale (i.e., bedding) could have a significant effect on its creep behavior, and consequently, on the long-term performance of nuclear waste repositories. In this research, numerical simulations were carried out with the objective of showing the effects of anisotropic shale creep on the stress and permeability evolution of a generic geological nuclear waste repository in shale. The TOUGH-FLAC simulator, a thermo-hydromechanically (THM) coupled numerical code, was used for the simulations. To achieve the objective, comparisons were performed between the results of anisotropic shale creep simulations and those of different simulation cases, namely, no creep (i.e., elastic), isotropic creep, and long-term creep shale cases. Results of the comparisons show that the elastic and isotropic creep shale cases respectively led to the overestimation and underestimation of stress and permeability in the repository, whereas the long-term creep shale case, which accumulated greater creep in later periods than in earlier periods, helped to keep large shear and tensile stresses from developing while maintaining compressive spherical stress, resulting in consistently low permeability levels. These results indicate that performance assessments with elastic and isotropic creep formation models will provide the upper and lower bound estimates of stress and permeability, while more reasonable estimates will be given by an anisotropic creep formation model, and that shale with long-term creep characteristics will be beneficial in many aspects of the safety and performance of nuclear waste repositories.

A medium is isotropic if its elastic properties do not change with direction. The usual meaning of seismic anisotropy is variation of seismic velocity, which itself depends on the elastic properties of the medium, with the direction in which it is measured. In sedimentary rock sequences, the anisotropy may be caused by preferred orientation of anisotropic mineral grains, preferred orientation of cracks or thin bedding of layers. Anisotropy parameters that defined by Thomsen are ε and δ. Thomsen’s anisotropic parameters are estimated by well and seismic data. However, one difficulty in addressing anisotropy lies not in the algorithms, but in the reliable estimation of anisotropic parameters. Most of seismic data analysis assume isotropic behavior for subsurface while the earth is often anisotropic and seismic velocity isn’t constant in different directions. So, this analysis must consider anisotropic assumption. One of the most common anisotropy-related phenomena is seismic imaging. Output of migration is the section that is similar to the geological model. Depth migration leads to correct image when velocity changes laterally and vertically in the subsurface. Generally, isotropic Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM) corrects only for lateral velocity heterogeneity; however, anisotropic PSDM algorithms also correct for velocity changing with direction. Anisotropic PSDM corrects for vertical shifts, correctly positions events in depth, and properly focuses diffraction energy. Thomsen’s anisotropic parameters, ε and δ, are two main parameters required in a velocity model for PSDM imaging. Accurate estimation of travel time is very essential in seismic imaging and velocity analysis. Inaccurate approximation of travel time leads to migration errors. Several equations have been developed for nonhyperbolic travel time approximation in transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis (vertical transverse isotropy, VTI). In this study, 2D seismic line and well data are used for doing isotropic and anisotropic PSDM. Conventional processing sequences are performed on seismic data. Initial velocity model was created and then 3 horizons were picked on seismic section. Anisotropy parameters are calculated using true depth of horizons in seismic and well data and then PSDM is performed with and without considering anisotropic parameters. Results of applying anisotropic PSDM in seismic data show that this method moves the events to correct positions and can significantly reduce seismic-to-well mis ties, hence, providing more accurate structural images in depth domain. In addition, anisotropic PSDM attenuates the hockey stick events on CDP gathers and so improves reflector continuity in the subsurface image especially in shallow parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocatalytic therapeutic agents with triple synergistic treatment modes of chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are emerging nanomaterials in malignancy treatment. Nevertheless, the passive diffusion and transport of nanomaterials result in poor permeability in tumor lesions, severely affecting the effectiveness of synergistic therapy. Herein, a dual‐source‐driven parachute‐like Au2Pt@PMO@ICG Janus nanomotor (APIJNS) is prepared by an interfacial energy‐mediated anisotropic growth strategy for PTT‐mediated CDT/PDT triple synergistic cancer therapy. Such nanomotor can realize self‐thermophoresis drive under the trigger of near‐infrared light, which can effectively enhance the active permeability and uptake of the APIJNS in the tumor tissue, thus achieving efficient PTT/PDT/CDT synergistic therapeutic effect. In addition, parachute‐like APIJNS exhibits high‐efficiency catalase (CAT)‐like activity and can catalyze the overexpressed H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to generate oxygen (O2), not only alleviating the hypoxia in the tumor lesion, but also converting it into singlet oxygen (1O2) to activate the photosensitizer ICG, achieving PDT. This work provides new ideas for enhancing triple synergistic cancer therapy by improving tumor permeability with dual‐drive Janus nanomotors based on dual noble metal nanozymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a significant research gap in the study of surface waves propagation in a nonhomogeneous, within a magneto-thermoviscoelastic material of higher order, initial stress, rotation, gravity effects and voids. This study provides analytical solutions for surface waves propagating through a medium consisting of a magneto-thermoelastic material with voids under the rotation, electro-magnetic field, gravity field and initial stress. The analytical solutions are derived for the displacement components, volume fraction, temperature to Stoneley and Rayleigh waves are computed numerically and presented graphically considering the external parameters impact. Furthermore, this investigates how magnetic field, voids, gravity, initial stress and fiber-reinforced parameters influence these wave phenomena. This investigation provides valuable insights into the synergistic dynamics among electric constituents, voids, Stoneley and Rayleigh waves propagation, enabling advancements in sensor technology, augmented energy harvesting methodologies, and pioneering seismic monitoring approaches. For certain materials, numerical simulations are provided and graphically displayed. The results of this study reveal several unique cases that significantly contribute to the understanding of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves propagation within this intricate material system, particularly in the presence of voids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screen-space ambient occlusion (AO) is a popular global illumination technique which can be used to achieve a better understanding of complex 3D streamtubes scenes. This paper proposed an anisotropic screen-space AO method to visualize complex 3D streamtubes. The basic idea is to utilize the characteristics of 3D streamtubes to design two anisotropic filters to guide screen-space sampling as well as spatial reusing. More specifically, this paper proposed to anisotropically generate samples perpendicular to the direction of streamtube to calculate AO. This mechanism can reduce the number of samples required to generate satisfactory results. In order to further improve the performance of the algorithm, this paper proposed to anisotropically reuse AO results from nearby pixels along the streamtube direction. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing solutions both in rendering quality and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the stability problem and large time behavior of solutions to the three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations with horizontal velocity dissipation and magnetic diffusion only in the x2$x_2$ direction. By applying the structure of the system, time‐weighted methods, and the method of bootstrapping argument, we prove that any perturbation near the background magnetic field (1, 0, 0) is globally stable in the Sobolev space H3(R3)$H^3(\mathbb {R}^3)$. Furthermore, explicit decay rates in H2(R3)$H^2(\mathbb {R}^3)$ are obtained. Motivated by the stability of the three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations with horizontal dissipation, this paper aims to understand the stability of perturbations near a magnetic background field and reveal the mechanism of how the magnetic field generates enhanced dissipation and helps stabilize the fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the propagation behavior of Rayleigh wave has been conducted in an anisotropic layer, such as reservoir rocks overlying a sandy medium. The layer and lower half-space interface have been considered imperfect, whereas a corrugated upper boundary has been assumed. A closed relation of phase velocity and wave number has been obtained as a determinant form. For the numerical interpretation of results, reservoir rocks of triclinic type have been modeled. Some special cases are taken into account. The study examines the simultaneous simulated results of several physical parameters and illustrates the effects of thickness, sandiness parameter, phase velocity, corrugation amplitude, corrugation wavelength, and imperfect Rayleigh wave interface distribution in the structure under consideration, which was created using Mathematica 7. For variations in wave number and phase velocity, diagrams are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the reliability and accuracy of the results from the transient plane source (TPS) method for measuring the thermal conductivity of wood, this paper investigates setting parameters and measurement methods to improve measurement accuracy. Criteria are proposed to determine the optimal parameters such as the power output, heating time, and time window. The measurement results of the TPS method and the HFM method are compared. The results show that the total to characteristic time, temperature increase in the probe, mean deviation, and temperature drift graph are valid indicators for evaluating the detection reliability of the TPS method. The optimal parameters for measuring the thermal conductivity of wood using the TPS method are as follows: power output of 0.05 or 0.1 W, heating time of 120 s, and time window covering 60% to 80% of the heating time. The thermal conductivity measured with the TPS method was higher than that measured by the steady-state method in all grain angle directions. The standard uncertainties after optimization were 18.9% to 59.5% lower than before optimization. The optimized TPS measurement method can be applied to other tree species as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AniMAIRE (Anisotropic Model for Atmospheric Ionising Radiation Effects) is a new model and Python toolkit for calculating radiation dose rates experienced by aircraft during anisotropic solar energetic particle events. AniMAIRE expands the physics of the MAIRE + model such that dose rate calculations can be performed for anisotropic solar energetic particle conditions by supplying a proton or alpha particle rigidity spectrum, a pitch angle distribution, and the conditions of Earth's magnetosphere. In this paper, we describe the algorithm and top‐level structure of AniMAIRE and showcase AniMAIRE's capabilities by analyzing the dose rate maps that AniMAIRE produces when the time‐dependent spectra and pitch angle distribution for Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) 71 are input. We find that the dose rates AniMAIRE produces for the event fall between the dose rates produced by the WASAVIES and CRAC:DOMO models. Dose rate maps that evolve throughout the event are also shown, and it is found that each peak in the input pitch angle distribution generates a dose rate hotspot in each of the polar regions. AniMAIRE has been made available openly online so that it can be downloaded and run freely on local machines and so that the space weather community can easily contribute to it using Github forking. Plain Language Summary: Solar particle events occur when particles are accelerated in eruptions on the Sun. If these particles hit Earth and have enough energy, they can penetrate Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere, creating radiation showers that increase the radiation in Earth's atmosphere. When such increases are detected by neutron monitors at sea level, they are known as Ground‐Level Enhancements (GLEs), which occur once a year on average. GLEs can cause issues in aircraft electronics and cause passengers and crew on airplanes to experience heightened radiation doses. In this paper, we describe a new model to calculate radiation dose rates in the atmosphere during GLEs, called AniMAIRE. Most models that exist to date are only able to calculate radiation dose rates when all particles are hitting Earth equally from all directions, however this approximation is only reliable during the later stages of events, and isn't accurate for many GLEs. AniMAIRE has been designed so it doesn't need to rely on this approximation, and can calculate dose rates for situations where it is supplied a direction‐dependent particle flux, as well as those independent of direction. AniMAIRE has been tested across a GLE in May 2012, showing the direction dependent approach is necessary. Key Points: AniMAIRE can simulate atmospheric radiation and electronics effects from anyinput anisotropic distribution of particles hitting EarthAnisotropy is important in the event‐integrated dose calculation for GLE71 according to AniMAIREAniMAIRE has been made openly available online, such that anyone can run and experiment with it, or contribute to the model through forking [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major challenge in myocardial tissue engineering is replicating the heart's highly complex three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic structure. Heart-on-a-chip (HOC) is an emerging technology for constructing myocardial tissue in vitro in recent years, but most existing HOC systems face difficulties in constructing 3D myocardial tissue aligned with multiple cell layers. Electrospun nanofibers are commonly used as scaffolds for cell growth in myocardial tissue engineering, which can structurally simulate the extracellular matrix to induce the aligned growth of myocardial cells. Here, we developed an HOC that integrates multi-layered aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds inside microfluidic chips, and constructed 3D thick and aligned tissue with a layered seeding approach. By culturing human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) on chip, the myocardial tissue on the two layered nanofibers reached a thickness of ~53 μm compared with ~19 μm for single-layered nanofibers. The obtained myocardial tissue presented well-aligned structures, with densely distributed α-actinin. By the third day post seeding, the hiPSC-CMs contract highly synchronously, with a contraction frequency of 18 times/min. The HOC with multi-layered biomimetic scaffolds provided a dynamic in vitro culture environment for hiPSC-CMs. Together with the layered cell-seeding process, the designed HOC promoted the formation of thick, well-aligned myocardial tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical modeling of acoustic-elastic media is helpful for seismic exploration in the deepwater environment. We propose an algorithm based on the staggered grid finite difference to simulate wave propagation in the interface between fluid and transversely isotropic media, where the interface does not need to consider the boundary condition. We also derive the stability conditions of the proposed method. Scholte waves, which are generated at the seafloor, exhibit distinctly different propagation behaviors than body waves in ocean-bottom seismograms. Numerical examples are used to characterize the wavefield of Scholte waves and discuss the relationship between travel time and the Thomsen parameters. Thomsen parameters are assigned clear physical meanings, and the magnitude of their values directly indicates the strength of the anisotropy in the media. Numerical results show that the velocity of the Scholte wave is positively correlated with ε and negatively correlated with δ. And the curve of the arrival time of the Scholte wave as a whole is sinusoidal and has no symmetry in inclination. The velocity of the Scholte wave in azimuth is positively related to the polar angle. The energy of the Scholte wave is negatively correlated with the distance from the source to the fluid-solid interface. The above results provide a basis for studying oceanic Scholte waves and are beneficial for utilizing the information provided by Scholte waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the differences in the barbed structures of some plant stems and cat tongues in different directions, a reusable and easy-to-recover barbed metamaterial was designed, with its mechanical properties analyzed theoretically and numerically. The results show that, in the reciprocating motion of the barbs, when the barb rectangular section sizes are 1 mm × 1 mm, the length is 20 mm, and the angle with the vertical direction is 60°, the maximum reaction force in the forward contact process with the blocking rib will be about 20 times of the maximum reaction force in the reverse contact process, and the former energy consumption is about 200 times of the latter. With the decrease of the angle between the barb and the vertical direction, the barb structure will exhibit a higher energy absorption capacity and a reduced energy requirement for recovery. Similarly, with the increase of the barb length, the structure energy absorption will be lower and the energy required for recovery will reduce. These characteristics indicate that, the structure possesses excellent impact resistance and energy absorption capacity. Structures with significant energy disparities between forward and backward motions are more easily recoverable, and the energy absorption efficiency can be enhanced by carefully designing the angles and lengths of the barbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase change of CO2 has a significant bearing on the siting, injection, and monitoring of storage. The phase state of CO2 is closely related to pressure. In the process of seismic exploration, the information of formation pressure can be response in the seismic data. Therefore, it is possible to monitor the formation pressure using time-lapse seismic method. Apart from formation pressure, the information of porosity and CO2 saturation can be reflected in the seismic data. Here, based on the actual situation of the work area, a rockphysical model is proposed to address the feasibility of time-lapse seismic monitoring during CO2 storage in the anisotropic formation. The model takes into account the formation pressure, variety minerals composition, fracture, fluid inhomogeneous distribution, and anisotropy caused by horizontal layering of rock layers (or oriented alignment of minerals). From the proposed rockphysical model and the well-logging, cores and geological data at the target layer, the variation of P-wave and S-wave velocity with formation pressure after CO2 injection is calculated. And so are the effects of porosity and CO2 saturation. Finally, from anisotropic exact reflection coefficient equation, the reflection coefficients under different formation pressures are calculated. It is proved that the reflection coefficient varies with pressure. Compared with CO2 saturation, the pressure has a greater effect on the reflection coefficient. Through the convolution model, the seismic record is calculated. The seismic record shows the difference with different formation pressure. At present, in the marine CO2 sequestration monitoring domain, there is no study involving the effect of formation pressure changes on seismic records in seafloor anisotropic formation. This study can provide a basis for the inversion of reservoir parameters in anisotropic seafloor CO2 reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights A novel anisotropic sensor with oriented piezoelectric filaments was prepared, capable of detecting both the magnitude and direction of micro-deformations. Due to the efficient load transfer of continuous fibers and the formation of porous ferroelectrets, an ultra-low strain detection limit of 0.06% was achieved in the sensor. Given the sensor's ultra-low detection limit and deformation direction sensing capability, we developed the sensor for detecting micron-scale deformations in thin-film structures and for robotic tactile sensing applications.

This paper addresses a significant research gap in the study of surface waves propagation in a nonhomogeneous, within a magneto-thermoviscoelastic material of higher order, initial stress, rotation, gravity effects and voids. This study provides analytical solutions for surface waves propagating through a medium consisting of a magneto-thermoelastic material with voids under the rotation, electro-magnetic field, gravity field and initial stress. The analytical solutions are derived for the displacement components, volume fraction, temperature to Stoneley and Rayleigh waves are computed numerically and presented graphically considering the external parameters impact. Furthermore, this investigates how magnetic field, voids, gravity, initial stress and fiber-reinforced parameters influence these wave phenomena. This investigation provides valuable insights into the synergistic dynamics among electric constituents, voids, Stoneley and Rayleigh waves propagation, enabling advancements in sensor technology, augmented energy harvesting methodologies, and pioneering seismic monitoring approaches. For certain materials, numerical simulations are provided and graphically displayed. The results of this study reveal several unique cases that significantly contribute to the understanding of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves propagation within this intricate material system, particularly in the presence of voids.

The cubic phase of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles is synthesized by the sol-gel method. The nanoparticles were subjected to annealing at 500∘C to enable stress and strain analysis. Characterization of the annealed nanoparticles was performed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Through analysis of the XRD peak profile, key properties, such as crystallite size, lattice strain, deformation stress, and deformation energy density, were determined. These parameters were estimated using three models such as the Williamson–Hall-Isotropic Strain Model (W-H-ISM), the Williamson–Hall-Anisotropic Strain Model (W-H-ASM), and the Williamson–Hall-Energy Density Model (W-H-EDM). The estimations were based on the W-H plot derived from the powder XRD data. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the structural and mechanical characteristics of annealed MgO nanoparticles, thus informing their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the influence of anisotropy induced by primary bedding structure on fracture toughness and fracture process zone (FPZ) incubation characteristics of anthracite, the notched semi-circular bending (NSCB) anthracite samples with different bedding angles were subjected to the mode I three-point bending loading test on the MTS hydraulic servo test system. The incubation process of FPZ at crack tip was monitored by the digital image correlation method (DICM) combined with the acoustic emission (AE) localization technique. Based on the Irwin-Bazant model, the Strip-yield uniform traction model and the Strip-yield linear traction model, the fully developed FPZ length of anthracite samples were predicted and compared with the experimental results. The geometric morphology of anisotropic anthracite FPZ and the shear and tensile deformation time series of anthracite FPZ during its incubation at different bedding angles were discussed. The results show that the peak load, peak displacement and fracture toughness of anthracite increase with the increase of bedding inclination. Compared with the coal samples with the bedding angle of 0°, the average fracture toughness of the coal samples with the bedding angle of 22.5°, 45.0°, 67.5° and 90.0° increases by 6.76%, 86.82%, 85.47% and 134.46%, respectively. The FPZ length predicted by the Irwin-Bazant model and the Strip-yield uniform traction model is shorter than the test value, while the prediction of the Strip-yield linear traction model is generally higher than the test value. The estimation of FPZ length of anthracite by the Strip-yield uniform traction model is most close to the experimental value, indicating that the distribution of the cohesive force at the crack tip of the anthracite sample tends to be more uniform. The FPZ length of anthracite sample is proportional to the square of the ratio of fracture toughness and tensile strength: L∝(KIC/σt)2. The prefabricated crack tip deformation of the sample is dominated by tensile deformation and assisted by shear. The tensile deformation ranges from 27.71% to 57.26% Pmax, and the shear deformation ranges from 72.88% to 92.4% Pmax. The time of tensile deformation of the crack tip is superior to that of shear deformation. The strain field distribution on the circumferential measuring lines of the samples with the bedding angle of 0° and 45° is similar to the texture distribution of onion cross section, while the maximum principal strain monitoring value of the samples with the bedding angle of 90° shows a fluctuation and disordered distribution at most measuring angles. The strain gradient of anthracite sample is different on the divergence line of FPZ tip in each direction.

Creep behavior is a very important attribute of shale and is crucial in the design of hydraulic fracturing schemes to ensure the long-term stable development of shale gas. However, how different shale minerals, organic matter, bedding planes, and pores affect the micro-creep behavior of Upper Ordovician Wufeng and Lower Silurian Longmaxi (WF–LMX) Formation shales is poorly understood. In this study, we employed a nanoindentation mechanical testing technique alongside rock mineralogical, major elemental, and pore analyses to investigate the creep behavior and influencing factors of WF–LMX shales at the microscale. The results show that (1) the creep displacement (Δh) and indentation creep parameter (CIT) are each positively correlated with clay, total pore volume, and clay + total organic carbon (TOC) contents but negatively correlated with the content of quartz, excess SiO2, and TOC. We found weak or no correlation between the occurrence of minor rock constituents, such as feldspar, carbonates, and pyrite, and the shale creep properties; (2) the creep parameters (Δh, CIT, and stress exponent (n)) exhibit anisotropy due to the layering of shale, with values 7.3%–24.2% higher in the plane perpendicular to bedding (X1) than those in the plane parallel to bedding (X3). The creep displacement exhibits negative correlations with Young's modulus, hardness, and stress exponent (n), especially for the X1 direction; (3) compared with those of China's Yanchang shale, the stress exponents of WF–LMX shale are relatively high (8.5–30), indicating that the average creep capacity of WF–LMX shale is relatively weak. Overall, nanoindentation technology has shown great potential in studying shale creep and provides quantitative data support for macroscopic shale creep research.

Lead-free halide perovskites have attracted widespread research interest due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and environmental friendliness. As one of the bismuth iodide compounds, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite has been extensively explored in the field of photovoltaic devices and radiation detectors due to their non-toxic lead-free components and excellent stability. In this work, we successfully grow large-sized Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals (SC) with (l 00) and (00 l) crystal exposure facets by inverse temperature crystallization method. Under 525 nm light illumination with the intensity 15 mW cm−2 and 7 V bias, the (l 00) Cs3Bi2I9 SC shows 2 times higher photocurrent, 3.6 times higher responsivity, and 2.8 times higher detectivity than the (00 l) Cs3Bi2I9 SC, respectively. Superior response time in the scale of millisecond is obtained in both (l 00) and (00 l) Cs3Bi2I9 SCs. Based on the first-principle calculation, the (l 00) SC possesses a higher charge distribution density and a wider dispersion distribution than (00 l) SC, suggesting that more electrons in the (l 00) SC can be excited in a wider range. The tighter arrangement of Cs+ and [BiI6]− octahedra in the (l 00) SC than (00 l) SC leads to the anisotropic photoelectric performance in (l 00) and (00 l) Cs3Bi2I9 SCs. Our results provide a strategy for the oriental growth of Cs3Bi2I9 SCs and the design of anisotropic optoelectronic devices with excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropy in naturally occurring or synthetic microcellular structures is an important feature for the development of materials with high specific stiffness and strength, in addition to creating materials with unique physical properties. Polymeric foams constitute a broad class of materials that are widely used for their advantages of low density, high specific mechanical properties and high insulative properties. Traditional synthetic routes are slow, energy demanding processes that employ the use of high temperature ovens, freezers, or high‐pressure equipment. Herein we present a convenient and energy efficient method to produce anisotropic high performance polymeric foams via rapid radically induced cationic frontal polymerization coupled with chemical blowing agents. The degree of pore orientation and degree of anisotropy are a result of the propagating front working in concert with the foam volume expansion. This paper presents results into FP foam formation to illustrate how changes in boundary conditions and front initiation position affect both the microcellular structure and their resulting physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, results are presented to show how changes in resin formulation, such as the addition of nanoparticles affect both properties as well as the microcellular structure and anisotropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weak intermolecular forces of hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) make it relatively difficult to synthesize and design HOFs with superprotonic conductivity and robustness. The self‐assembly of ionic hydrogen bonding organic frameworks (iHOFs) through acid–base pairing strategies are possible on account of the rich hydrogen bonding, strong ionic bonding, and π–π stacking interactions and so on. Herein, a case of iHOF (iHOF‐16) with a three‐dimensional (3D) hydrogen bonding network is reported, the doughty ionic bond interactions in the structure and π–π stacking interactions between layers make it exhibits excellent thermal and chemical stability, it can maintain high crystallinity and robust structure even under extreme conditions. Importantly, iHOF‐16 exhibits highly anisotropic proton conductivity of 0.388, 5.56 × 10−3, and 3.25 × 10−4 S cm−1 in the direction of a‐axis, b‐axis, and c‐axis, respectively. The proton transfer paths of single crystal on each axis are calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and, supported by joint experimental–theoretical calculations, protons are most easily transported in the a‐axis direction resulting in superprotonic conductivity. The present study provides a promising approach for the design of stable superprotonic conductivity materials through a simple yet effective charge‐assisted synthesis strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the three‐dimensional (3D) incompressible anisotropic Boussinesq system while the velocity of fluid only involves horizontal dissipation and the temperature has a damping term. By utilizing the structure of the system, the energy methods and the means of bootstrapping argument, we prove the global stability property in the Sobolev space Hk(ℝ3)(k≥3)$$ {H}^k\left({\mathrm{\mathbb{R}}}^3\right)\left(k\ge 3\right) $$ of perturbations near the hydrostatic equilibrium. Moreover, we take an effective approach to obtain the optimal decay rates for the global solution itself as well as its derivatives. In this paper, we aim to reveal the mechanism of how the temperature helps stabilize the fluid. Additionally, exploring the stability of perturbations near hydrostatic equilibrium may provide valuable insights into specific severe weather phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as promising portable and sustainable energy sources in daily life, harvesting energy from human motion, water, and wind. However, they still face limitations in aspects such as contact area, deformability, wettability, and manufacturing method. Here, a wearable TENG incorporating an anisotropic domino structure based on a fluorinated elastomer blend is presented. Because of its thin, elongated structure with broad sides, the TENG achieves substantially larger contact areas and high bendability. Introducing a fluorinated elastomer into the polydimethylsiloxane matrix via a simple blending process not only enhances the triboelectric performance but also reduces surface energy and improves the stretchability of elastomers. The anisotropic arrangement of dominoes, in synergy with the fluorinated elastomer, mimics the surface physicochemical properties of natural rice leaves, resulting in anisotropic superhydrophobic wetting behavior with a self‐cleaning effect and controlled directional water flow for efficient water energy harvesting. Therefore, the TENG functions as an energy‐harvesting leaf that captures energy from wind and water droplets, as well as a wearable energy‐harvesting wristband that generates power from human motions such as touching, shaking, and hand washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we consider the Cauchy problem of the three‐dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) system with only horizontal dissipation and vertical magnetic diffusion near the equilibrium. We establish the global a priori estimate of the smooth solution for this system, with initial data (u0,B0−e1)$$ \left({u}_0,{B}_0-{e}_1\right) $$ sufficiently small in H2$$ {H}^2 $$, by using the special structure of the nonlinear terms and the anisotropic Sobolev inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eddy viscosity is employed throughout the majority of numerical fluid dynamical models, and has been the subject of a vigorous body of research spanning a variety of disciplines. It has long been recognized that the proper description of eddy viscosity uses tensor mathematics, but in practice it is almost always employed as a scalar due to uncertainty about how to constrain the extra degrees of freedom and physical properties of its tensorial form. This manuscript borrows techniques from outside the realm of geophysical fluid dynamics to consider the eddy viscosity tensor using its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, establishing a new framework by which tensorial eddy viscosity can be tested. This is made possible by a careful analysis of an operation called tensor unrolling, which casts the eigenvalue problem for a fourth‐order tensor into a more familiar matrix‐vector form, whereby it becomes far easier to understand and manipulate. New constraints are established for the eddy viscosity coefficients that are guaranteed to result in energy dissipation, backscatter, or a combination of both. Finally, a testing protocol is developed by which tensorial eddy viscosity can be systematically evaluated across a wide range of fluid regimes. Plain Language Summary: Numerical fluid flow solvers need to dissipate energy in order to remain numerically stable, and this is most often achieved by adding a mechanism to the governing equations called eddy viscosity. Generally the implementation of eddy viscosity boils down to specifying a scalar coefficient that governs the rate of energy dissipation. However, the true mathematical form of eddy viscosity is that of a higher‐order geometric object called a tensor, and the potential advantages of using this form remain unexplored. This paper uses a generalized version of familiar linear algebra operations (eigenvalues, trace, and determinant) to establish new constraints on the eddy viscosity coefficients that promise to open up this parameterization to renewed scrutiny. Key Points: Eddy viscosity is usually employed as a scalar coefficient, but its true form is that of a tensorEigenanalysis can reveal new constraints on the coefficients of the eddy viscosity tensorTensor unrolling can help expose the power of the eigenanalysis, but only if done in a particular way [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The novelty of this note is to establish existence result for the following anisotropic elliptic equation ... where the datum f ∈ L¹ (Ω) and ... and H (x,ϑ) ∈ L¹ (Ω). Furthermore only the large monotonicity conditions will be assumed on B(x; s; ξ). To overcome this difficulty we will use the approach of Minty's lemma in the anisotropic weighted Sobolev spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the endeavor to develop three-dimensional (3D)-architected sophisticated hierarchical structures, the synergy between in-plane and out-of-plane interactions at interfaces offers new functionalities. This interplay, governed by van der Waals (vdW) interfacial nanoarchitectonics, facilitates the design of efficient thermally conductive pathways. This work delves into the kinetics underlying a dual-templating strategy, seamlessly integrating two-dimensional (2D)-graphene sheets with one-dimensional (1D)-cellulose chains at heterointerfaces, thereby transforming into 3D-shaped and 3D-continuously anisotropic structures, termed as (3D2GC) architecture. Hereby, we designed and fabricated an anisotropic graphene cellulose scaffold (GCS) employing a nickel template. The as-grown GCS replicates the 3D-shaped and configuration of the template. The 3D-continuously interconnected fibrous-porous network of the GCS, combined with its anisotropic thermal properties (λaxial/λradial), not only is promising for advanced thermal technologies but also offers advantages in cost-effectiveness and eco-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional research on linear polarization photodetector for 2D materials has focused on the search for different anisotropic materials, combinations between materials, introducing plasmonic structures, and patterning 2D materials to improve performance. However, these methods provide limited improvement in polarization sensitivity. Here, a balanced photodetector structure is proposed that does not require an additional process and relies only on the presence of anisotropy in the material itself to substantially improve the polarization sensitivity. The balanced photodetector consists of two ReS2 photodetectors, where the single ReS2 photodetector exhibits excellent performance at 650 nm illumination, including a responsivity and detectivity of 0.28 A W−1 and 4.22 × 109 Jones. Benefiting from the anisotropy of ReS2, the single photodetector achieves excellent polarization sensitivity of 2.79 at 650 nm. The balanced photodetector system achieves an excellent performance of ≈20 dB linear polarization extinction ratio and 0.003° Hz−1/2 noise equivalent light polarization difference at 100 kHz. These performances can also be further optimized by adjusting the gate voltage. The results provide a basis for further development of high‐performance polarization photodetector for 2D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels hold great promise in the field of flexible electronics. Attempts in this area tend to the microstructure design of hydrogels, giving them specific adhesion and multi‐sensing functions. Here, a novel phase separation‐derived anisotropic adhesive structural color hydrogel film is presented for visually flexible electronics. The hydrogel film is generated by template replicating colloidal crystal by using phase separation emulsions of hydrophilic monomer (acrylic acid, AA), hydrophobic monomer (lauryl methacrylate, LMA), co‐monomer ([2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl‐(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBMA)), surfactants (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) and initiator (ammonium persulphate (APS)). The appearance of phase separation results in asymmetric morphologies of hydrogel film, imparting them with anisotropic adhesive performance. Attributed to the formation of inverse opal scaffold structure, the hydrogel film is featured with vivid structural color, showing superior capability in self‐reporting mechanical behavior. Additionally, benefitting from the presence of abundant ions, the hydrogel film exhibits great conductivity. Thus, the resultant hydrogel film is demonstrated with stable dual‐signal sensing properties involving color‐changing and conductivity feedback ability to respond to human activities. These features make the proposed anisotropic adhesive structural color hydrogel film highly potential in the flexible electronic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes have been widely used as attractive nanoporous materials because of their applications in drug delivery, membrane filtration, and catalysis. Although AAO membranes with anisotropic pore shapes can be achieved, the methods are often complex and costly. In this work, we present an innovative approach to fabricating AAO membranes with controlled pore geometries, focusing on the transition from nonelliptical to elliptical nanopores. Utilizing commercially available aluminum foils of varying thickness and purity, the research demonstrates a cost-effective and scalable method for producing these specialized AAO membranes. The process involves a two-step anodization, where the aluminum foils undergo electropolishing, anodization, and chemical etching, followed by a unique stretching technique that transforms circular concavities into elliptical shapes. This approach successfully produces elliptical AAO membranes with varying pore sizes and aspect ratios, controlled by different electrolytes and pore-widening times. The study further explores the application of these membranes in nanopatterning by creating anisotropic polymer nanorod arrays using polystyrene (PS) and poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), demonstrating the practical utility of the fabricated AAO membranes in nanomaterial synthesis. The research highlights the potential of the stretching approach in AAO membrane fabrication, promising a diverse range of applications in material science and engineering, particularly in fields requiring precise nanopore geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) is widely recognized as a versatile tool for achieving complex geometries and customized functionalities in designed materials. However, the challenge lies in selecting an appropriate AM method that simultaneously realizes desired microstructures and macroscopic geometrical designs in a single sample. This study presents a direct ink writing method for 3D printing intricate, high‐fidelity macroscopic cellulose aerogel forms. The resulting aerogels exhibit tunable anisotropic mechanical and thermal characteristics by incorporating fibers of different length scales into the hydrogel inks. The alignment of nanofibers significantly enhances mechanical strength and thermal resistance, leading to higher thermal conductivities in the longitudinal direction (65 mW m−1 K−1) compared to the transverse direction (24 mW m−1 K−1). Moreover, the rehydration of printed cellulose aerogels for biomedical applications preserves their high surface area (≈300 m2 g−1) while significantly improving mechanical properties in the transverse direction. These printed cellulose aerogels demonstrate excellent cellular viability (>90% for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts) and exhibit robust antibacterial activity through in situ‐grown silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional foams, anisotropy within the microcellular structure can only be achieved through confinement in one or more directions during the foaming process. Herein, we present a novel, versatile, and energy efficient method to create unique high‐performance foams where the anisotropy of the microcellular and the microcellular structure itself is not dictated by external confinement during the foaming process. To generate such foams, an initial crosslinked gel is first created where the crosslink density of the gel can be tuned by UV intensity and cure time. Next, the gel can be foamed while simultaneously creating a second network via radically induced cationic frontal polymerization (RICFP). In this case, the anisotropy in the foam is dictated by propagation front during the RICFP and the microcellular morphology and cell surface area are dictated by the crosslink density of the gel. These two unique qualities lead to rigid foams that can be generated from a gel without the need for confinement where the microcellular size and shape can be tuned by the crosslink density of the gel precursor. A one‐pot liquid system composed of miscible epoxies, acrylates, and chemical blowing agents (CBAs), allows for control over the foam physical, mechanical, and thermal properties with glass transition temperatures ranging from 74.7 to 125.8°C. Additionally, by patterning the crosslink density of the initial gel through controlled exposure of UV, complex microcellular structures can be formed that are not possible in conventional foaming processes. This positions gel frontal polymerization and foaming as an advanced technique to produce high performing anisotropic foams with a wide array of tunable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2.5D oxide/oxide composites have attracted substantial attention due to their good integrity. In this work, a simple process was used to manufacture the 2.5D aluminosilicate fiber reinforced alumina (2.5D-AS f /Al 2 O 3) composites. The influence of 2.5D preform on the microstructure of the 2.5D-AS f /Al 2 O 3 composite was studied in-depth mainly by X-ray computed tomography. Also, the change mechanism of the micro- and macro- mechanical properties of composites, especially the anisotropic mechanical properties were further analyzed. The results showed that the matrix modulus and fiber strength had great effects on the mechanical properties of the 2.5D-AS f /Al 2 O 3 composites with different densification cycles. And the microstructure characteristics of the 2.5D-AS f /Al 2 O 3 composites were consistent with those of the 2.5D preform, such as the warp direction cross-sections invariably had higher porosity of the pores >10 μm and larger pores than the weft direction cross-sections. This was also one of the key factors affecting the anisotropic mechanical behavior of the 2.5D-AS f /Al 2 O 3 composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mid-infrared absorber based on anisotropic black phosphorus (BP) stacked with magnesium fluoride (MgF2). BP has a sufficiently large electronic bandgap, and its high carrier mobility allows for efficient free-carrier absorption in the mid-infrared regimes. Magnesium fluoride is an ideal candidate for the mid-infrared absorber, providing optical transparency, efficient absorption, and antireflection properties due to its low refractive index. Different unit cell shapes were used to examine the absorbance for both the transverse electric mode (TE) and transverse magnetic mode (TM) polarization components. The results show that the absorbance for TM polarization is approximately 48% and 50% at around 7 μm and 12 μm, respectively. For TE polarization, the absorbance occurs at 9 μm with a value of around 8.5%. Rotating the unit cell to be out of phase by 90 degrees from the neighboring unit cell improved the low absorbance to 45%, and the absorbance peak shifted to 17 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu6Sn5-xAg alloys (x = 0, 3, 6; %, mass fraction) were synthesized using Ag as a dopant through a high-temperature melting technique. The microstructure of the alloy was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and other equipment, while the hardness of the alloy was measured to investigate the impact of Ag addition on the structure and microstructure of the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound. This study explored the influence of varying Ag contents on the properties of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds, with calculations based on first principles revealing the mechanical properties and density of states of η′-Cu6Sn5 and its Ag-doped systems. The results indicated that Cu6Sn5-xAg alloys predominantly existed in three distinct forms, all exhibiting large masses without any impurities or precipitates. First-principle calculations demonstrated that Ag substitution in certain sites suppressed the anisotropy of the Young's modulus of Cu6Sn5, particularly in the Cu1, Cu3, Sn1, and Sn3 positions, while the effect was less significant at the Cu2, Cu4, and Sn2 sites. The introduction of Ag through doping enhanced the covalent bonding within the η′-Cu6Sn5 structure, promoting the formation of a stable (Cu, Ag)6Sn5 structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose and demonstrate a computational framework to obtain data-driven surrogate constitutive models capturing the mechanical response of anisotropic brittle solids displaying progressive anisotropic damage. We train the constitutive models on data obtained from the analysis of a volume element of a material of interest; the data is generated by a constitutive model for braided composites, displaying a complex anisotropic damage evolution progressively transitioning from transversely isotropic to orthotropic. Training involves imposing six-dimensional random strain histories on the physical model and recording the histories of stress, strain and homogenised stiffness matrix of the material, obtained by a set of linear perturbation analyses. Supervised machine learning and dimensionality reduction are applied to the data and a structure for a surrogate model is proposed. The surrogate predicts the evolution of the stiffness of the solid consequent to an arbitrary imposed six-dimensional strain increment, thereby calculating the corresponding increment in stress. The model displays high accuracy and is able to reproduce the homogenised material's response via simple neural networks.

Anisotropic nanopores are essential to regulate materials' anisotropic performance including thermal conductivity, ion blocking and so on. Nevertheless, fabricating anisotropic nanopores remains challenging because the formation mechanism is ambiguous, due to the lack of direct experimental evidence. Here, we reveal a unique strain-induced mechanism for the fabrication of anisotropic nanopores under electron beam irradiation. With the in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique, an initial symmetric nanopore, with another nanopore nearby, is found to expand relatively uniformly in the first stage. When the spacing between two nanopores reaches to a critical point, however, the area near to the reference nanopore is stretched drastically by a strong driving force along the spacing direction, resulting in an obvious anisotropic morphology. The surrounding environment, spacing and relative position between two nanopores significantly influence the shape of eventually formed nanopores by controlling the strain's uniformity, action range and direction, respectively. Our work demonstrates a novel mechanism and visual evidence for the preparation of asymmetric nanopores in real time, with the hope of assisting in the controllable fabrication of desired nanostructures.

The non-unique critical state of soils with time-dependent behaviors is a significant issue in geotechnical engineering problems. However, previous bounding surface plasticity models cannot predict accurately the non-unique critical state of soils, because the distance between the compression line and critical state line charged by strain-rate effect is basically neglected. To fill this gap, a generalized spacing ratio of soils is defined in the elasto-viscoplastic framework, and a bounding surface visco-plasticity model is formulated and verified, which can consider the generalized spacing ratio. Specifically, the generalized spacing ratio of soils reflects the distance between the compression line and the critical state line of soils with time-dependent behaviors. Then, the generalized spacing ratio is introduced into an improved anisotropic bounding surface. A new expression of the visco-plastic multiplier is derived by solving the consistency equation of an anisotropic bounding surface. In the expression, a strain rate index is proposed to account for the strain-rate effect on visco-plastic strain increment, and a visco-plastic hardening modulus is derived to predict the visco-plastic response of soils in overconsolidation conditions. The model is then verified through constant strain rate tests and creep tests. Notably, it can capture the non-unique critical states of soils with time-dependent behaviors due to the generalized spacing ratio and the creep rupture of soils due to the visco-plastic multiplier that considers the stress ratio and visco-plastic strain rate.

Our main purpose in this paper is to obtain the anisotropic Moser-Trudinger type inequality in Lorentz space $ L(n, q) $, $ 1 \leq q \leq \infty $. It can be seen as a generation result of the Moser-Trudinger type inequality in Lorentz space.

Hydrogel microparticles, generally accepted as significant green materials, have been widely used in chemical, biological, and biomedical fields owing to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-cytotoxicity. Among these, non-spherical hydrogel microparticles with diverse shape anisotropy have great potential in applications such as drug delivery, cellular interaction, micromotors, etc. Benefiting from their shapes, their functionalities in such fields cannot be satisfied by the typical spherical types. Recently, microfluidics with precise control and domination of fluids at microflow sizes has emerged as a powerful method for synthesizing shape-controllable hydrogel microparticles with good monodispersity and unique morphology. In this review, we tried to provide an overview of the production of non-spherical microparticles composed of green hydrogel materials, emphasizing the microfluidic approaches. Furthermore, a brief introduction to their current applications is also presented.

Nanostructured hybrids that combine metals and semiconductors exhibit significant potential as photocatalysts for various reactions. Among these, core–shell plasmonic noble metal–semiconductor nanostructures, such as Au/ZnO nanostars (NSs), are highly effective catalysts for photocatalytic water splitting. This study presents a simple method for synthesizing Au/ZnO NSs and comprehensively characterizes them by using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The synthesized Au/ZnO NSs exhibit very high efficiencies in hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) evolution when used as a catalyst for photocatalytic water splitting. This heightened photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the efficient suppression of the scavenging activity of Au nanoparticles. Additionally, the anisotropic star-shaped morphology of the Au component in the catalyst contributes to an increased surface area that promotes an enhanced interaction between the catalyst's components. This interaction facilitates facile interfacial charge transfer at the interface, resulting in an improved performance. Moreover, the plasmonic response of the Au core surrounded by ZnO nanostructures enhances the catalyst's light utilization capability, contributing to its superior performance. This synthesis method represents a significant advancement and paves the way for future developments in the design of plasmon-semiconductor nanostructures for energy conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding wildfire spread in Canada is critical to promoting forest health and protecting human life and infrastructure. Quantifying fire spread from noisy images, where change-point boundaries separate regions of fire, is critical to accurately estimating fire spread rates. The challenge lies in denoising the fire images and accurately identifying highly non-linear fire lines without smoothing over boundaries. In this paper, we develop an iterative smoothing algorithm for change-point data that utilizes oversmoothed estimates of the underlying data generating process to inform re-smoothing. We demonstrate its effectiveness on simulated one- and two-dimensional change-point data, and robustness to response outliers. Then, we apply the methodology to fire spread images from laboratory micro-fire experiments and show that the regions fuel, burning and burnt-out are smoothed while boundaries are preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective laser melting (SLM) forms specimens that often exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties. Most existing research only explains that the mechanical properties of specimens perpendicular to the build direction are superior to those parallel to the build direction. In this paper, the mechanical properties of SLM 316L SS specimens with different surfaces and different directions are compared. Finally, it was found that the mechanical properties of specimens on Face 3 are stronger than those on Face 1 and Face 2, while the mechanical properties of specimens on Face 1 and Face 2 are similar. For specimens in different directions on the same surface, the mechanical properties of Face 1 and Face 2 exhibit clear anisotropy, while the mechanical properties of Face 3 tend to be isotropic. In this paper, the EBSD technique was used to analyze the specimens. It was found that the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of Face 1 and Face 2 are attributed to the presence of texture and columnar crystals in the sample. This paper can provide accurate and reliable material performance data for the practical application of SLM 316L SS, thereby guiding the optimization of engineering design and manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetorheological (MR) materials are smart materials that can change their rheological characteristics when exposed to a magnetic field. Such rheological properties include viscosity and dynamic modulus. MR materials have emerged as one of the most efficient smart materials that can modify mechanical and viscoelastic characteristics. Depending on the medium used, MR materials can be classified into two types: magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) and magnetorheological elastomers (MREs). MREs are classified as isotropic or anisotropic based on CIP distribution inside the elastomer matrix. A unique hybrid material incorporating MRE and MRF is constructed in this work to investigate, compare, and the dynamic properties of isotropic, anisotropic, hybrid isotropic, and hybrid anisotropic MREs under various magnetic fields (0, 104, and 160.2 mT). The created samples are subjected to extensive testing, including static and dynamic evaluations. In the static tests, experiments use a compression linear displacement mode with a fixed maximum gap change of 3 mm. The temperature is maintained at a constant level of 24 °C throughout the 40 s test duration for each test, and the magnetic field is incrementally increased by varying the number of magnets, ranging from 0 to 160.2 mT for dynamic qualities using compression oscillations on a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), including frequency and strain-dependent data. These experiments, carried out using sinusoidal shear movements, include an excitation frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 15 Hz while preserving, with a fixed shear strain of 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During physiological and pathological processes, cells experience significant morphological alterations with the re-arrangement of cytoskeletal filaments, resulting in anisotropic viscoelasticity. Here, a structure-based cell model is proposed to study the anisotropic viscoelastic mechanical behaviors of living cells. We investigate how cell shape affects its creep responses in longitudinal and perpendicular directions. It is shown that cells exhibit power-law rheological behavior in both longitudinal and perpendicular directions under step stress, with a more solid-like behavior along the longitudinal direction. We reveal that the cell volume and cytoskeletal filament orientation, which have been neglected in most existing models, play a critical role in regulating cellular anisotropic viscoelasticity. The stiffness of the cell in both directions increases linearly with increasing its aspect ratio, due to the decrease of cell volume. Moreover, the increase in the cell's aspect ratio produces the aggregation of cytoskeletal filaments along the longitudinal direction, resulting in higher stiffness in this direction. It is also shown that the increase in cell's aspect ratio corresponds to a process of cellular ordering, which can be quantitatively characterized by the orientational entropy of cytoskeletal filaments. In addition, we present a simple yet robust method to establish the relationship between cell's aspect ratio and cell volume, thus providing a theoretical framework to capture the anisotropic viscoelastic behavior of cells. This study suggests that the structure-based cell models may be further developed to investigate cellular rheological responses to external mechanical stimuli and may be extended to the tissue scale. The viscoelastic behaviors of cells hold significant importance in comprehending the roles of mechanical forces in embryo development, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. Here, a structure-based cell model is proposed to study the anisotropic viscoelastic mechanical behaviors of living cells. Our study highlights the crucial role of previously neglected factors, such as cell volume and cytoskeletal filament orientation, in regulating cellular anisotropic viscoelasticity. We further propose an orientational entropy of cytoskeletal filaments to quantitatively characterize the ordering process of cells with increasing aspect ratios. Moreover, we derived the analytical interrelationships between cell aspect ratio, cell stiffness, cell volume, and cytoskeletal fiber orientation. This study provides a theoretical framework to describe the anisotropic viscoelastic mechanical behavior of cells. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropic 2D layered materials with distinctive anisotropic electronic band structures and optical response are promising for practical applications in polarization imaging and sensors. Nonetheless, many of the currently reported polarized photodetectors based on anisotropic 2D materials are constrained by the low polarization responsivity and low linear dichroism ratio. Here a high-performance polarization-sensitive photodetector based on the novel in-plane anisotropy 2D violet phosphorus (VP) crystal is reported. The angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS) study and the anisotropic electrical transport measurements revealed the highly in-plane anisotropy phonon vibration and electrical properties of VP crystal. The anisotropic ratio of electron mobility is calculated to be 2.7 at room temperature. Moreover, a polarization-sensitive photodetector based on the VP nanosheet shows high photoresponsivity of up to 341 A W-1 and a linearly dichroic ratio of up to 3.9, which is much larger than most other anisotropic 2D materials. These results indicate that the anisotropic VP crystal would be suitable for polarization-sensitive photodetectors, which leads to a promising perspective for future novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]