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Animal diseases are a major concern to animal welfare, human health and the global economy. Early detection, prevention and control of these animal diseases are crucial to ensure sustainability of livestock sector, to reduce farm losses and protecting public health. Points of care (POC) devices are small, portable instruments that provide rapid results thus reduce the risk of disease transmission and enable early intervention. CRISPR based diagnostics offer more accurate and efficient solution for monitoring animal health due to their quick response, can detect very low level of pathogenic organism or disease markers and specificity. These diagnostics are particularly useful in the in area with limited resources or access to common diagnostic methods, especially in developing countries. The ability of electrochemical sensors to detect accurately very low analyte concentration makes them suitable for POC diagnostics and field application. CRISPR base electrochemical biosensors show great potential in revolutionizing disease detection and diagnosis including animal health. However, challenges, such as achieving selectivity and sensitivity, need to be addressed to enhance the competitiveness of these biosensors. Currently, most CRISPR based bioassay research focuses on nucleic acid target detection, but researchers exploring to monitor small organic/inorganic non-nucleic acid molecules like toxins and proteins. Emerging diagnostics would be centered on CRISPR-Cas system will offer great potential as an accurate, specific and effective means to identify microorganism, virus, toxins, small molecules, peptides and nucleic acid related to various animal health disorders particularly when integrated into electrochemical biosensing platform. • Overviewed the potential of electrochemical CRISPR based diagnostics for monitoring animal health. • Application of cis-clevage activity of CRISPR- Cas system for Electrochemical bioassay has reviewed. • Emphasized the application of Electrochemical CRISPR-Cas system in clinical diagnosis and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent interest in contextualized care (United Kingdom) or spectrum of care (United States) has encouraged veterinary professionals to revisit the concept of shared decision making between the veterinary healthcare team and clients. Using a popular model of shared decision making-choice talk, options talk, and decision talk-can help ensure that clients know they have choices, understand the risks and benefits of each choice, and can participate as much as they would like in deciding the treatment for their pet. Shared decision making helps ensure that clients are informed and satisfied with their treatment choice and that veterinarians are comfortable knowing they have received client consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired myasthenia gravis is a common neuromuscular disease that affects dogs more than cats. It is an immunemediated condition affecting the neuromuscular junction; treatment requires use of anticholinesterase medications and possibly other medications including immunosuppressants (e.g., prednisone, mycophenolate, cyclosporine). Treatment can also include supportive care, including elevated feedings, modifications to food and water administration, and constant monitoring for development of aspiration pneumonia. There are also alternative therapies for myasthenia gravis that should be further evaluated. The long-term prognosis is guarded, and longterm management can be frustrating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otitis media results from a multitude of factors that cause inflammation of the lining of the tympanic cavity and/or structures of the middle ear, including infections, middle ear polyps, and neoplasms. Cats with otitis media can be asymptomatic or exhibit clinical signs of otitis externa, neurologic deficits, or upper respiratory tract disease. A therapeutic challenge is presented by cats' unique, almost complete, septum bulla in the ventral cavity of the middle ear. Diagnosis of otitis media relies on visualization of material in the middle ear by otoscopy or imaging. Treatment requires management of the underlying cause as well as removal of the material in the middle ear by minimally invasive (e.g., myringotomy and bulla lavage) or surgical (e.g., ventral bulla osteotomy) techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough understanding of the indications and local anatomy are important for successful removal of the axillary and superficial inguinal lymph nodes. This article provides anatomic landmarks for the axillary and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, reviews the surgical approach to removal of these lymph nodes, and discusses surgical considerations and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the clinical signs, different causes, and approach to the clinical diagnosis of, and current therapies for, pulmonary hypertension in dogs. Echocardiography is the most commonly used test to diagnose pulmonary hypertension in dogs, although it may not be accessible for all patients. In its absence, other diagnostics can be performed in general practice to increase the index of suspicion. Successful management of pulmonary hypertension requires identification of the underlying cause and implementation of specific, targeted treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the treatment for chronic enteropathy often included empiric use of antimicrobial drugs. It is now known that most dogs with chronic enteropathy have intestinal dysbiosis, a hallmark of the disease; therefore, the use of antimicrobials may perpetuate or even further the dysbiosis and clinical signs. The currently recommended treatment of chronic enteropathy in dogs is multimodal, with the first consideration being nutritional intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of public awareness, educational emphasis, and research, tick-transmitted diseases in cats often take a back seat to those in dogs. While there is evidence that cats are parasitized by ticks and clinically affected by common tick-transmitted infections less often than dogs, some tick-transmitted infections can significantly affect feline health, and the importance of tick control for cats should not be overlooked. This article reviews the incidence and risk of tick parasitism in cats along with common tick-transmitted diseases and their relevance to feline health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is a commonly encountered disorder in veterinary medicine that manifests as recurring epileptic seizures. Epilepsy can be the result of genetic changes that result in abnormal neuronal function, or the result of a physical abnormality in the brain such as a tumor or inflammation. Treatment revolves around controlling epileptic seizures, most often with antiseizure medications. Several antiseizure medications, such as bromide, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and zonisamide, are used in veterinary medicine. The decision about which antiseizure medication to initiate in a patient will depend on clinician and client preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livestock industry faces significant challenges, with disease outbreaks being a particularly devastating issue. These diseases can disrupt the food supply chain and the livelihoods of those involved in the sector. To address this, there is a growing need to enhance the health and well‐being of livestock animals, ultimately improving their performance while minimizing their environmental impact. To tackle the considerable challenge posed by disease epidemics, multiomics approaches offer an excellent opportunity for scientists, breeders, and policymakers to gain a comprehensive understanding of animal biology, pathogens, and their genetic makeup. This understanding is crucial for enhancing the health of livestock animals. Multiomic approaches, including phenomics, genomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, microbiomics, and metaproteomics, are widely employed to assess and enhance animal health. High‐throughput phenotypic data collection allows for the measurement of various fitness traits, both discrete and continuous, which, when mathematically combined, define the overall health and resilience of animals, including their ability to withstand diseases. Omics methods are routinely used to identify genes involved in host‐pathogen interactions, assess fitness traits, and pinpoint animals with disease resistance. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) help identify the genetic factors associated with health status, heat stress tolerance, disease resistance, and other health‐related characteristics, including the estimation of breeding value. Furthermore, the interaction between hosts and pathogens, as observed through the assessment of host gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in shaping animal health and, consequently, their performance. Integrating and analyzing various heterogeneous datasets to gain deeper insights into biological systems is a challenging task that necessitates the use of innovative tools. Initiatives like MiBiOmics, which facilitate the visualization, analysis, integration, and exploration of multiomics data, are expected to improve prediction accuracy and identify robust biomarkers linked to animal health. In this review, we discuss the details of multiomics concerning the health and well‐being of livestock animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that poses a significant threat to both human health and livestock. Effective preparedness and response to anthrax outbreak at the district level is essential to mitigate the devastating impact of the disease to humans and animals. The current diseaae surveillance in animals and humans uses two different infrastructure systems with online platform supported by established diagnostic facilities. The differences in surveillance systems affect timely outbreak response especially for zoonotic diseases like anthrax. We therefore aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing a simulation exercise for a potential anthrax outbreak in a local government setting and to raise the suspicion index of different district stakeholders for a potential anthrax outbreak in Namisindwa District, Uganda. Methods: We conducted a field-based simulation exercise and a health education intervention using quantitative data collection methods. The study participants mainly members of the District Taskforce (DTF) were purposively selected given their role(s) in disease surveillance and response at the sub-national level. We combined 26 variables (all dichotomized) assessing knowledge on anthrax and knowledge on appropriate outbreak response measures into an additive composite index. We then dichotomized overall score based on the 80% blooms cutoff i.e. we considered those scoring at least 80% to have high knowledge, otherwise low. We then assessed the factors associated with knowledge using binary logistic regression with time as a proxy for the intervention effect. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence intervals (95%CI) have been reported. Results: The overall district readiness score was 35.0% (24/69) and was deficient in the following domains: coordination and resource mobilization (5/16), surveillance (5/11), laboratory capacity (3/10), case management (4/7), risk communications (4/12), and control measures (4/13). The overall community readiness score was 7 out of 32 (22.0%). We noted poor scores of readiness in all domains except for case management (2/2). The knowledge training did not have an effect on the overall readiness score, but improved specific domains such as control measures. Instead tertiary education was the only independent predictor of higher knowledge on anthrax and how to respond to it (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.07–2.31). Training did not have a significant association with overall knowledge improvement but had an effect on several individual knowledge aspects. Conclusion: We found that the district's preparedness to respond to a potential anthrax outbreak was inadequate, especially in coordination and mobilisation, surveillance, case management, risk communication and control measures. The health education training intervention showed increased knowledge levels compared to the pre-test and post-test an indicator that the health education sessions could increase the index of suspicion. The low preparedness underscores the urgency to strengthen anthrax preparedness in the district and could have implications for other districts. We deduce that trainings of a similar nature conducted regularly and extensively would have better effects. This study's insights are valuable for improving anthrax readiness and safeguarding public and animal health in similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Thrush is the term commonly used to describe nonproliferative pododermatitis of the frog epidermis caused by a bacterial infection. Thrush is commonly encountered in veterinary and farrier practices yet information on the pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of the disease in the equine veterinary literature is lacking. There is a plethora of proposed products and treatments on the market for thrush, yet most lack clinical evidence of efficacy. Clinical signs of thrush can range from black exudate in the sulci of the frog accompanied by a foul odour to bacterial invasion of the frog corium and digital cushion resulting in lameness. Thrush is primarily encountered in a conformationally compromised hoof capsule that is generally associated with an unhealthy frog. As thrush is rarely encountered in a healthy frog, it is important to focus on the farrier practices that may play a role in both the pathogenesis of thrush and its prevention. For successful treatment and prevention of thrush, good basic farrier principles must be incorporated into the treatment protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to consider the full spectrum of complex interactions between mineral elements and biologically active substances to evaluate the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in animals, in addition to the classical physiological approach. This study aimed to assess changes in mineral element levels in wild and exotic animals in relation to their cardiovascular diseases. A total of 171 animals, including 128 healthy and 43 sick animals from three Russian zoos, were sampled and analyzed. For the first time, species from the canine (nine) and feline (seven) families from Moscow, Ivanovo, and Yaroslavl zoos in the Central Federal District of Russia were selected. A total of 108 samples from canines and 63 samples from feline animals were collected. Mineral element measurements were conducted on 1026 samples via a "Kvant-2A" atomic absorption spectrometer from Russia. Correlation and regression analyses were performed. CVDs were found in 10.1% of the studied animals, with a high percentage of heart muscle pathologies noted (25.8% of all CVDs). Iron (Fe) accumulated in canine and feline fur at approximately 208 and 203 mg/kg, with variations of 72.8% and 80.9%, respectively. A significant decrease in Fe and an increase in cadmium (Cd) during CVD were observed (correlations r = 0.25 and r = 0.16, respectively). The dysregulation of Fe homeostasis, increased absorption, and accumulation of Fe in the reticuloendothelial system are discussed. Finally, the mineral elements absorbed by canine and feline fur can be ranked in descending order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1960s, more than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced into the lives of humans and domestic animals. Many of them have become part of modern life and some are affecting nature as pollutants. Yet, our comprehension of their potential health risks for both humans and animals remains partial. The “epithelial barrier theory” suggests that genetic predisposition and exposure to diverse factors damaging the epithelial barriers contribute to the emergence of allergic and autoimmune conditions. Impaired epithelial barriers, microbial dysbiosis, and tissue inflammation have been observed in a high number of mucosal inflammatory, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases, many of which showed increased prevalence in the last decades. Pets, especially cats and dogs, share living spaces with humans and are exposed to household cleaners, personal care products, air pollutants, and microplastics. The utilisation of cosmetic products and food additives for pets is on the rise, unfortunately, accompanied by less rigorous safety regulations than those governing human products. In this review, we explore the implications of disruptions in epithelial barriers on the well‐being of companion animals, drawing comparisons with humans, and endeavour to elucidate the spectrum of diseases that afflict them. In addition, future research areas with the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental well‐being are highlighted in line with the “One Health” concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologic research on zoonotic tuberculosis historically used Mycobacterium bovis as a surrogate measure; however, increased reports of human tuberculosis caused by other animal-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members like Mycobacterium orygis necessitates their inclusion. We performed a retrospective cohort study including persons infected with any animal-lineage M tuberculosis complex species in Alberta, Canada, from January 1995 to July 2021, identifying 42 patients (20  M bovis , 21  M orygis , 1 M caprae). Demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics were compared against persons with culture-confirmed M tuberculosis infection. The proportion of culture-positive infections caused by M orygis increased continuously from 2016 to 2020. Significantly more females at a higher median age were impacted by M orygis , with all patients originating from South Asia. Mycobacterium bovis caused significantly more extrapulmonary disease and disproportionately impacted young females, particularly those pregnant or postpartum. All infections were acquired abroad. These findings can aid in developing targeted public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several new species of Leishmania have recently emerged in Europe, probably as the result of global changes and increased human migration from endemic areas. In this study, we tested whether two sand fly species, the Western Mediterranean Phlebotomus perniciosus and the Eastern Mediterranean P. tobbi, are competent vectors of L. donovani, L. major and L. martiniquensis. Methodology/principal findings: Sand flies were infected through the chick skin membrane using Leishmania species and strains of various geographical origins. Leishmania infections were evaluated by light microscopy and qPCR, and the representation of morphological forms was assessed from Giemsa-stained gut smears. Neither P. perniciosus nor P. tobbi supported the development of L. martiniquensis, but L. major and L. donovani in both species survived defecation of blood meal remnants, colonized the stomodeal valve and produced metacyclic stages. The results with L donovani have shown that infection rates in sand flies can be strain-specific; therefore, to determine vector competence or refractoriness, it is optimal to test at least two strains of Leishmania. Conclusions, significance: Both sand fly species tested are potential vectors of L. donovani and L. major in Mediterranean area. However, further studies will be needed to identify European vectors of L. martiniquensis and to test the ability of other European sand fly species to transmit L. major, L. donovani, L. tropica and L. infantum. Author summary: Leishmaniases are serious human and animal diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), transmitted by blood-feeding insects–phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). They are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but recently the ranges of the vectors have spread more into temperate regions. In Europe, species of Leishmania that were previously absent have emerged, mainly due to the mass migration of the refugees from endemic areas. It is therefore important to know whether local sand flies can transmit these "new" Leishmania species. In our study, we tested two widely distributed sand fly species, P. perniciosus and P. tobbi. In both of them, L. major and L. donovani completed their development, thus P. perniciosus and P. tobbi are potential vectors of these parasites. The third Leishmania species tested, L. martiniquensis, which has been repeatedly recorded in central Europe, did not survive in P. perniciosus and P. tobbi; its vectors have yet to be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rabies is a disease of warm-blooded animals that affects the central nervous system and is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs develop. It is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in several areas of the world, including Ethiopia. Additionally, the burden of the disease is estimated to be high in Ethiopia, and public awareness contributes to prevention. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from June–August 2023 in the Gomma district, Jimma zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of communities towards rabies and associated risk factors using a structured questionnaire survey. A multi-stage sampling technique was used for the selection of the sampling units and a total of 140 participants were interviewed. The questionnaire parts included socio-demographics information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community's respect for rabies management and control. The data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 20. Descriptive analyses were employed and multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the association between independent and dependent variables (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice scores). Results: About 134 (95.7%) respondents had heard about rabies. Likewise, 75 (53.6%), 55 (39.3%), and 95 (67.9%) of the respondents had good knowledge, favorable attitudes, and good practices, respectively. Christians were more likely to have higher knowledge scores than Muslims (AOR = 6.876, CI = 1.750–27.016, p = 0.006). Respondents who knew someone's exposure had a higher knowledge score than those who did not (AOR = 6.208, CI = 2.750–14.012, p = 0.000). Moreover, Muslims were found to have a more favorable attitudes than Christians (AOR = 5.518, CI = 1.199–25.391, p = 0.028). Those who knew someone's exposure to rabies were found to have a more favorable attitudes than those who did not (AOR = 2.367, CI = 1.157–4.839, p = 0.018). Respondents who had favorable attitudes towards rabies were found to have more good practices than unfavorable attitudes (AOR = 3.267, CI = 1.391, 7.730, p = 0.005). Conclusions: The study revealed a gap in knowledge among communities in the study area. Thus, rabies control activity and community awareness should be implemented with stakeholders. Author summary: In a comprehensive assessment conducted in the Gomma district of Jimma zone, Ethiopia, the community's knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rabies were assessed. While participants generally acknowledged domestic dogs and wild carnivores as the primary source of rabies and were able to identify various preventive measures such as avoiding dog bites and ensuring dog confinement, significant disparities were evident. Despite possessing a reasonable level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices were found to be inconsistent with effective rabies prevention. Notably, a prevalent belief persisted among participants that rabies could be cured through traditional herbal medicine, indicating a misconception regarding the disease's treatment. Additionally, a troubling trend emerged where animals involved in bite incidents were often killed instead of being quarantined, contrary to established guidelines. Recognizing the urgent need for intervention, the study emphasizes the critical role of enhancing awareness and promoting culturally and gender-sensitive educational programs. These initiatives should aim to rectify misconceptions, improve first aid practices, and foster appropriate healthcare-seeking behaviors among community members and healthcare providers alike. By implementing these multifaceted strategies, communities can work towards achieving a significant reduction in the burden of rabies and safeguarding public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) are closely related flaviviruses that can cause encephalitis in humans and related diseases in animals. In nature, both are transmitted by Culex, with wild birds, including jays, sparrows, and robins, serving as vertebrate hosts. WNV and SLEV circulate in the same environments and have recently caused concurrent disease outbreaks in humans. The extent that coinfection of mosquitoes or birds may alter transmission dynamics, however, is not well characterized. We therefore sought to determine if coinfection alters infection kinetics and virus levels in birds and infection rates in mosquitoes. Accordingly, American robins (Turdus migratorius), two species of mosquitoes, and vertebrate and invertebrate cells were infected with WNV and/or SLEV to assess how simultaneous exposure may alter infection outcomes. There was variable impact of coinfection in vertebrate cells, with some evidence that SLEV can suppress WNV replication. However, robins had comparable viremia and antibody responses regardless of coinfection. Conversely, in Culex cells and mosquitoes, we saw a minimal impact of simultaneous exposure to both viruses on replication, with comparable infection, dissemination, and transmission rates in singly infected and coinfected mosquitoes. Importantly, while WNV and SLEV levels in coinfected mosquito midguts were positively correlated, we saw no correlation between them in salivary glands and saliva. These results reveal that while coinfection can occur in both avian and mosquito hosts, the viruses minimally impact one another. The potential for coinfection to alter virus population structure or the likelihood of rare genotypes emerging remains unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Google has become an "increasing invisible information infrastructure" that "organizes the world's information," simultaneously shaping and organizing users through "ubiquitous googling" with keywords as a daily habit of new media. However, there is limited knowledge about how Google ranks information, intervenes, and the veracity of its search results. How can they be captured, analyzed, and understood in regard to search ecosystems? This article addresses these questions through a digital ethnography with a group of students as an "experiment in living" that investigates whether individuals receive so‐called "personalized" search results with the keyword "mink." The method of screenshotting makes permanent the top results, which can then be compared, offering a "partial perspective" as "situated knowledge." Building on previous empirical search studies using screenshotting, an analysis demonstrates that similar search results are obtained due to Google's recent tendency for "social relevance" and not individual "user relevance." Students were sorted and grouped into categories of others "like them," in this case dependent on a static university Internet Protocol address. This educational intervention contributes to screenshotting literature and feminist STS by introducing a method that empowers citizen agency, thereby contributing to developing strategies for generating more democratic, inclusive, and healthier information ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Australian alpaca industry is known for fibre production. Despite the growth of alpaca numbers since their introduction in the 1980s, little is known about their distribution or on-farm management practices in Australia. This study used an online survey to gain insight into the current demographics, animal management practices and key knowledge gaps. Of the 88 respondents, the majority were located in the high-rainfall areas of the east coast of Australia, which could be due to consistent year-round pasture availability and market access opportunities. Of the two alpaca breeds, the Huacaya accounted for 93% of the animal numbers reported in this survey. Twelve key pasture species were identified, with Kikuyu the most common, followed by Subterranean Clover and Phalaris, likely due to the high concentration of respondents in suitable high-rainfall environments. Pasture species were not identified by 25% of respondents. The off-label use of veterinary chemicals for disease and parasite control resulted in a variation in dosage rates and administration frequency, raising concerns for effective management. These results highlight important knowledge gaps in nutritional and health management practices that require further research and practical industry recommendations to improve alpaca health and productivity. The Australian alpaca industry has continued to grow since the introduction of alpacas in the 1980s. Little is known about the geographical distribution of alpacas or on-farm management practices. This study aimed to address this and identify key producer knowledge through an online survey. The survey consisted of 25 questions grouped into 3 areas: demographics, farm production and alpaca nutrition. The highest concentration of alpaca producers was along the east coast of Australia, primarily in high-rainfall zones, which could be attributed to more consistent year-round pasture availability and market access opportunities. The Huacaya breed accounted for 93% of the animal numbers reported in this survey. Respondents identified 12 key pasture species being grazed, with Kikuyu being the most common, followed by Subterranean Clover and Phalaris, likely due to the majority of respondents being located in suitable high-rainfall environments. Pasture species were not identified by 25% of respondents. There are no registered anthelmintics or vaccinations for alpacas, resulting in a variation in dosage rates and administration frequency, raising concerns for effective disease and parasite management. This survey has identified key knowledge gaps in alpaca management practices in Australia that will be further investigated to provide industry recommendations to improve alpaca production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca, or hydrops fetalis, is a fatal inherited disease reported in several species. Affected fetuses are stillborn and present with the buildup of fluid within body cavities and tissues and under-developed lungs and lymph tissues. The enlarged size of the fetus frequently results in difficult or obstructed labor. This is the first report of the disease in three flocks of Persian/Persian-cross sheep in Australia. We describe the pathology of affected fetuses and conducted genetic research that identified and validated a variant in the ADAMTS3 gene as the likely cause for this recessive disease in these sheep. A diagnostic DNA test was developed which allows selective breeding to reduce the risk of affected animals being born. Pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca, or hydrops fetalis, is characterized by stillbirth, diffuse oedema, and generalized lymph node hypoplasia. The enlarged fetus frequently causes dystocia. The disease has been reported in cattle and sheep as an inherited condition with a recessive mode of inheritance. This is the first report of the disease in Persian/Persian-cross sheep in Australia. Affected fetuses were reported from three flocks, and a total of eleven affected, eleven obligate carrier, and 188 related Persian/Persian-cross animals were available for analysis, as well as unrelated control animals. SNP genotyping revealed a region of homozygosity in affected animals on ovine chromosome six, which contained the functional candidate gene ADAMTS3. Whole genome sequencing of two affected fetuses and one obligate carrier ewe revealed a single nucleotide deletion, ENSOARG00000013204:g.87124344delC, located 3 bp downstream from a donor splice site region in the ADAMTS3 gene. Sanger sequencing of cDNA containing this variant further revealed that it is likely to introduce an early splice site in exon 14, resulting in a loss of 6 amino acids at the junction of exon 14 and intron 14/15. A genotyping assay was developed, and the ENSOARG00000013204:g.87124344delC segregated with disease in 209 animals, allowing for effective identification of carrier animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application T‐2 toxin is a member of class A aspergilloides toxins, one of the most prevalent mycotoxins that contaminate feed and food. Direct ingestion of animals or feed contaminated by T‐2 toxin can cause various animal diseases. Butyrate is an organic fatty acid featuring a four‐carbon chain, which is commonly found in the form of sodium butyrate (NaB). NaB has several biological functions and pharmacological effects. However, the role of sodium butyrate in alleviating T‐2 toxin–induced hepatorenal toxicity has not been explored. In this study, 240 juvenile quails were evenly assigned into 4 groups. The experimental setup comprised four groups: The control group received a standard diet; the toxin group received a diet containing 0.9 mg/kg T‐2 toxin; the butyrate group received a diet containing 0.5 g/kg NaB; and the T‐2 treatment group received a diet containing both 0.9 mg/kg T‐2 toxin and 0.5 g/kg NaB. We evaluated the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver on Days 14 and 28 and explored the molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and expression of nuclear xenobiotic receptors (NXRs). Our results showed that T‐2 toxin exposure–induced inflammation in the liver and kidney by activating the oxidative stress pathway and modulating expression of NXRs to regulate related CYP450 isoforms, ultimately leading to histopathological injury in the liver and kidney, whereas sodium butyrate ameliorated this injury. These results offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of sodium butyrate in mitigating T‐2 toxin–induced hepatorenal injury in juvenile quails.The mechanisms of T‐2 toxin toxicity have been well described in experimental animals, but studies in birds are limited. With the development of society, the market scale of quails farming has been expanding, and the value of quails meat and eggs is increasing; there is an urgent need to clarify the harm of T‐2 toxin to quails and its mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Madariaga virus (MADV), a member of the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) complex, circulates in Latin America and exhibits distinct evolutionary and ecological features compared to the North American EEEV. While published data have shed light on MADV ecology, several key aspects remain unknown. Methods: In this study, we compiled data on virus isolation, vector competence, and animal serology collected over six decades in Latin America to identify critical knowledge gaps on MADV transmission and ecology. Results: Specific vertebrate animals serving as amplifying hosts and the mosquito species acting as enzootic and epizootic vectors have not yet been identified. Other aspects that remain unclear are the virus current geographic distribution, the role of equines as hosts in epizootic cycles, and the full impact of MADV on human health in endemic regions. Conclusions: The numerous knowledge gaps surrounding MADV, its widespread distribution in Latin America, and its potential to cause severe disease in animals and humans emphasize the urgent need for increased research efforts, heightened awareness, and intensified surveillance towards this potential emerging threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylation profiles of animals are known to differ by age and disease status. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a complex infectious disease, primarily affects calves and has significant impact on animal welfare and the cattle industry, due to production losses, increased veterinary costs as well as animal losses. BRD susceptibility is multifactorial, influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. We have performed a pilot study to investigate the epigenetic profile of BRD susceptibility in six calves (three healthy versus three diagnosed with BRD) and age-related methylation differences between healthy calves and adult dairy cows (three calves versus four adult cows) using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS). We identified 2537 genes within differentially methylated regions between calves and adults. Functional analysis revealed enrichment of developmental pathways including cell fate commitment and tissue morphogenesis. Between healthy and BRD affected calves, 964 genes were identified within differentially methylated regions. Immune and vasculature regulatory pathways were enriched and key candidates in BRD susceptibility involved in complement cascade regulation, vasoconstriction and respiratory cilia structure and function were identified. Further studies with a greater sample size are needed to validate these findings and formulate integration into breeding programmes aiming to increase animal longevity and disease resistance. Epigenetic profiling using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing provides preliminary insights into the role of DNA methylation in ageing and bovine respiratory disease in UK dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bartonella spp. are opportunistic, vectorborne bacteria that can cause disease in both animals and humans. We investigated the molecular occurrence of Bartonella spp. in 634 phlebotomine sand fly specimens, belonging to 44 different sand fly species, sampled during 2017-2021 in north and northeastern Brazil. We detected Bartonella sp. DNA in 8.7% (55/634) of the specimens by using a quantitative real-time PCR targeting the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer intergenic region. Phylogenetic analysis positioned the Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly–associated Bartonella gltA gene sequence in the same subclade as Bartonella ancashensis sequences and revealed a Bartonella sp. sequence in a Dampfomyia beltrani sand fly from Mexico. We amplified a bat-associated Bartonella nuoG sequence from a specimen of Nyssomyia antunesi sand fly. Our findings document the presence of Bartonella DNA in sand flies from Brazil, suggesting possible involvement of these insects in the epidemiologic cycle of Bartonella species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outbreaks of viral infectious diseases in humans and animals remain one of the global problems of our time. Therefore, one of the most popular areas in applied microbiology is the development of fast and sensitive methods for determining viruses, including those based on biosensor analysis methods. The promise of acoustic sensor systems for detecting viruses is described in this work. The optimal capabilities of electroacoustic sensors in detecting viruses, the possibility of conducting analysis in the presence of interfering factors (viral particles and microflora), and the repeated use of sensors are shown. The promise of using acoustic sensors to determine viruses in microbiology, medicine, and veterinary medicine is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic fungal disease that occurs in Latin America and primarily affects humans. The disease has been rarely documented in non-human primates. This report details a disseminated and fatal case of PCM caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a western black-handed tamarin (Saguinus niger) under human care. Histopathological examination revealed extensive pyogranulomatous inflammation in the lungs, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, kidneys, epididymis, right testicle, heart, adrenal gland and intestines, associated with characteristic yeast forms consistent with Paracoccidioides spp and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Molecular analysis indicated a high nucleotide similarity with P. brasiliensis sequences for both the 18S rRNA and gp43 genes. This naturally occurring infection highlights the susceptibility of these animals to PCM and their role in ecoepidemiology warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus and its mycotoxin aflatoxin (AF) are widely present in the environment and cause various acute and chronic diseases in humans and animals. UV irradiation has been a versatile method for disinfecting A. flavus and detoxifying AFs. Combined effects of UV and other agents were scarcely tested yet. Here, we investigated the combinatorial effects of UVC and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) on the disinfection of A. flavus and accumulation of AFB1 under aqueous conditions. UVC efficiently disinfected A. flavus in a dose-dependent manner. PMS (~4 mM) exhibited no disinfection but enhanced the inactivation activity of UVC. Notably, PMS or UVC (72 J/cm²) increased the accumulation of AFB1 in the mycelia. Higher (144 J/cm²) doses of UVC suppressed AFB1 accumulation. At the genetic level, PMS and UVC upregulated the expression of the AF biosynthetic genes aflS and aflR. In contrast, UVC degraded AFB1 in vitro, which was enhanced by PMS treatment. The in-vivo and in-vitro studies indicated that AFB1 accumulation may be compromised by the dual effects of UVC and PMS on the upregulation of AF biosynthesis and degradation activities. In conclusion, PMS and UVC are efficient disinfecting agents against A. flavus but also stimulate AF biosynthesis under moderate treatment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to study the effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus brevis and a combination of Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococus faecalis on growth performance, bacterial population and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. A total of 200 one-day-old chicks were obtained from a local hatchery. They were divided into four groups: group 1 served as a control, group 2 received commercial probiotics, group 3 received Lactobacillus brevis, and group 4 received the combination. The main parameters measured through 6 weeks were body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio (FCR), blood total protein, albumin and cholesterol. In addition to enumeration of bacteria from cloaca and caecum. The results showed a statistically significant increase in body weight (26%) for the group receiving the combined supplementation compared to the control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in FCR for this group compared to the control. The results also showed an increase in the Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in the caecum and a decrease in the total late count (TPC) and coliform count, showing the inhibitory effect of LAB. Also, there was a significant decrease in cholesterol and albumin level, while there was no difference between the different groups regarding protein level. The results showed that Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococus faecalis have a good potential to be used as probiotics in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationality in the use of veterinary drugs among sheep farmers has been a concern, particularly in remote areas of Lesotho. In this light, a descriptive survey was conducted where a cross-sectional design was employed to collect the data on the availability and rational use of veterinary drugs from a total of 102 sheep farmers. SPSS (Version 20.00) was used for data analysis, where the crosstabs within descriptive statistics were used to determine percentages while the significance was tested using both the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Sheep farming in the study area is mostly dominated by adult men who are mostly married and have attained primary school leaving certificates, as reflected by 51.9% and 48.7% in rural and peri-urban villages, respectively. The use of commercial drugs for the control of diseases surpasses the use of medicinal plants, as demonstrated by 95.8% and 86.8% of responses in the rural and peri-urban villages, respectively. Moreover, the greater proportion of sheep farmers (83.3% and 89.1% in the rural and peri-urban, respectively) have not been trained on the use of veterinary drugs; however, it was observed that most of them diagnose and treat their animals on their own. The availability of veterinary services among sheep farming communities is very poor and mostly, farmers rely on farm feeds and hawkers as sources of drugs. The common method for dosage measurement is by guessing the animal's body weight. Most farmers are not aware of the withdrawal period following animal treatment as reflected by 78.2% and 63.8% of farmers in rural and peri-urban villages, respectively. Veterinary drugs are mostly stored at room temperature. In conclusion, the availability of veterinary drugs among farming communities is very poor and drugs are mostly irrationally used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalent etiological agents and treatment options are essential for diagnosing and managing fish diseases. Therefore, this study used standard microbiological procedures to enumerate and identify the total bacterial count in the water, skin, and gastrointestinal tract of 75 moribund cultured Clarias gariepinus from different culture facilities. Following that, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to eight antibiotics was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Various clinical signs and pathological lesions were observed on the sampled moribund fish. Total bacterial count varied significantly (P < 0.05) regardless of the types of culture facilities. Bacteria species from eight different genera were present, comprising three Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus, and five Gram-negative bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica, in which Gram-negative bacteria (> 70%) were the most prevalent type of bacteria isolated. There was an association between the bacteria species isolated from the water and the different parts of the fish sampled regardless of the culture facilities. The antibiogram of the bacteria recovered revealed different sensitivity and resistance profiles. More than fifty percent of the Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while the Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin (> 40%). Amoxicillin, ampicillin oxytetracycline, and tetracycline resistance were high in the bacteria isolates. This study confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria isolated with a multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.63-0.75, indicating indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which is a member of the Poxviridae family and genus Capripoxvirus. The illness is marked by mild to severe symptoms, including edema, fever, lymphadenitis, widespread skin nodules, and infrequently, death. In spite of its significance, little is now understood about the magnitude and predisposing factors in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of LSD in cattle within Kilolo district, and to identify key predisposing factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 17 villages within Kilolo district from February to March 2024 to estimate the seroprevalence of LSD in cattle. A total number of 276 serum samples was obtained from 65 cattle herds and a Double Antigen ELISA (ID Screen®) (IDVet, France) was used to screen for LSDV antibodies. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the risk factors for LSD seropositivity. The overall animal- and herd-level seroprevalence were 18.1% (95% CI: 13.98-23.14) and 44.6% (95% CI: 7.54-15.38), respectively. The highest individual animal level seroprevalence was documented in Irindi village 39.1% (95% CI: 5.36-12.24), followed by Masalali 38.5% (95% CI: 6.25-13.50), Ng'uruhe 37.5% (95% CI: 5.65-12.66), Irole 33% (95% CI: 1.5-6.10), and Utengule 26.5% (95% CI: 3.07-8.81) with significant differences (p=0.003). The seroprevalence of LSD varied significantly (P<0.001) among the three age groups, with adults >2 years having a higher seroprevalence (29.8%, 95%CI, 52.27-64.21) than yearlings aged 1-2 years (5. 6%, 95%CI, 9.31-17.60) and calves (0.0%, 95%CI, 23.36-34.35). Sex (Female/male, OR=2.0937, 95%CI, 1.4642-3.0248), age (Yearling/Adult, OR=0.1756, 95%CI, 0.0841-0.3730), village (OR=0.8970, 95%CI, 0.8349-0.9636) and herd size (Large/small, OR=1.9464, 95%CI, 1.1597-3.2669) were significant risk factors for LSDV seropositivity in Kilolo district. Raising awareness among livestock owners and veterinary staff about the disease and its risk factors, vaccination and vector control measures should be prioritized to minimize the transmission of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, diseases are a major concern in fish production, particularly in gills, which play a crucial role in blood oxygenation, acid-base balance, osmoregulation, and waste elimination. Fungal infections, particularly Branchiomyces, cause respiratory problems in fish. This study aims to determine the causative agent causing high mortality in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the middle Euphrates in Iraq. One hundred infected fish were sampled for microbial, histological, and molecular examination. Gill tissue was examined as well for histological alterations, and DNA was isolated from Branchiomyces and amplified with universal primers. Microscopically identifying Branchiomyces spp. using lactophenol staining, non-separated hyphae and spores (5-9 m in size) at various stages inside the structures of gill tissue were present. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia of epithelial cells and infusion of gill filaments, while primary gill filaments displayed severe hemorrhage and edema. Hyphae of Branchiomyces have been detected between necrotic and edematous myofiber. The ITS PCR products of the fungal isolate were found to be positive at 540 bp molecular weight. Economic losses can occur as a result of fish infections caused by Branchiomyces. Histopathological lesions in gill tissue indicated the presence of Branchiomyces infection, which was confirmed by molecular and microscopical examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egyptian consumers' demand and preference for sauces like mayonnaise have increased lately. The processing and packaging techniques of such products may safeguard the consumer from bacterial hazards, although mold and/or mycotoxins are still expected hazards in such products. Therefore, the current investigation is intended to determine the incidence of mold and aflatoxin B1 in commercial mayonnaise sold in Egyptian markets. A total of thirty mayonnaise samples were arbitrarily gathered from Cairo and Giza governorates in order to determine the presence of mold using cultivation techniques and AFB1 using a low-cost highrecovery fluorescence detector (FLD) in combination with an easy-to-use, highly specific and specially developed High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assay that adhered to green chemistry principles. About 53.33% of the examined samples were positive for AFB1, while mold couldn't be detected in any of the examined samples. It was also discovered that 43.33% of AFB1 in total samples was below the maximum permitted threshold. Therefore, more attention is required from the authorities for continuous examination of such products that are present in the market for the incidence of chemical contamination with aflatoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry farming is crucial for the livelihoods of small-scale producers in the Northen Benin, yet the industry faces challenges from diseases like ND, which threaten both poultry health and economic stability. This study investigates the seroprevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) among indigenous chickens and guinea fowl in the Atacora and Donga regions of Northern Benin, addressing a significant gap in regional poultry health data. A cross-sectional study was designed, sampling a total of 300 birds, including 191 indigenous chickens and 109 guinea fowl, from six districts. Systematic random sampling was employed to select smallholder farms, and blood samples were collected for Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests to detect NDV antibodies. Statistical analyses, including chisquare tests, determined associations and differences in seroprevalence between regions and species. Results revealed notable variations in NDV seroprevalence between the two regions. In Atacora, 59.22% of chickens tested positive for NDV antibodies, with 52.33% of non-vaccinated and 94.12% of vaccinated chickens showing positive results. In Donga, the overall seroprevalence was 46.59%, with 27.78% of non-vaccinated and 59.62% of vaccinated chickens testing positive. A chi-square test indicated a significant difference in NDV seroprevalence between the two regions for chickens (x2 = 12.901; P = 0.024). For guinea fowls, seroprevalence was 63.53% in Atacora and 62.50% in Donga, with no significant difference observed (x2 = 1.102; P = 0.954). This study provides the first serological data on NDV prevalence in northern Benin, highlighting the endemic nature of NDV and the critical epidemiological role of guinea fowls due to frequent exposure and field infections, especially in the Atacora region. It recommends enhancing vaccination coverage, improving biosecurity measures, and conducting further research to isolate and characterize virus strains to develop more effective control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a potential strategy for the development of an antiviral agent against FMDV, specifically O Pan-Asia-2, A Iran 05 and SAT2/EGY/2012. Examining the potential use of interferon from the Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV) as a therapy is an intriguing approach. In order to test the cell toxicity and anti-FMDV in African green monkey kidney cell (Vero) and Baby Hamster Kidney Cell (BHK) cell lines up to serial dilutions of 10-7, BEFV was used to produce interferon in Vero and MDBK cell lines 12, 24, and 48 hours after cell infection. The in vitro findings showed that the cell safety and the ability of the prepared interferon to exhibit antiviral effects against various three FMDV serotypes, especially when administered shortly before or concurrently with the virus, are encouraging. The highest anti-FMDV effective dilution of the obtained interferon, either by Vero or MDBK cells, ranged from 10-3 to 10-4. This suggests that the interferon may be able to activate cellular antiviral mechanisms and disrupt FMDV infection. The next critical step will be conducting further in vivo studies to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and potential side effects of the interferon-based treatment. This will provide important insights into virus-host interactions and the broader therapeutic potential of this approach. Some key areas for future research could include: expanding the testing of the interferon against additional FMDV serotypes to assess its breadth of coverage; Optimizing the administration parameters, such as timing, dose, and route, to maximize the antiviral effect, Investigating the specific mechanisms by which the interferon inhibits FMDV replication and spread, Evaluating the interferon's impact on disease progression and transmission in animal models, Assessing any potential negative effects or toxicity in the treated animals. The development of effective antivirals against FMDV is critical for controlling outbreaks and protecting livestock. This research represents a promising line of investigation that warrants further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard corals are precious marine creatures that comprise a complex form of symbiosis between symbiont algae and coral holobiont. For decades, corals have been challenged by disastrous events of climatic and anthropogenic etiologies. Such complex interactions have resulted in devastating disease episodes among coral populations worldwide. There is a scarcity of information about diseases of hard corals in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate various diseases of hard corals in this pristine habitat within the Red Sea. Whitening and dark green dots were the most noticeable morphopathology among hard coral samples collected from Gulf of Aqaba. Some human-based pathogens, such as Rothia kristinae, Cupriavidus pauculus, and Delftia acidovorans, were isolated from some of the examined coral tissues, while the Burkholderia cepacia group was isolated from the nearby sediment. The final identities of the above-mentioned bacterial isolates have been molecularly confirmed using 16S RNA sequence analysis. Pathologically, diseased corals have been observed with changes such as some forms of tissue losses, degenerative changes, and eosinophilic granular amoebocytes/agranular cells infiltration. The frequent detection of some microbial pathogens of human origin could suggest deleterious forms of environmental pollution of anthropogenic origin. Ultimately, the entire existence of hard coral populations is mostly threatened by swiftly erupting climatic changes as well as environmental aquatic pollution. Thus, the current study concludes the real need for extensive ecological, biological, pathological, and immunological studies to determine the eminent threats and propose possible control means for better/sustainable hard coral populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Strengthening global health security relies on adequate protection against infectious diseases through vaccination and treatment. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists exhibit properties that can enhance immune responses, making them potential therapeutic agents or vaccine adjuvants. Methods: We conducted an extensive systematic review to assess the efficacy of TLR agonists as therapeutic agents or vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases and their safety profile in animals, excluding rodents and cold-blooded animals. We collected qualitative and available quantitative data on the efficacy and safety outcomes of TLR agonists and employed descriptive analysis to summarize the outcomes. Results: Among 653 screened studies, 51 met the inclusion criteria. In this review, 82% (42/51) of the studies used TLR agonists as adjuvants, while 18% (9/51) applied TLR agonist as therapeutic agents. The predominant TLR agonists utilized in animals against infectious diseases was CpG ODN, acting as a TLR9 agonist in mammals, and TLR21 agonists in chickens. In 90% (46/51) of the studies, TLR agonists were found effective in stimulating specific and robust humoral and cellular immune responses, thereby enhancing the efficacy of vaccines or therapeutics against infectious diseases in animals. Safety outcomes were assessed in 8% (4/51) of the studies, with one reporting adverse effects. Discussion: Although TLR agonists are efficacious in enhancing immune responses and the protective efficacy of vaccines or therapeutic agents against infectious diseases in animals, a thorough evaluation of their safety is imperative to in-form future clinical applications in animal studies. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_ record.php?RecordID=323122. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mycoplasma bovis is a highly contagious pathogen that causes various diseases in herd animals, negatively impacting reproduction, production, and milk yield. Effective diagnostic methods and vaccine development are critical for controlling M. bovis outbreaks. This systematic review aimed to evaluate diagnostic alternatives and vaccine compounds based on recombinant proteins. Methods: Following the PRISMA protocol, a systematic search was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and CAPES Periodicals Portal databases. Inclusion criteria included studies published between 2008 and 2023 that involved (1) the use of recombinant proteins for M. bovis identification or vaccine production, (2) biological samples, (3) availability in the selected databases, (4) in vitro or in vivo experimental designs, and (5) English-language publications. Results: Ten of the initial 53 studies screened met the inclusion criteria. Of these, four studies focused on diagnostic approaches and six on vaccine development. Diagnostic studies predominantly used an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant proteins, achieving over 90% sensitivity and specificity in detecting M. bovis infections. In contrast, the development of recombinant vaccines has shown limited success, with challenges in identifying effective adjuvants and optimizing conditions for protective immunity. Discussion: While recombinant protein-based diagnostics have proven effective, developing a successful vaccine against M. bovis remains elusive. Further research is necessary to refine vaccine formulations, including selecting suitable adjuvants and challenge models to enhance protective efficacy against M. bovis infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis and a life-threatening disease in humans and animals. Licensed killed whole-cell vaccines are available for animals; however, they do not offer heterologous protection, do not induce long-term protection, or prevent renal colonization. In this study, we characterized an immunogenic Leptospira methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) identified through a reverse vaccinology approach, predicted its structure, and tested the protective efficacy of a recombinant MCP fragment in the C3H/HeJ mice model. The predicted structure of the full-length MCP revealed an architecture typical for topology class I MCPs. A single dose of MCP vaccine elicited a significant IgG antibody response in immunized mice compared to controls (P < 0.0001), especially the IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses. The vaccination with MCP, despite eliciting a robust immune response, did not protect mice from disease and renal colonization. However, survival curves significantly differed between groups, and the MCP-vaccinated group developed clinical signs faster than the control group. There were differences in gross and histopathological changes between the MCP-vaccinated and control groups. The factors leading to enhanced disease process in vaccinated animals need further investigation. We speculate that anti-MCP antibodies may block the MCP signaling cascade and may limit chemotaxis, preventing Leptospira from reaching its destination, but facilitating its maintenance and replication in the blood stream. Such a phenomenon may exist in endemic areas where humans are highly exposed to Leptospira antigens, and the presence of antibodies might lead to disease enhancement. The role of this protein in Leptospira pathogenesis should be further evaluated to comprehend the lack of protection and potential exacerbation of the disease process. The absence of immune correlates of protection from Leptospira infection is still a major limitation of this field and efforts to gather this knowledge are needed. Author summary: Leptospirosis is one of the underrecognized and neglected diseases of humans and animals. The presence of numerous Leptospira species/serovars infecting a broad range of animal reservoirs, and the resulting environmental contamination, makes control and prevention a cumbersome task. The bacterin-based vaccines available for animals do offer a limited protection against disease or renal colonization. A broader cross-protective vaccine is essentially needed to prevent Leptospira infections in humans and animals. Here we rationally selected a protein target based on its capacity to be recognized by antibodies of naturally infected animals and designed a recombinant vaccine. Our MCP vaccine was not effective in protecting mice from acute and chronic disease and likely led to exacerbation of clinical signs in these animals. The development of an effective vaccine would contribute to controlling Leptospira infection in humans and animals and is important, especially in low-income regions where leptospirosis is more prevalent and interventions to control the disease are not currently available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locomotor activity can serve as a readout to identify discomfort and pain. Therefore, monitoring locomotor activity following interventions that induce potential discomfort may serve as a reliable method for evaluating animal health, complementing conventional methods such as body weight measurement. In this study, we used the digital ventilated cage (DVC®) system for the assessment of circadian locomotor activity, in addition to body weight monitoring, following intracranial stereotaxic surgery in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model (C57BL/6J/APPswe/PSEN1dE9). Stereotaxic surgery did not affect the organization of circadian locomotor activity of both 7-8-week-old and 19-21-week-old mice. However, we observed that both young and old mice exhibited a significant decrease in activity during the dark phase. Also, our study shows that changes in locomotor activity exhibit higher sensitivity in detecting alterations indicative of animal health compared to measuring body weight. In contrast to 7-8-week-old mice, where we observed no genotypic differences in locomotor activity, 19-21-week-old APP/PS1 mice showed increased locomotor activity compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that a subset of the 7-8-week-old mice showed increased locomotor activity during the initial peak of the dark phase. One mouse experienced sudden death early in life, possibly due to epileptic seizures. Altogether, our findings affirm continuous activity measurements as used in the DVC® as a highly valuable objective method for post-surgical welfare monitoring. Its discerning capacity not only facilitates circadian locomotor rhythm assessment but also enables the identification of individual aberrant activity patterns, possibly indicative of epileptic seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Wei Syndrome is a prevalent condition. Canine Wei Syndrome usually exhibits symptoms including hind limb paralysis, muscle weakness or even atrophy, disappearance of deep or shallow pain, and urinary and fecal incontinence. Hemorheological indicators play a crucial role in assessing blood viscosity. However, research on canine Wei Syndrome and its hemorheological characteristics remains limited. Understanding the factors such as gender, season, breed, and age that predispose dogs to Wei Syndrome can aid in its prevention. Early detection and diagnosis of canine Wei Syndrome can be facilitated by monitoring hemorheological data. Therefore, investigating the epidemiology of canine Wei Syndrome and its correlation with hemorheology is of paramount importance. This study revealed that male Poodle dogs aged 3–6 years are more susceptible to Wei Syndrome during Winter, with abnormal hemorheology being a distinct feature among affected dogs. These findings contribute significantly to the prevention and management of canine Wei Syndrome and offer valuable insights for the treatment of dogs with Wei Syndrome. Canine paraplegia is a common condition in small animal medicine, referred to as Wei Syndrome (WS) in Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM). Common clinical manifestations encompass hind limb paralysis, motor dysfunction, muscle atrophy, and the absence of pain perception. WS is considered a difficult-to-treat disease in small animal practice. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of canine WS and the characteristics of hemorheology. A total of 53 dogs with WS and 53 healthy dogs were included in this study. A retrospective case-controlled study design was employed. Data regarding the gender, season of WS occurrence, breed, and age of dogs with WS, as well as hemorheology from dogs with WS and healthy dogs, were collected and analyzed using SPSS 27.0. The study findings revealed that male dogs were more susceptible to WS (77.36%, 41/53). WS cases occurred more frequently in Winter (33.96%, 18/53), and were commonly found in Poodle breeds (43.40%, 23/53). The most affected age of WS was between 3 and 6 years old (54.72%, 29/53). Except for plasma viscosity and fibrinogen, the hemorheology indices of canine WS were significantly higher than those of healthy dogs (p < 0.05), especially in male dogs, Poodles and Bulldogs, those between 3 to 10 years, and in Autumn and Winter. This study provides evidence that male Poodles and Bulldogs aged 3 to 6 years are more prone to developing WS, with Winter being the season of high disease incidence. Abnormal hemorheology is a characteristic feature in dogs with WS, which should be considered during the treatment of WS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although bone marrow-derived cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDHbr) have shown therapeutic potential against various diseases in animal studies, clinical trials have failed to show concurrent findings. We aimed to clarify the optimal conditions for the efficacy of ALDHbr cells by using a murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Methods: We intravenously transferred male or female donor C57BL/6 mice-derived ALDHbr cells into recipient C57BL/6 mice under various conditions, and used mCherry-expressing mice as a donor to trace the transferred ALDHbr cells. Results: Pulmonary fibrosis improved significantly when (1) female-derived, not male-derived, and (2) lineage (Lin)-negative, not lineage-positive, ALDHbr cells were transferred during the (3) fibrotic, not inflammatory, phase. Consistent with the RNA-sequencing results, female-derived Lin−/ALDHbr cells were more resistant to oxidative stress than male-derived cells in vitro, and transferred female-derived Lin−/ALDHbr cells were more viable than male-derived cells in the fibrotic lung. The mechanism underlying the antifibrotic effects of Lin−/ALDHbr cells was strongly associated with reduction of oxidative stress. Conclusions: Our results indicated that Lin−/ALDHbr cell therapy could ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress and suggested that their efficacy was mediated by sex-related differences. Thus, sex-awareness strategies may be important for clinical application of bone marrow ALDHbr cells as a therapeutic tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the integration of horses (Equus ferus) in European rewilding initiatives has gained widespread popularity due to their potential for regulating vegetation and restoring natural ecosystems. However, employing horses in conservation efforts presents important challenges, which we here explore and discuss. These challenges encompass the lack of consensus on key terms inherent to conservation and rewilding, the entrenched culture and strong emotions associated with horses, low genetic diversity and high susceptibility to hereditary diseases in animals under human selection, as well as insufficient consideration for the social behaviour of horses in wild‐living populations. In addition, management of wild‐living horses involves intricate welfare, ethics and legislative dimensions. Anthropocentric population‐control initiatives may be detrimental to horse group structures since they tend to prioritise individual welfare over the health of populations and ecosystems. To overcome these challenges, we provide comprehensive recommendations. These involve a systematic acquisition of genetic information, a focus on genetic diversity rather than breed purity and minimal veterinary intervention in wild‐living populations. Further, we advise allowing for natural top‐down and bottom‐up control – or, if impossible, simulating this by culling or non‐lethal removal of horses – instead of using fertility control for population management. We advocate for intensified collaboration between conservation biologists and practitioners and enhanced communication with the general public. Decision‐making should be informed by a thorough understanding of the genetic makeup, common health issues and dynamics, and social behaviour in wild‐living horse populations. Such a holistic approach is essential to reconcile human emotions associated with horses with the implementation of conservation practices that are not only effective but also sustainable for the long‐term viability of functional, biodiverse ecosystems, while rehabilitating the horse as a widespread wild‐living species in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is a pathogenic bacterium able to cause several diseases in humans and animals as well as foodborne intoxications. S. argenteus, being phenotypically and genotypically related to S. aureus, is part of the so-called S. aureus complex and recently recognized as an emerging pathogen able to cause, like S. aureus, several diseases both in humans and animals, and foodborne poisoning outbreaks. However, it has been reported that the widely used conventional PCR of Brakstad et al. [Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30(7), 1654–1660, (1992)] targeting the thermostable nuclease gene may provide false-positive S. aureus, as it is able to amplify also S. argenteus. Here, we developed a novel two-step approach that, following the PCR of Brakstad et al. (1992), discriminates S. aureus from S. argenteus by a real-time PCR with high-resolution melting analysis (rt-PCR-HRM). In particular, targeting a polymorphic 137 bp region of the sodA gene, our developed rt-PCR-HRM method clearly discriminated S. aureus from S. argenteus, showing a remarkable difference in their amplification product melting temperatures (approximately 1.3 °C) as well as distinct melting curve shapes. The good sensitivity, reproducibility, user friendliness, and cost effectiveness of the developed method are advantageous attributes that will allow not only its easy employment to correctly identify misidentified isolates present in various collections of S. aureus, but also expand the still lacking knowledge on the prevalence and distribution of S. argenteus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses are important components of soil and aquatic communities, where they can benefit from decaying and living organic matter, and may opportunistically infect human and animal hosts. One-third of human infectious diseases is constituted by sapronotic disease agents that are natural inhabitants of soil or aquatic ecosystems. They are capable of existing and reproducing in the environment outside of the host for extended periods of time. However, as ecological research on sapronosis is infrequent and epidemiological models are even rarer, very little information is currently available. Their importance is overlooked in medical and veterinary research, as well as the relationships between free environmental forms and those that are pathogenic. Here, using dynamical models in realistic aquatic metacommunity systems, we analyze sapronosis transmission, using the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans that is responsible for Buruli ulcer. We show that the persistence of bacilli in aquatic ecosystems is driven by a seasonal upstream supply, and that the attachment and development of cells to aquatic living forms is essential for such pathogen persistence and population dynamics. Our work constitutes the first set of metacommunity models of sapronotic disease transmission, and is highly flexible for adaptation to other types of sapronosis. The importance of sapronotic agents on animal and human disease burden needs better understanding and new models of sapronosis disease ecology to guide the management and prevention of this important group of pathogens. Author summary: Bacterial pathogens responsible for sapronotic diseases represent a threat to public health, accounting for one-third of human infections. However, little is known about variations in infection risk in time and space, hence limiting control strategies development, due to a lack of research on these pathogens. In this study, we developed a first realistic mathematical model to describe the spatial and temporal dynamics of sapronotic bacteria and their interactions with wildlife in aquatic ecosystems. Our model allows identifying the characteristics of wildlife-sapronotic bacteria interactions that play the most important role in determining disease risks in animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, humans rely on cattle for food production; however, there is rising societal concern surrounding the welfare of farm animals. From a young age, cattle raised for dairy and beef production experience pain caused by routine management procedures and common disease conditions. The fundamental mechanisms, nociceptive pathways, and central nervous system structures required for pain perception are highly conserved among mammalian species. However, there are limitations to a comparative approach to pain assessment due to interspecies differences in the expression of pain. The stoicism of prey species may impede pain identification and lead to the assumption that cattle lack pain sensitivity. This highlights the importance of establishing validated bovine-specific indicators of pain--a prerequisite for evidence-based pain assessment and mitigation. Our first objective is to provide an overview of pain pathophysiology to illustrate the importance of targeted analgesia in livestock medicine and the negative welfare outcomes associated with unmitigated pain. This is followed by a review of available analgesics, the regulations governing their use, and barriers to implementation of on-farm pain management. We then investigate the current research undertaken to evaluate the pain response in cattle--a critical aspect of the drug approval process. With an emphasis on emerging research in animal cognition and pain pathology, we conclude by discussing the significant influence that pain has on cattle welfare and areas where further research and modified practices are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In swine farming, animals develop diseases that require the use of antibiotics. In-feed antibiotics as growth promoters have been banned due to the increasing concern of antimicrobial resistance. Seaweeds offer bioactive molecules with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The aim was to estimate the in vitro properties of seaweed extracts: Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), Palmaria palmata (PP), Ulva lactuca (UL), and 1:1 mixes (ANPP, ANUL, PPUL). Escherichia coli strains were used to test for growth inhibitory activity, and chemical-based assays were performed for antioxidant properties. The treatments were 2 (with/without Escherichia coli) × 2 (F4 + and F18 +) × 5 doses (0, 1.44, 2.87, 5.75, 11.50, and 23.0 mg/mL). Bacteria were supplemented with seaweed extracts, and growth was monitored. The antioxidant activity was assessed with 6 doses (0, 1, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 600 mg/mL) × 6 compounds using two chemical assays. Data were evaluated through SAS. The results showed that AN and UL significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of F4 + and F18 +. PP and mixes did not display an inhibition of the bacteria growth. AN, PP, UL extracts, and mixes exhibited antioxidant activities, with AN showing the strongest dose–response. Thus, AN and UL seaweed extracts reveal promising antibacterial and antioxidant effects and may be candidates for in-feed additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]