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Abstract Quantum materials have a fascinating tendency to manifest novel and unexpected electronic states upon proper manipulation. Ideally, such manipulation should induce strong and irreversible changes and lead to new relevant length scales. Plastic deformation introduces large numbers of dislocations into a material, which can organize into extended structures and give rise to qualitatively new physics as a result of the huge localized strains. However, this approach is largely unexplored in the context of quantum materials, which are traditionally grown to be as pristine and clean as possible. Here we show that plastic deformation induces robust magnetism in the quantum paraelectric SrTiO3, a property that is completely absent in the pristine material. We combine scanning magnetic measurements and near-field optical microscopy to find that the magnetic order is localized along dislocation walls and coexists with ferroelectric order along the walls. The magnetic signals can be switched on and off via external stress and altered by external electric fields, which demonstrates that plastically deformed SrTiO3 is a quantum multiferroic. These results establish plastic deformation as a versatile knob for the manipulation of the electronic properties of quantum materials.

The magnitudes of the couplings of the scalar resonance at 125 GeV with the SM particles are found to be consistent with those of the SM Higgs boson. However, the signs are not experimentally determined in most of the cases, a prime example being that with the Z-boson pair. In other words, κZh, the ratio of the couplings of the actual 125 GeV resonance with ZZ and that of the SM Higgs boson with the same, is consistent with both +1 and −1, the latter being the ‘wrong-sign’. We argue that the wrong-sign hZZ coupling will necessitate the intervention of new physics below O(620) GeV to safeguard the underlying theory from unitarity violation. The strength of the new nonstandard couplings can be derived from the unitarity sum rules, which are comparable to the SM-Higgs couplings in magnitude. Thus the strong limits from the direct searches at the LHC can help us rule out the existence of such nonstandard particles with unusually large couplings thereby disfavoring the possibility of a wrong-sign hZZ coupling.

Objectives: The mitochondrial enzyme L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) regulates the abundance of L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG), a potent signaling metabolite capable of influencing chromatin architecture, mitochondrial metabolism, and cell fate decisions. Loss of L2hgdh activity in humans induces ectopic L-2HG accumulation, resulting in neurodevelopmental defects, altered immune cell function, and enhanced growth of clear cell renal cell carcinomas. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disease pathologies, we used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the endogenous functions of L2hgdh. Methods: L2hgdh mutant adult male flies were analyzed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions using a combination of semi-targeted metabolomics and RNA-seq. These multi-omic analyses were complemented by tissue-specific genetic studies that examined the effects of L2hgdh mutations on the Drosophila renal system (Malpighian tubules; MTs). Results: Our studies revealed that while L2hgdh is not essential for growth or viability under standard culture conditions, L2hgdh mutants are hypersensitive to hypoxia and expire during the reoxygenation phase with severe disruptions of mitochondrial metabolism. Moreover, we find that the fly renal system is a key site of L2hgdh activity, as L2hgdh mutants that express a rescuing transgene within the MTs survive hypoxia treatment and exhibit normal levels of mitochondrial metabolites. We also demonstrate that even under normoxic conditions, L2hgdh mutant MTs experience significant metabolic stress and are sensitized to aberrant growth upon Egfr activation. Conclusions: These findings present a model in which renal L2hgdh activity limits systemic L-2HG accumulation, thus indirectly regulating the balance between glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, enabling successful recovery from hypoxia exposure, and ensuring renal tissue integrity.

In this study, 1,4-benzothiazine-based bisamide derivatives, a new class of antibacterial agents targeting bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF), were designed and synthesized to combat Staphylococcus aureus infection. Molecular modeling of the designed molecules showed better docking scores compared to the natural product actinonin. Bioactivity assessment identified two derivatives with promising antibacterial activity in vitro. The stability of the most active molecule, 8bE, was assessed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Significantly, compound 8bE could also inhibit the S. aureus biofilm at low concentrations. Furthermore, the capability of the synthesized molecule to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation on medical devices like urinary catheters is also demonstrated.

Abstract Fungal infections are the inevitable limiting factor for productivity of tea. Transcriptome reprogramming recruits multiple regulatory pathways during pathogen infection. A comprehensive meta-analysis was performed utilizing previously reported, well-replicated transcriptomic datasets from seven fungal diseases of tea. The study identified a cumulative set of 18,517 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tea, implicated in several functional clusters, including the MAPK signaling pathway, transcriptional regulation, and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Gene set enrichment analyses under each pathogen stress elucidated that DEGs were involved in ethylene metabolism, secondary metabolism, receptor kinase activity, and various reactive oxygen species detoxification enzyme activities. Expressional fold change of combined datasets highlighting 2258 meta-DEGs shared a common transcriptomic response upon fungal stress in tea. Pervasive duplication events caused biotic stress-responsive core DEGs to appear in multiple copies throughout the tea genome. The co-expression network of meta-DEGs in multiple modules demonstrated the coordination of appropriate pathways, most of which involved cell wall organization. The functional coordination was controlled by a number of hub genes and miRNAs, leading to pathogenic resistance or susceptibility. This first-of-its-kind meta-analysis of host–pathogen interaction generated consensus candidate loci as molecular signatures, which can be associated with future resistance breeding programs in tea.

Under an applied electric field, certain non-centrosymmetric materials with broken time-reversal symmetry may exhibit non-reciprocal transport behavior in which the charge and spin currents contain components that are second order in the electric field. In this study, we investigate the second-order spin accumulation and charge and spin responses in the LaAlO _3 /SrTiO _3 (LaO/STO) system with magnetic dopants under the influence of linear and cubic Rashba spin–orbit coupling (RSOC) terms. We explain the physical origin of the second-order response and perform a symmetry analysis of the first- and second-order responses for different dopant magnetization directions relative to the applied electric field. We then numerically solve the Boltzmann transport equation by extending the approach of Schliemann and Loss (2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 165311) to higher orders in the electric field. We show that the sign of the second-order responses can be switched by varying the magnetization direction of the magnetic dopants or relative strengths of the two cubic RSOC terms and explain these trends by considering the Fermi surfaces of the respective systems. These findings provide insights into the interplay of multiple SOC effects in the LaO/STO system and how the resulting first- and second-order charge and spin responses can be engineered by exploiting the symmetries of the system.

Formalin is a protoplasmic poison, which poses a potential occupational hazard among morticians, embalmers, pathologists, and hospital staff. The crystal-clear appearance of formalin can be easily mistaken for normal saline, local anesthetics, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and spirit in health care facilities and water in domestic settings. However, accidental poisoning is extremely rare because of its low olfactory threshold, strong irritant nature, pungent taste, and odor. This is also evident from the scarce scientific literature on this topic. Here, we presented a case of accidental, fatal formalin ingestion by a 4-year-old child who succumbed to the poisoning within 12 h of ingestion. The case presented here is unique because of its rarity in causing accidental poisoning by ingestion and first of its kind in a child.

Abstract Existing study argues that labour market flexibility accompanied by trade liberalisation helped in building complementary relationship between formal and informal sectors in India. However, no direct relation is established between the labour market flexibility and trade liberalisation with respect to inter- and intra-sectoral movement of labour. The present study enquires whether the extent of labour mobility between and within formal–informal sectors affects the formal–informal growth linkages due to the tariff cut on traded goods, as a part of trade liberalisation in India. The findings based on static CGE analysis indicate that in absence of labour market segmentation (i.e. in absence of both wage rigidity and skill specificity) with full mobility of labour, formal sector growth is higher vis-à-vis the growth of those activities under segmented labour market with full mobility of labour. Amongst growing informal sector activities, output growth is lower in absence of segmented labour market with full mobility of labour. Finally, restricted labour mobility leads to largest expansion of formal activities, but further exacerbates the growth of informal activities. The study reveals that improvement in functional income distribution is mixed across households, depending on the degree of labour mobility, which implies labour market adjustment is costly due to structural reforms, that pitches for government intervention.

The interaction between linear and cubic spin–orbit couplings with magnetic moments and mobile spin-polarized carriers in the LaAlO _3 /SrTiO _3 (LaO/STO) system provides new avenues for spin transport applications. We study the interplay between linear and cubic Rashba spin orbit coupling (RSOC) on in-plane magnetic moments in the LaO/STO system using the Boltzmann transport theory based on the relaxation time approximation (RTA) and the more refined Schliemann-Loss (SL) delta-potential scattering model. In general, both methods yield a linear (quadratic) relationship in the spin accumulation (spin current) when one of the three RSOC strengths is varied and the other two fixed. The simultaneous presence of multiple types of RSOC with distinct angular dependencies facilitates the breaking of the k -space symmetry of the Fermi surface, thus ensuring a finite spin accumulation upon integration over the entire Fermi surface. While the oft-used RTA method is sufficiently accurate for spin accumulation calculations, the more refined SL model is required for spin current calculations because the RTA method neglects the anisotropy of the Fermi contour arising from the cubic RSOC terms. Based on the refined SL model and under optimal tuning of the RSOC parameters, the spin charge conversion in LaO/STO is predicted to reach a remarkable efficiency of 30%.

The Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction is an essential long-range magnetic interaction between magnetic impurities or magnetic layered structures, the magnitude of which oscillates with the distance $\mathrm{R}$ between them. We investigated the RKKY interaction between two magnetic impurities in both time-reversal and inversion symmetry-broken Weyl semimetals (WSMs) where the energy dispersion is tilted in momentum space and the momentum of the conduction electrons is locked with the pseudo-spin. Two important features are revealed: firstly, at the small tilt limit, the RKKY coupling varies quadratically with the tilt parameter and strikingly, at large separation distances $\mathrm{R}$ , decays as $1/\mathrm{R}$ compared to the conventional $1/\mathrm{R}^{3}$ dependence exhibited by WSMs with non-tilted dispersion. The slower decay by two orders (i.e. $1/\mathrm{R}$ as opposed to $1/\mathrm{R}^{3}$ ) of the RKKY coupling is significant for maintaining a long-range RKKY coupling. Secondly, the RKKY coupling exhibits an anisotropy with respect to the angle between the tilt direction ( w ) and the separation direction R , unlike the case of non-tilted WSMs, which exhibits isotropic RKKY coupling. Consequently, the RKKY coupling in tilted WSMs alternately favors ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic orders and vice-versa with the change of the angle. Our results are derived analytically and verified by numerical calculations based on realistic parameter values.

Mounting evidence points to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the mechanisms that regulate the TCA cycle in RCC remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that loss of TCA cycle enzyme expression is retained in RCC metastatic tissues. Moreover, proteomic analysis demonstrates that reduced TCA cycle enzyme expression is far more pronounced in RCC relative to other tumor types. Loss of TCA cycle enzyme expression is correlated with reduced expression of the transcription factor PGC-1α, which is also lost in RCC tissues. PGC-1α reexpression in RCC cells restores the expression of TCA cycle enzymes in vitro and in vivo and leads to enhanced glucose carbon incorporation into TCA cycle intermediates. Mechanistically, TGF-β signaling, in concert with histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7), suppresses TCA cycle enzyme expression. Our studies show that pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β restores the expression of TCA cycle enzymes and suppresses tumor growth in an orthotopic model of RCC. Taken together, this investigation reveals a potentially novel role for the TGF-β/HDAC7 axis in global suppression of TCA cycle enzymes in RCC and provides insight into the molecular basis of altered mitochondrial metabolism in this malignancy.

Tapeworm infection continues to be an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Recent metagenomics studies have established a link between gut microbiota and parasite infection. The identification of gut probiotics is of foremost importance to explore its relationship and function with the parasite in the host. In this study, the gut content of hosts infected with tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and non-infected host gut were disected out to determine their Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) population in MRS agar and microbial community was analysed by metagenomics. The bacterial count was calculated on a bacterial counting chamber and their morphology was determined microscopically and biochemically. Further, to determine the safety profile antibiotic resistance test, antimicrobial, hemolytic activity, and adhesion capability were calculated. We found six dominant probiotic strains and a decrease in LAB load from 1.7–2.3 × 107 CFU/mL in the uninfected group to a range of 8.4 × 105 CFU/mL to 3.2 × 105 CFU/mL in the infected groups with respect to an increase in the parasite number from 10–18. In addition, we found a depletion in the probiotic relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an enrichment in potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Streptococcus. Phylogenetic analysis of the six probiotics revealed a close similarity with different strains of L. brevis, L. johnsonii, L. taiwansis, L. reuteri, L. plantarum, and L. pentosus. Thus, this study suggests that the parasite inhibits probiotic colonization in the gut during its early establishment of infection inside the host.

Background: There is a lack of knowledge related to the utilization of dental services by tribal pregnant women who constitute over 35% of the Indian population. The aim of the present study was to identify barriers to the utilization of the dental services and also the factors that concern the tribal mothers' visit to the dental office. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 tribal mothers visiting a tertiary care unit participated in this cross-sectional, observational study. A pilot study with twenty participants was conducted before the commencement of the study. Data were collected using a modified questionnaire consisting of demographic data and questions relating to oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices, as well as barriers to the utilization of dental services and factors that concern dental visits during pregnancy. Data analysis was done using SPSS software package 21.0. Nonparametric statistical tests were done to analyze oral health knowledge and attitude of the participants. Various factors were identified using univariate and multivariate models using simple logistic regression analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the two different tribes considered in the present study, the Saora tribe seemed to be more conscious toward oral health, and 29.7% of participants visited the dentist during pregnancy. The age and experience of the participants along with the educational level, employment status, and knowledge about oral health-related pregnancy outcomes influenced their dental visits. The most reported barrier included the lack of awareness and knowledge of the availability of the dental services. Accessibility and distance to the dental clinic were not found to be negative confounding factors among the participants for the utilization of the services. Conclusion: This study concludes that previous experience and consciousness of the mother to utilize the dental services played a vital role in the utilization of dental services among tribal pregnant women. However, the findings of the present study clearly indicate the need for further research to understand barriers to the utilization of dental services among underprivileged tribal groups of population.

L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG) is an oncometabolite found elevated in renal tumors. However, this molecule might have physiological roles that extend beyond its association with cancer, as L-2HG levels are elevated in response to hypoxia and during Drosophila larval development. L-2HG is known to be metabolized by L-2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH), and loss of L2HGDH leads to elevated L-2HG levels. Despite L2HGDH being highly expressed in the kidney, its role in renal metabolism has not been explored. Here, we report our findings utilizing a novel CRISPR/Cas9 murine knockout model, with a specific focus on the role of L2HGDH in the kidney. Histologically, L2hgdh knockout kidneys have no demonstrable histologic abnormalities. However, GC-MS metabolomics demonstrates significantly reduced levels of the TCA cycle intermediate succinate in multiple tissues. Isotope labeling studies with [U-13C] glucose demonstrate that restoration of L2HGDH in renal cancer cells (which lowers L-2HG) leads to enhanced incorporation of label into TCA cycle intermediates. Subsequent biochemical studies demonstrate that L-2HG can inhibit the TCA cycle enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Bioinformatic analysis of mRNA expression data from renal tumors demonstrates that L2HGDH is co-expressed with genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes as well as the gene encoding the transcription factor PGC-1α, which is known to regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Restoration of PGC-1α in renal tumor cells results in increased L2HGDH expression with a concomitant reduction in L-2HG levels. Collectively, our analyses provide new insight into the physiological role of L2HGDH as well as mechanisms that promote L-2HG accumulation in disease states.

While a chiral fourth generation of quarks is almost ruled out from the data on Higgs boson production and decay at the Large Hadron Collider, vector-like quarks are still a feasible option to extend the fermionic sector of the Standard Model. Such an extension does not suffer from any anomalies and easily passes the constraints coming from oblique electroweak parameters. We consider such minimal extensions with SU(2) singlet and doublet vector-like quarks that may mix with one, or at the most two, of the Standard Model quarks. Constraints on the new mixing angles and phases are obtained from several ΔB=1 and ΔB=2 processes.

Recently, the CMS Collaboration observed the hint of a resonance decaying to two photons at about 96 GeV with a local significance of 2.8σ. While it is too early to say whether this will stand the test of time, such a resonance can easily be accommodated in many extensions of the Standard Model (SM). The more challenging part is to tune such an extension so that the required number of diphoton events is reproduced. Assuming that the new resonance is a scalar, we propose that the signal may come either from an ultraviolet complete model with vectorial quarks, or a model involving gluon-scalar and photon-scalar effective operators. We then incorporate this portal to several extensions of the SM that include one or more cold dark matter candidates, and try to investigate how the existence of such a scalar resonance affects the parameter space of such models. As expected, we find that with such a scalar, the parameter space gets more constrained and hence, more tractable. We show how significant constraints can be placed on the parameter space, not only from direct dark matter searches or LHC data but also from theoretical considerations like scattering unitarity or stability of the potential, and discuss some novel features of the allowed parameter space.

In a recent paper [1], we had advanced a minimal resolution of some of the persistent anomalies in semileptonic B-decays. These include the neutral-current observables RK and RK⁎, as well as the charged-current observables R(D) and R(D⁎). Recently, it has been observed that the semileptonic decays of the Bc meson also hint at a similar type of anomaly. In this longer version, we discuss in detail why, if the anomalies are indeed there, it is a challenging task to explain the data consistently in terms of a simple and compelling new physics scenario. We find that the minimal scheme to achieve a reasonable fit involves the inclusion of just two (or, at worst, three with a possible symmetry relationship between their Wilson coefficients) new current–current operators, constructed in terms of the flavour eigenstates, augmented by a change of basis for the charged lepton fields. With only three unknown parameters, this class of models not only explain all the anomalies (including that in Bc→J/ψℓν) to a satisfactory level but also predict some interesting signatures, like B→Kμτ, Bs→ττ, B→K plus missing energy, or direct production of τ+τ−, that can be observed at LHCb or Belle-II.

Abstract The decay $$b\rightarrow s\nu {\bar{\nu }}$$ b → s ν ν ¯ has received comparatively less attention than the semileptonic decay $$b\rightarrow s\ell ^+\ell ^-$$ b → s ℓ + ℓ - , because neutrinos pass undetected and hence the process offers lesser number of observables. We show how the decay $$b\rightarrow s~+$$ b → s + invisible(s) can shed light, even with a limited number of observables, on possible new physics beyond the Standard Model and also show, quantitatively, the reach of future B factories like SuperBelle to uncover such new physics. Depending on the operator structure of new physics, different channels may act as the best possible probe. We show, using the optimal observable technique, how almost the entire parameter space allowed till now can successfully be probed at a high-luminosity B factory.

Weyl semimetals (WSM) exhibit chiral anomaly in their magnetotransport due to broken conservation laws. Here, we analyze the magnetotransport of WSM in the presence of the time-reversal symmetry-breaking tilt parameter. The analytical expression for the magnetoconductivity is derived in the small tilt limit using the semiclassical Boltzmann equation. We predict a planar Hall current which flows transverse to the electric field and in the plane containing magnetic and electric fields and scales linearly with the tilt parameter. A tilt-induced transverse conductivity is also present in the case where the electric and magnetic fields are parallel to each other, a scenario where the conventional Hall current completely vanishes.

Considering typical spectra of a broad range of carbonaceous materials from gas-shale to nanotubes, various ways by which defects show up in Raman spectra are exampled and discussed. The position, resonance behavior, and linewidth of both the D and G bands are compared, even if in some cases obtaining accurate information on the materials from the fitting parameters is a difficult task. As a matter of fact, even if a full picture is unreachable, defining parameter trends is one acceptable option. Two ways to determine the linewidth, either graphically and or by fitting are proposed in order to be able to compare literature data. The relationship between the crystallite size obtained from the linewidth and from X-ray diffraction, which is complementary to the Tuinstra and Koenig law, is examined. We show that a single approach is not possible unless modeling is performed and therefore that analysis of Raman spectra should be adapted to the specificities of each sample series, i.e., a minimum of knowledge about the materials is always required.

Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMIV) is the viral pathogen that causes yellow mosaic disease to a number of legumes including Vigna mungo. VM84 is a recombinant inbred line resistant to MYMIV, developed in our laboratory through introgression of resistance trait from V. mungo line VM-1. Here we present the quality control passed transcriptome data of mock inoculated (control) and MYMIV-infected VM84, those have already been submitted in Sequence Read Archive (SRX1032950, SRX1082731) of NCBI. QC reports of FASTQ files generated by ‘SeqQC V2.2’ bioinformatics tool. Keywords: Vigna mungo, Transcriptome, Annotation, Recombinant inbred lines

In this study, we report the photoresponse of vertically aligned few-layered graphene (VAG) upon infra-red (IR) irradiation at room temperature. Four probe measurements showed the current−voltage (I−V) characteristic of electrical switching during pulsed IR irradiation. The photoresponse reported here for VAG was significantly higher than that reported for carbon nanotube (CNT) samples. Our investigation shows that such a photoresponse arose solely from the bolometric effect, where the conductivity changed with temperature. The resistance magnitude of the VAGs increased ~two fold for each 6 °C increase in temperature. Also, the Thermal Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) in this region was ~11%/K, which is the highest TCR value reported for any carbon nanomaterial.

Microwave heating reduces the preparation time and improves the adsorption quality of activated carbon. In this study, activated carbon was prepared by impregnation of palm kernel fiber with phosphoric acid followed by microwave activation. Three different types of activated carbon were prepared, having high surface areas of 872 m2 g-1, 1256 m2 g-1, and 952 m2 g-1 and pore volumes of 0.598 cc g-1, 1.010 cc g-1, and 0.778 cc g-1, respectively. The combined effects of the different process parameters, such as the initial adsorbate concentration, pH, and temperature, on adsorption efficiency were explored with the help of Box-Behnken design for response surface methodology (RSM). The adsorption rate could be expressed by a polynomial equation as the function of the independent variables. The hexavalent chromium adsorption rate was found to be 19.1 mg g-1 at the optimized conditions of the process parameters, i.e., initial concentration of 60 mg L-1, pH of 3, and operating temperature of 50 oC. Adsorption of Cr(VI) by the prepared activated carbon was spontaneous and followed second-order kinetics. The adsorption mechanism can be described by the Freundlich Isotherm model. The prepared activated carbon has demonstrated comparable performance to other available activated carbons for the adsorption of Cr(VI).

This protocol describes small RNA library preparation from Vigna mungo total RNA followed by deep sequencing and analysis for microRNA identification.​

Background. Long-term graft patency is the major factor impacting survival after coronary artery bypass grafting. Arteries are superior in this regard. Radial artery is considered the second best conduit after internal mammary artery. Several studies have shown excellent radial artery patency. We evaluated the morphologic characteristics of radial artery by three modalities, (i) preoperative Doppler ultrasound, (ii) intraoperative manual morphometry, and (iii) postoperative histology-based morphometry, and compared these with the aim of validating Doppler as a noninvasive test of choice for preoperative assessment of radial artery. Methods. This was a prospective study involving 100 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in which radial artery was used. The radial artery was assessed using preoperative Doppler ultrasound studies, intraoperative morphometry, and postoperative histopathology and morphometry. The morphometric measurements included (i) luminal diameter, (ii) intimal and medial thickness, and (iii) intima-media thickness ratio. Results. Using Bland-Altman plots, there was a 95% limit of agreement between the preoperative Doppler measurements and the postoperative histopathology and morphometry. Conclusion. Doppler ultrasound is an accurate screening test for evaluation of radial artery, in terms of intimal/medial thickness and luminal diameter as a conduit in coronary artery bypass grafting and has been validated by both morphometric and histopathology based studies.

Small RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and other noncoding RNAs including snRNA and snoRNA have tremendous impact on eukaryotic gene regulation. Extraction of high quality small RNAs is an important prerequisite for experimental analyses of miRNAs. This will prevent RNA degradation and remove associated contaminations including polyphenols, polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites. In this protocol we describe a simple way to isolate small RNAs from the leaf tissues of Vigna mungo combining the protocols of two commercially available kits with some modifications.

Initial phases of the MYMIV-Vigna mungo interaction is crucial in determining the infection phenotype upon challenging with the virus. During incompatible interaction, the plant deploys multiple stratagems that include extensive transcriptional alterations defying the virulence factors of the pathogen. Such molecular events are not frequently addressed by genomic tools. In order to obtain a critical insight to unravel how V. mungo respond to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), we have employed the PCR based suppression subtractive hybridization technique to identify genes that exhibit altered expressions. Dynamics of 345 candidate genes are illustrated that differentially expressed either in compatible or incompatible reactions and their possible biological and cellular functions are predicted. The MYMIV-induced physiological aspects of the resistant host include reactive oxygen species generation, induction of Ca2+ mediated signaling, enhanced expression of transcripts involved in phenylpropanoid and ubiquitin-proteasomal pathways; all these together confer resistance against the invader. Elicitation of genes implicated in salicylic acid (SA) pathway suggests that immune response is under the regulation of SA signaling. A significant fraction of modulated transcripts are of unknown function indicating participation of novel candidate genes in restricting this viral pathogen. Susceptibility on the other hand, as exhibited by V. mungo Cv. T9 is perhaps due to the poor execution of these transcript modulation exhibiting remarkable repression of photosynthesis related genes resulting in chlorosis of leaves followed by penalty in crop yield. Thus, the present findings revealed an insight on the molecular warfare during host-virus interaction suggesting plausible signaling mechanisms and key biochemical pathways overriding MYMIV invasion in resistant genotype of V. mungo. In addition to inflate the existing knowledge base, the genomic resources identified in this orphan crop would be useful for integrating MYMIV-tolerance trait in susceptible cultivars of V. mungo.

Constrictive pericarditis following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery is an uncommon disorder. We report a patient who developed constrictive pericarditis after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. After an unsuccessful trial of medical management and pericardial tapping, he underwent pericardiectomy via a left posterolateral thoracotomy.