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This study focuses on a historical leather cover of a manuscript dating back to the 10th A.H century from Al-Azhar Library. The study aims to use analytical techniques to identify the components of the historical leather cover of the manuscript, and to explain its deterioration process. Analytical methods used in this study were visual assessment, investigation of the surface morphology by a digital microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Attenuated total reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), amino acid analysis, identification of fungi, and measurement of pH. The results revealed that the leather suffered from brittleness, white stain, dust, fungal stains, cracks, in addition to missing and burnt parts. The results of SEM revealed that goatskin was identified as the animal skin of the historical leather cover of the manuscript. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed the degradation of chemical composition of the historical leather cover of the manuscript. The amino acid analysis stated that the chemical composition of historical cover of the manuscript suffered from deterioration through oxidation and hydrolysis mechanisms. Aspergillus sp , Chaetomium sp , Penicillium sp , and Fusarium sp were the most dominant fungi found. All analytical techniques used in this study proved that the historical leather cover of the manuscript is in urgent need of conservation.

Natural leather with outstanding biomimetic properties is the main application of animal skin. However, the traditional tannery industry is facing serious issues of sustainability, such as low value addition and high environmental pollution. Upscaled functional leather (UFL) inherits all the natural properties of leather and combines it with other cross-domain functions, due to which it has gained considerable attention as advanced functional bio-based materials. This review briefly introduces the multi-hierarchical structure and preponderant properties of leather as a natural biomass. Further emphasis is on UFL, which includes electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing leather, infrared absorbing leather, X-ray shielding leather, flexible conductive leather, flame-retardant leather, antibacterial leather, self-cleaning leather as well as water-, oil-, and soil-repellent leather. Furthermore, the fabrication methods of these UFLs, their merits and their respective applications are comprehensively discussed. Moreover, possible challenges and outlooks for the development of UFL are proposed. This review describes how UFL will expand the scope of applications and significantly improve the ontological value of natural leather. Significantly, UFL is expected to boost the sustainable development of conventional leather industry and the next-generation of advanced functional bio-based materials.

Today, various commercial dressings have been developed and introduced to the market. The diversity makes it difficult for the nurse to choose the right type. Although the most important reason to use a wound dress is to protect the wound from infection and prevent infection, but in fact, the main purpose of using these materials is to speed up the wound healing process. Traumatic injuries result in an epithelial wound that disrupts the continuity of the skin surface. These differences reveal as abrasions, punctures, and injuries. Wounds are divided into two types; the skin is either cut or ruptured, including deep wounds and bruises, or surface wounds. Expedited wound healing has been considered since the archaic era of human civilization, with the earliest reported case from the Ancient Egyptians. Wound lesions in mummified humans were observed to be cover with animal skin, with signs of (primary/secondary) wound healing present. A "new wound dressing" is an advanced wound dress used in wound management as biocompatible and biodegradable biomaterials that heal wounds and burns. In the past, it was believed that dry wounds had expedited healing and wet wounds have been found to promote using re-epithelization and result in reduced scar formation. Wounds can be treated using various types of natural polymers and materials. Also, techniques like electrospinning and freeze-drying techniques can be used for the fabrication of standard wound dress. These wounds are associated with bandages, inflammation, bleeding, pain, and pus. In this work, we consider various types of wounds and techniques to treat the wound. Susceptibility to these areas, due to special symptoms for each of them. Products like hydrogels, hydrocolloids, films, sponges, and nano-fiber polymeric materials are used to promote healing. In this review, we examine the ideal products for the treatment of wounds in diabetic patients.

Influence of a new protein-peptide complex on promoting skin wound healing in male BALB/c mice was studied. Protein-peptide complex, extracted from Sus scrofa immune organs, was percutaneously administered using two methods: by lecithin gel-like liquid crystals and by liquid microemulsion. On the fifth day, wound closure in mice with a linear wound model become faster in group (less 2 days comparison to other ones), which was treated with lecithin liquid crystals carrying the protein-peptide complex. This promoting healing can be caused by resorption of bioactive high-molecular compounds the animal skin. In mice with the linear wound model, the tensile strength of the scars were respectively higher both in mice, treated using lecithin liquid crystals with protein-peptide complex, and in mice, treated using microemulsion containing protein-peptide complex, by 215.4% and 161.5% relative to the animals, which did not receive bioactive substances for wound treatment. It was associated with the regeneratory effects of tissue- and species-specific protein-peptide complexes, including α-thymosin Sus scrofa (C3VVV8_PIG, m/z 3802.8) and other factors, which were described as parts of the new extracted complex. This reveals that percutaneous administration of the complex reliably activates local regenerative processes in animals.

Background and Objectives: The main purpose of the drug therapy of any disease is to maintain the desired therapeutic concen-tration of the drug for the entire duration of the treatment. The aim of this study is to formulate mixed essential oils loaded hydrogel, and evaluate its antibacterial activity against some pathogens. Materials and Methods: Different hydrogels were formulated by using different concentration of essential oils. Antibacterial evaluation was done using disk diffusion method. Screening for antibacterial activity of essential oils were studied prior to hydrogel formulation to compare the changes in activity after incorporation in the hydrogel. Results: Clove oil exhibited the strongest activity towards all the tested pathogens, compared to other tested essential oils (clove > cinnamon > tea tree > rosemary). The formulation containing mixed essential oils showed the best results, with synergistic effect against all tested pathogens. Hydrogels were further subjected to evaluation of physical properties like color, clarity, pH, viscosity and animal skin irritation study. The zone of inhibition of the final formulation containing only 3% from the selected three essential oils was between 18‐23 mm for S. aureus, 17‐20mm for E. coli, and 14‐18mm for P. aeruginosa. The hydrogels were non-irritant, stable, and free of any microbes at room temperature. Conclusion: Activity of essential oils was much affected by incorporation in hydrogel. The loaded hydrogel showed better antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms used in the study, despite the need for clinical studies to determine of the effectiveness and potential toxic effects in-vivo.

Background Skin being the largest organ of the human body plays a very important role in the permeation and penetration of the drug. In addition, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) plays a major role in managing dermal infections and attaining sustained plasma drug concentration. Thus, evaluation of percutaneous penetration of the drug through the skin is important in developing TDDS for human use. Material and methods Various techniques are used for getting the desired drug penetration, permeation, and absorption through the skin in managing these dermal disorders. The development of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms for dermal use is much explored in the current era. However, it is very important to evaluate these methods to determine the bioequivalence and risk of these topically applied drugs, which ultimately penetrate and are absorbed through the skin. Results Currently, numerous skin permeation models are being developed and persuasively used in studying dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) profile and various models have been developed, to evaluate the TDD which include ex vivo human skin, ex vivo animal skin, and artificial or reconstructed skin models. Conclusion This review discusses the general physiology of the skin, the physiochemical characteristics affecting particle penetration, understand the models used for human skin permeation studies and understanding their advantages, and disadvantages.

In the central plain of China, grinding tools are a common category of artefacts at sites attributed to the Peiligang Culture (c. 9000-7000 BP). This paper focuses on the grinding tool assemblage from the site of Tanghu, the largest Peiligang Culture settlement yet discovered. The results from the microwear and residue analyses both suggest that cereals were the primary plant material processed with the grinding tools. Other plants, including acorns and underground storage organs, were also processed, but probably to a smaller extent. Furthermore, microwear analysis suggests that the dry-grinding technique was adopted for cereal processing, and a piece of hide or animal skin was placed underneath the grinding slabs to gather the processed plant material. Apart from plant food processing, one of the grinding tools was also involved in processing bone. These data put more insights into the Neolithic culinary practices and different uses of grinding tools in this region.

In this paper, we explore digitally fabricated aesthetic enhancements and modifications of the body as well as digitally fabricated fauna habitats. We will address how we utilize speculative works through our bio inspired digitally fabricated designs via two of our most recent projects: {skin} D.E.E.P. and in silico et in situ. Through these two projects we explore cultural implications of the intersection of technology and biologically inspired art/design. Technology has provided an ever increasing amount of data which has facilitated the way data can be used in aesthetic explorations. Technology can redefine the human experience by enhancing our senses, experiences, and forms of expression. In our work {skin} D.E.E.P., we explore these ideas via augmentation through wearables and biomimetic expressions on the skin through digitally fabricated prosthetics. {skin} D.E.E.P. employs temporary biomimetic skin patterns via wearable 3D printed exoskeletons. The first series of this work mimics the patterns and textures of animal skin via ephemeral impressions onto human skin. Taking inspiration from shedding snakeskin, we shed the outer layer by removing the 3D printed prosthesis. The epidermis retains the negative imprint of the prosthetic mimicking the look of serpent skin. The dermis reestablishes the smooth form of the human skin as it heals itself within the hour, erasing the ephemeral imprint, symbolically representing rebirth and renewal. Investigating the ephemeral aesthetic of textured patterns on human skin will not by any means provide a solution to an engineering problem, yet acts as a larger philosophical basis to conduct a discussion about the possibilities of blending bio inspired designs. The manifestation of data into physical form occurs via digital fabrication in our most recent series in silico et in situ: fauna habitats in the age of voxels, where we aim to create a new ecosystem for animals and to potentially augment their habitat. The habitats include pollinator waterers, spider habitats (in form of glow up rings) and turtle basking platforms. This project pushes forward with a new piece—the development of a 20-foot avian sculpture that will solely exist to support the habitat of the Chimney Swift species. The Chimney Swift is a near-threatened bird species in the US. in silico et in situ investigates the interplay of art, nature and technology by contextualizing sculptural works and placing these sculptures into nature. The project serves as a breeding ground for a larger dialogue about nature, culture, human intervention, design art and technology. Providing the artwork in the public sphere, barrier free in nature, fosters this discourse.

Enzymatic interventions in animal skin processing are increasingly being considered as safe and benign technology options due to the reduction and replacement of potential harmful chemicals. In this study, galactosidases have been employed for rehydration of preserved skins and hides to improve the process efficiency and minimize hazardous sodium sulfide. The purpose of rehydration is to ensure the skin is hydrated uniformly to facilitate subsequent physico-chemical processes of leather making. Improper rehydration leads to reduction in the quality and value of the leather. The efficacy of the enzymatic process was studied using histological images and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Pollution load changes and the extent of carbohydrate removal were also quantified. The study indicates possibility for substantial reduction in process duration and water input (up to 30%) during rehydration of preserved animal skins when galactosidases are used as rehydration aid without affecting the quality of the leather. Thus use of galactosidases in rehydration ensures uniform accelerated rehydration and provides significant environmental benefits to tanning industry, by reducing harmful substances in subsequent operations.

Reading Thomas Day’s Seven Seconds to Become an Eagle (2013), this article shows how the human body distinguishes itself from the nonhuman and then how the nonhuman turn inaugurates the emancipatory imagination in the Anthropocene. Many studies of the Anthropocene have approached the problem from a global and universalizing perspective, overlooking problems of race, sex, and class. Few have looked at the material agency of nature or animism. Current ecological crises have revealed the vulnerability and permeability of the human body. Day’s stories reveal trans-corporeality and deconstruct ontological divisions between nature and culture, human and nonhuman, in the process showing the human failure to control nature. Most strikingly trans-corporeal in his stories is the hybridity of the animal skin and the human blood. This article argues that animism is a powerful theoretical weapon not only for deconstructing human exceptionalism but for re-imagining human and nonhuman relationships.

A few types of cheeses ripened in an animal skin sack are produced around the world: Sir iz mišine (Croatia), Sir iz mijeha (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro), Tulum and Divle Cave (Turkey), Bouhezza (Algeria) and Darfiyeh (Lebanon). Pronounced and piquant taste, flavour and aroma of these cheeses originate from intensive lipolysis and proteolysis as a result of specific anaerobic conditions inside the skin sack, autochthonous microorganisms from raw milk and skin, as well as their manufacturing procedure. The specific and complex biochemical changes that occur during ripening of cheeses in animal skin sacks have become of great interest to researchers, and numerous studies have been conducted over the last decade. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the specificities of proteolytic and lipolytic changes that occur during ripening of cheese in the animal skin sack, which cause the characteristic volatile compounds profile. Moreover, the manufacturing procedures and physico-chemical properties of cheeses is shown due to their relationship with biochemical reactions during cheese ripening. As biochemical changes during ripening directly influence sensory attributes of cheese, which determine consumer preference, this review could provide practical data for cheesemakers to prevent negative consequences of overly intensive biochemical changes during cheese ripening, and so improve the quality of this kind of cheeses.

The ability to measure and monitor wildlife populations is important for species management and conservation. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to rapidly detect physiological traits from wildlife scat and other body materials could play an important role in the conservation of species. Previous research has demonstrated the potential for NIRS to detect diseases such as the novel COVID-19 from saliva, parasites from feces, and numerous other traits from animal skin, hair, and scat, such as cortisol metabolites, diet quality, sex, and reproductive status, that may be useful for population monitoring. Models developed from NIRS data use light reflected from a sample to relate the variation in the sample’s spectra to variation in a trait, which can then be used to predict that trait in unknown samples based on their spectra. The modelling process involves calibration, validation, and evaluation. Data sampling, pre-treatments, and the selection of training and testing datasets can impact model performance. We review the use of NIRS for measuring physiological traits in animals that may be useful for wildlife management and conservation and suggest future research to advance the application of NIRS for this purpose.

Applications of mathematical models to developmental biology have provided helpful insight into various subfields, ranging from the patterning of animal skin to the development of complex organ systems. Systems involved in patterning within morphology present a unique path to explain self-organizing systems. Current efforts show that patterning systems, notably Reaction-Diffusion and specific signaling pathways, provide insight for explaining morphology and could provide novel applications revolving around the formation of biological systems. Furthermore, the application of pattern formation provides a new perspective on understanding developmental biology and pathology research to study molecular mechanisms. The current review is to cover and take a more in-depth overlook at current applications of patterning systems while also building on the principles of patterning of future research in predictive medicine.

Leather manufacturing is the process of transforming animal skin into high value-added commodity. As a crucial step in the leather producing process, conventional chrome tanning could lead to discharge of chromium contaminant due to the low efficiency of chromium uptake. In this paper, a series of polyethylene glycol triazine derivatives’ tanning agent (PT) with different molecule weight was synthesized with one-step method and applied in the main tanning of hide. The chemical structure of the PT was detected by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The application experimental results indicated that after 16% of PT tanning at pH of 6, the wet-white was endowed with shrinkage temperature over 80°C and thickening rate over 108%. The experimental results indicated that the PT tanning leather not only have a better physical and mechanical properties than commercial triazine derivatives tanning agent, but also the leather is endowed with the effects of outstanding thermal properties. Considering that the pickling process became unnecessary, a large number of neutral salts could be avoided, the chromium load in spent liquor decreased from 1288 mg/L to 0, and the total dissolved chlorine in spent liquor decreased from 15,360 to 9581 mg/L; no toxic and harmful substances such as chromium and aldehyde are introduced into the tanning process. Compared with the leather tanned with commercial triazine derivatives’ tanning agent, the leather tanned with PT showed a similar overall tanning properties and better environmental friendliness, which makes PT matches the integral requirements of the modern sustainable leather industry.

Skin crackers are foods whose raw materials come from animals. As one of the leading culinary products in Garut Regency, the production of Sukaregang skin crackers is the result of people's economic activities that contribute to improving economic prosperity. Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee will be effective in 2019, where halal products are required to have a halal certificate, before including the halal label on the packaging. The purpose of this article is to analyze the acquisition of processed animal skin certificates in Garut Regency from the perspective of the Minister of Agriculture's regulation. The conclusion of this article is that Halal products must meet the halal and thayyib requirements. Products whose raw materials come from processed animals must come from Halal Certified Abattoirs, raw materials for Sukaregang skin crackers originating from leather supplied from Abattoirs that have no evidence that these raw materials are sourced from halal certified abattoirs, so 2019 targets are difficult to meet and will affect the people's economy. In Indonesia, there are still few Slaughterhouses that have been halal certified, as well as in Garut Regency there are no Halal Slaughterhouses that are certified.

The speed of knockdown state occurrence, the height of ixodid mites climb on the fabric processed with ProfiLine antiparasitic drops and ProfiLine antiparasitic collar are determined. The composition of ProfiLine antiparasitic drops contains fipronil in combination with S-methoprene, in ProfiLine antiparasitic collar – propoxur. ProfiLine antiparasitic drops medicine is an insectoacaricide solution, which used in practical conditions one time by dot application on the animal skin. ProfiLine antiparasitic collar intends to permanent wearing by animal with the aim of prevention against ectoparasites. The effect of knockdown in all parasites was starting from disorientation, which means the mite started to move aside, then down and around. Time from the moment of crossing by parasites the lower border of site, processed by medicines, into their fall off, was amounted to: in test of ProfiLine antiparasitic drops - 0,50-3,54 minutes, in test of ProfiLine antiparasitic collar - 0,54-5,10 minutes, and in average - correspondently 1,46 and 2,23 minutes. Meanwhile the maximal height of mite climb in test with active ingredient fipronil+S-methoprene was from 8,1-13,5 cm, an average value of AH 10,6 сm, for propoxur - 7,1-26 cm and 15,64 cm. Besides it should be noted that average T10 value for ProfiLine antiparasitic drops was 47,4 sec, and ProfiLine antiparasitic collar - 40,03 sec, in control group - up to 36,6 sec. The time of parasites fall off from controll test was over 10 minutes, meanwhile the height of mite climb by test been maximal - up to the end of tape. The fall down mites were forwarded in clean utensils and observed during one hour. It was determined after the lapse of time, that all parasites from experimental group died, meanwhile the mites from controll group staying alive. The mites vitality was checking by their mobility and reaction to breath. Thus, ProfiLine antiparasitic drops has an expressed knockdown effect. The time of knockdown state occurrence is 1,46 minutes, when the average height of climb - 10,6 cm. ProfiLine antiparasitic collar has also an expressed knockdown effect, which is 2,23 minutes with the average height of climb 15,64 cm.

Realization of a needle-free drug delivery device can solve needle-caused problems. Recently, attention has been given to the use of a focused liquid jet instead of the use of the existing needle-free device that generates a turbulent liquid jet. This study experimentally visualized the penetration into a gel and animal skin of a focused liquid jet with a very high speed around 200 m/s. We first examined high-speed images to evaluate the dynamics of the jet penetration into a gel. We found that the penetration depth is determined within a short time $$t_p$$ (on the order of 0.01 ms). $$t_p$$ is similar to $$L/V_j$$ , where L and $$V_j$$ are, respectively, the penetration depth and the impact speed of the jet tip. We then investigated the overall shape of the penetration site represented by the length ratio $$\alpha =L/W$$ , where W is the width of the penetration site. Remarkably, the ratio $$\alpha$$ is greater than unity for a gel, as well as for the animal skin. This suggests that the focused liquid jet can create a narrow penetration site into the target.

While many natural and artificial surfaces may appear dry, they are in fact covered by thin liquid films and microdroplets invisible to the naked eye known as microscopic surface wetness (MSW). Central to the formation and the retention of MSW are the deliquescent properties of hygroscopic salts that prevent complete drying of wet surfaces or that drive the absorption of water until dissolution when the relative humidity is above a salt-specific level. As salts are ubiquitous, MSW occurs in many microbial habitats, such as soil, rocks, plant leaf, and root surfaces, the built environment, and human and animal skin. While key properties of MSW, including very high salinity and segregation into droplets, greatly affect microbial life therein, it has been scarcely studied, and systematic studies are only in their beginnings. Based on recent findings, we propose that the harsh micro-environment that MSW imposes, which is very different from bulk liquid, affects key aspects of bacterial ecology including survival traits, antibiotic response, competition, motility, communication, and exchange of genetic material. Further research is required to uncover the fundamental principles that govern microbial life and ecology in MSW. Such research will require multidisciplinary science cutting across biology, physics, and chemistry, while incorporating approaches from microbiology, genomics, microscopy, and computational modeling. The results of such research will be critical to understand microbial ecology in vast terrestrial habitats, affecting global biogeochemical cycles, as well as plant, animal, and human health.

International audience; This chapter discusses the role of energy absorption in a reverberation chamber and some related applications. The composite Q-factor is the key indicator of the total amount of losses in a reverberation chamber since it quantifies the energy stored (per unit of time) per unit of transmitted/dissipated power. In a first part of this chapter, we settled the definition of this composite quality factor and described a method to estimate it in different ways with a set of two antennas. The scattering parameters at antenna ports enable to estimate the composite Q-factor in three different ways and enables to check for the enhanced backscattered coefficient. Obviously, an accurate enough estimation requires a high number of RC states. We suggest that averaging over small frequency bands is a solution to minimize intrinsic statistical variation of Q-factors estimated from a limited set of stirrer positions. The first application consists of evaluating the average absorption cross section of any piece of material within the RC. This absorption coefficient is retrieved from the contrast of quality factors measurement before and after putting the material in the chamber. For simple geometries of the inserted absorber, it is possible to estimate its efficiency. Moreover, from the knowledge of the intrinsic EM properties of homogeneous and thick (with regard to the skin depth) materials, we showed that the measured AACS computed from the modification of the Q-factor is consistent with the theoretical one. This last fact was at the origin of a specific calibration procedure for mm-wave RC dedicated to animal exposure. This is the second application of this chapter. In order to calibrate the EM dose during exposure, the power density in the RC must be controlled and proved to be consistent with the expected temperature rise. Using a rectangular homogeneous phantom, mimicking the properties of animal’s skin, we show that the temperature rise at its surface and measured with an infrared camera was indeed predictable. On a theoretical point of view, the measurement of the Q-factor, the knowledge of intrinsic parameters of the phantom and the properties of the diffuse field in the RC fully determine the heat deposition on the phantom surface. Solving the heat-equation gives then the correct temperature rise prediction with a reasonable accuracy. Chapter Contents: • 6.1 Losses and Q-factor • 6.1.1 Role of losses in a RC • 6.1.2 Definition of the Q-factor • 6.1.3 Origin of losses and their contribution to the Q-factor • 6.1.4 Q-Factor measurements • 6.1.4.1 Test setup for Q-factor measurements • 6.1.4.2 Q-Factor measurements using the full scattering matrix • 6.1.4.3 Q-Factor measurements using the reflection coefficient from each antenna • 6.1.4.4 QTx and QRx measurements • 6.1.4.5 Experimental results of Q-factor estimation • 6.2 The average absorption effective area of an object in a RC • 6.2.1 The Q-factor of an object in a RC and its average absorption cross section • 6.2.2 Theoretical absorbing cross section of a rectangular piece of absorbing material • 6.2.3 Measurement examples • 6.3 Dosimetry for animals • 6.3.1 Using RC for animal exposure • 6.3.2 Theory about heat transfer in a RC • 6.3.2.1 The phantom • 6.3.2.2 The heat equation • 6.3.2.3 The electrothermal coupling • 6.3.2.4 The 1-D approximation • 6.3.2.5 Solution of the 1-D heat equation • 6.3.3 Experimental validation • 6.4 Discussion • References. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2021.

People have felt the need for protection both in daily life and during the war throughout history, and as a result of these needs, they have been constantly searching for new materials to find better protection. People have used different kinds of materials for protection from animal skin, wood, metals, and now composites. Different kinds of protective armors had made up till now for protection from different threats. With the emergence of ballistic science, the work in this area has gained momentum, and it has become more important to check whether the designed products meet the desired needs. There are several international standards used to test the effectiveness of ballistic protection from different threats. Within the scope of these standards, performance of ballistic protective armors is investigated, and their effectiveness is determined. This chapter includes recent and current research trends for protection against ever-expanding ballistics. It also includes solutions for next-generation threats like new materials that were invented recently and will be used in future ballistic armors. It also includes as a part the green solutions for ballistics that used renewable resources and provides eco-friendly protective solutions.

This article tries to offer a new perspective on parchment, mainly with regard to animals whose skins were, and sometimes still are, used to manufacture this writing material. A short outline of the manufacturing process serves as a basis and is complemented by a similarly short history of development and usage. Subsequently, some calculations, which should not be taken too seriously, may illustrate the huge number of animals that had to be slaughtered to produce enough parchment for all the codices in the older collections of our libraries. The second main topic is the animals who served as the main source for parchment during the German Middle Ages, namely sheep, goats and cattle. Therefore aspects of zooarchaeology and agricultural history are brought up here as well. Dieser Artikel unternimmt den Versuch, das Thema Pergament um einige Blickwinkel zu erweitern, die hauptsächlich die Tiere betreffen, aus deren Häuten dieser Beschreibstoff hergestellt wird bzw. wurde. Ein kurzer Abriss zum Herstellungsprozess dient dabei als Grundlage, die um eine ebenso knappe historische Entwicklungs- und Nutzungsgeschichte ergänzt wird. Anschließend werden einige nicht allzu ernst gemeinte quantitative Zahlenspielereien präsentiert, um die schiere Zahl der geschlachteten Tiere zu zeigen, die für die in den Altbeständen befindlichen Pergamentcodices notwendig gewesen sein müssten. Der zweite Hauptpunkt des Artikels ergänzt einige archäozoologische und agrarhistorische Aspekte zu den wichtigsten pergamentliefernden Tieren, also zu Schafen, Ziegen und Rindern, im deutschen Mittelalter.

Potential pathogen transmission through hematophagy in Culicidae is a major public-health problem, and several studies have been performed to better understand this phenomenon. Research on these insects often requires the maintenance of colonies in the laboratory. Due to the hematophagic habits of these organisms, blood must be provided in order to guarantee the reproduction of individuals that constitute the colonies. Some species of mammals and birds are used as a direct blood source in many laboratories. Due to current bioethical parameters, the direct use of animals has been replaced by artificial blood feeding by using synthetic membranes to simulate animal skin. In this study, the efficiency of collagen and latex in the artificial feeding of mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus species was evaluated and compared with Parafilm&reg, a standard membrane that is frequently used for this purpose. Important aspects of the feeding and reproduction of these insects were considered. For both species, latex showed the poorest performance. Collagen membrane performed well in most parameters, but was not as efficient as Parafilm&reg, for fecundity in Aedes aegypti, and for the percentage of engorged females in Culex quinquefasciatus. We concluded that, although collagen is more resistant and easier to handle, Parafilm&reg, was the most efficient among the three evaluated membranes for the artificial blood feeding of mosquitoes.

Scabies is a disease caused by the Sarcoptes Scabiei mite and can affect humans and animals. In animals, this disease is recognized by crusted skin on the ears, nose, and feet, but if the disease is not treated immediately, the mites will spread throughout the animal's body and can even cause death.Image processing has been done a lot to classify diseases in humans and plants, but there are still a few that involve scabies in animals, so in this research the authors build a system that can classify animal skin images into two classes, namely animals with scabies disease, and animals with other skin diseases.The Uniform Local Binary Pattern feature extraction method has been proven to optimize the feature extraction results and minimize the processing time for the feature extraction process, so the system is built by processing the dataset using the Uniform Local Binary Pattern method and the Random Forest classification method so that the system performance reaches 52%