Search

This paper aims to investigate the molecules involved in development of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) in human eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Histopathological, immunohistochemical, real-time PCR Immuno blot, and ELISA analyses are performed to identify the signature genes and proteins involved in the progression of BE in EoE. We detected characteristic features of BE like intermediate columnar-type epithelial cells, induced BE signature genes like ErbB3, CDX1, ErbB2IP in the esophageal mucosa of patients with EoE. In addition, we had observed several BE-associated proteins such as TFF3, p53 and the progression markers like EGFR, p16, MICA, MICB, and MHC molecules in esophageal biopsies of patients with chronic EoE. Interestingly, we also detected mucin-producing columnar cells and MUC-2, MUC-4, and MUC5AC genes and proteins along with induced IL-9 in patients with chronic EoE. A strong correlation of IL-9 with mucin genes is observed that implicated a possible role for IL-9 in the transformation of esophageal squamous epithelial cells to columnar epithelial cells in patients with EoE. These findings indicate that IL-9 may have an important role in BE development in patients with chronic EoE. We also discovered that IL-9 stimulates mucin-producing and barrier cell transcripts and proteins such CK8/18, GATA4, SOX9, TFF1, MUC5AC, and tight junction proteins in primary esophageal epithelial cells when exposed to IL-9. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that indeed IL-9 has a role in the initiation and progression of BE characteristics like development of mucin-producing columnar epithelial cells in patients with chronic EoE. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intermediate columnar-type epithelial cells are observed in biopsies of patients with EoE. Induced BE signature genes (CK8/18, CDX1 GATA4, SOX9, and Occludin) were observed in patients with chronic EoE. Induction of IL-9 and its correlation with eosinophils mucin-producing genes and proteins was observed in patients with EoE. Induced IL-9 may be responsible for the development of BE in patients with chronic EoE.

Deregulation of β-catenin signaling is an important event in the genesis of several human malignancies including prostate cancer. We investigated the effects of apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, on prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice and further elucidated its mechanism of action. Oral intake of apigenin by gavage at doses of 20 and 50 μg/mouse/d, 6 days per week for 20 weeks, significantly decreased tumor volumes of the prostate as well as completely abolished distant-site metastases to lymph nodes, lungs, and liver in TRAMP mice. Apigenin-treated mice had significantly diminished weights of their genitourinary apparatuses and dorsolateral and ventral prostate lobes, compared with the control group, and showed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in the dorsolateral prostates, which correlated with elevated plasma apigenin levels. Continuous intake of apigenin up to 50 weeks by TRAMP mice significantly improved their overall survival. P.o. administration of apigenin further resulted in increased levels of E-cadherin and decreased levels of nuclear β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 in the dorsolateral prostates of TRAMP mice. Similar effects were noted in TRAMP mice with established tumors. Treatment of DU145 human prostate cancer cells with 10 and 20 μmol/L apigenin also increased protein levels of E-cadherin by 27% to 74%, inhibited nuclear translocation of β-catenin and its retention in the cytoplasm, and decreased c-Myc and cyclin D1 levels, an effect similar to the exposure of cells to β-catenin small interfering RNA. Our results indicate that apigenin effectively suppressed prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice, at least in part, by blocking β-catenin signaling. [Cancer Res 2007;67(14):6925–35]

Supplementary Table 1 from Blockade of β-Catenin Signaling by Plant Flavonoid Apigenin Suppresses Prostate Carcinogenesis in TRAMP Mice

Background and purpose: Myricetin (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one) is a polyhydroxyfavonol compound widely found in nature has been shown to possess anticancer effects in various cancers. Despite its efficacy, poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability hinders its therapeutic application. To overcome these limitations, Nanoemulsion (NE) emerged as a promising approach that combines the advantages of NE into a single delivery system. The present study aimed to investigate the advantage of myricetin loaded NE over and above native Myricetin. Experimental Approach: The nano-emulsion was formulated using Capryol 90 as oil, Tween 20 as a surfactant, and Transcutol HP as a co-surfactant. Further comparative analysis of Myricetin and nano-emulsified Myricetin (Myr-NE) were carried out in triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells for anticancer activity. Key results: The optimized Myr-NE had a zeta potential of -6.35±0.3, an average particle size of 89.32±2.8 nm, PDI of 0.105±0.02, and a spherical shape as confirmed in transmission electron microscopy. Diffusion-dominant drug release was observed with 95.49±2.84 % Drug release for 24hrs, 2-fold higher than Myr-suspension. When nano-emulsified, Myricetin exhibited efficient inhibition of cell proliferation, clonogenicity, and increased apoptosis with IC50 of 37 µM, a dose ~2.5 fold lower than native Myricetin. Mechanistic insights reveal that Myr-NE induced more ROS generation and considerably inhibited AKT and mTOR activation, leading to enhanced anticancer activity. Conclusions & Implications: In conclusion, these findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of Myricetin significantly improved through a novel Myr-NE formulation which may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating TNBC.

Introduction: Medical schools are the places where students learn the art of allaying people’s sufferings in ill health and of saving their lives. Various studies have shown that medical training and education are stressful and require remedial approaches for benefitting medical students. Objectives: To understand the prevailing life style related health pointers, having potential adverse effect physical, emotional and mental health, among the MBBS students. Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional assessment involving 82 respondents. Results: Average age of the study group was 21.61 years, with a majority (89%) belonging to urban areas, around 44% belonging to business family background. The average BMI for the group was 23.02, with 15.85% having BMI 25 or more (overweight). Only 31.71% respondents considered themselves healthy and fit, 53% were doing regular physical activities in any form. Questions related to inability to concentrate in the classroom, losing interest in hobbies, managing studies, feeling sad, depressed, anxious and worried, getting irritated on minor issues, language barrier, ability to express clearly etc. also revealed some valuable findings. Conclusion: The study findings indicate the need for developing institutional approaches for bringing necessary lifestyle changes to address the issue.

Dermatophytes are aerobic fungi that produce proteases that digest keratin and allows colonization, invasion and infection of the stratum corneum of the skin, the hair shaft, and the nail. This study was an attempt on the part of the author to find out the incidence and various clinico-epidemiological characteristics of Dermatophytosis in skin OPD of Tertiary care Hospital, B.K.L.W.R.M.C., Dervan. The study was carried on 2444 patients of Dermatophytosis attending the OPD, out of which 49.79% of the cases were Tinea Cruris (TC). The age group of 11-20 years showed maximum prevalence of Dermatophytosis (22.17%). 58% of the patients had diffuse lesions. Body involvement was seen in 87% of cases. Itching was the most common condition associated with Dermatophytosis. 35% of the patients reported with family history of Tinea Cruris.Circumscribed variety of TC was found to be most common variant mostly observed in 2and 4 decade, with a male preponderance. Groin was the most common site with multiple lesions. Nail changes was most commonly associated with TC.

Skin diseases can manifest in various ways. Sometimes it can be secondary to underlying systemic disease. In developing countries including India skin diseases are very common but they are being neglected with the thought that they are always benign.Our study is a cross sectional one done to determine the pattern and magnitude of skin diseases. All newly registered patients reporting to Skin OPD of B.K.L.Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Dervan during the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019 were enlisted in the study. Out of 5090 patients included in our study, ­­52.62% were female patients and 47.38% were males with female to male ratio of 1.11:1. Majority of the patients (21.47%) was from the age group 21-30 years followed by the age group of 11-20 years (19.58%), followed by the age group of 31-40 years (18.52%). Fungal infections constituted the maximum number of the cases (51.53%), followed by Eczema (17.44%). The Acne comprised of (7.19%). Fungal infections comprised majority of cases followed by eczema and allergic disorders in Konkan region of Maharashtra which has a tropical and humid climate. Thus an extensive study may be needed to have a holistic approach to the problem establish a correlation between the variables.

Background: The present study evaluated the prognostic value of [99mTc]MDM (bis-methionine-DTPA) follow-up single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging for response assessment to chem...

Eosinohilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) are closely related esophageal disorders, and both accumulate eosinophils in the esophagus. However, origin of both these diseases are very different. The evidence indicates that acid reflux is the main cause of GERD; whereas EoE is induced in response to food or environment allergens exposed accumulation of inflammatory cells like eosinophils, mast cells and T cell subsets. EoE is a global problem, and effect even 1 year old children to adult population. Currently, mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) neutralization therapy sdata showed reduced epithelial layer eosinophilia in EoE,(1, 2) and most recently FDA approved FDA has also approved Dupixent (anti-IL4R and anti-IL-13) for EoE following Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The efficacy and safety of Dupixent 300 mg weekly patients 12 year or older on limited patient number, 69% and 64% reduction in EoE symptoms from baseline compared to 32% and 41% for placebo (FDA, 2022). In this commentary, we raised few concerns to be considered on these therapies based on the significance of IL-5, IL-4 in maintaining the innate immunity of the young children are mostly effected by EoE that require long term immunotherapy of mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) or Dupixent (anti-IL4R and anti-IL-13).

Since 1975, the Intergovernmental Hydrological Programme (IHP) has enabled and supported an interdisciplinary and integrated approach to watershed and aquifer management. Through the years, IHP officers and projects have combined a rigorous understanding of hydrologic processes with the recognition of the value of sound water resources management policies. As such, it has strived to incorporate social dimensions of water and to support international cooperation in hydrological and freshwater sciences. As an international science and policy programme, it occupies a unique interface with policy-makers, and has a strong history of supporting the development of both institutional and individual capacity to understand and manage water resources.Through these initiatives, IHP has played an important role in advancing the science and practice of hydrology and as a uniquely international programme, has played a particular important role in broadening hydrology as science and bringing in perspectives and ideas reflecting knowledge across the spectrum of its member states. As we move towards the 50th anniversary of IHP, it is an opportune time to reflect on the state of hydrology as a science and its practice in supporting water resources management and the role that IHP has played. This presentation provides a reflection on the role of IHP in the development and practice of the science of hydrology and considers the role that the next phase of IHP i.e. IHP - IX i.e. “Science for a Water Secure World in a Changing Environment” can play in the development and application of hydrological as a science in the future.

The pharmacologically characterized receptor subtype of the serotonin family, the 5HT1A receptor is implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and anxiety-related disorders. Being the most extensively targeted receptor for developing novel antidepressants and anxiolytics, a near-ideal theoretical model can aid in high-throughput screening of promising drug candidates. However, the design of potential drug candidates suffers owing to a lack of complete structural information. In this work, homology models of 5-HT1A receptor are generated using two distinct alignments (CW and PSTA) and model building methods (KB and EB). The developed models are validated for virtual screening using a ligand dataset of agonists and antagonists. The best-suited model was efficient in discriminating agonist/antagonist binding. Correlation plots between pKi and docking (R2agonist≥ 0.6, R2antagonist≥ 0.7) and MM-GBSA dG bind values (R2agonist≥ 0.5, R2antagonist≥ 0.7) revealed optimum corroboration between in vitro and in silico outcomes, which further suggested the usefulness of the developed model for the design of high-affinity probes for the neurological disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Eosinohilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroesophageal reflux diseases (GERD) are closely related esophageal disorders, and both accumulate eosinophils in the esophagus. However, origin of both these diseases are very different. The evidence indicates that acid reflux is the main cause of GERD; whereas EoE is induced in response to food or environment allergens exposed accumulation of inflammatory cells like eosinophils, mast cells and T cell subsets. EoE is a global problem, and effect even 1 year old children to adult population. Currently, mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) neutralization therapy sdata showed reduced epithelial layer eosinophilia in EoE,1, 2 and most recently FDA approved FDA has also approved Dupixent (anti- IL4R and anti-IL-13) for EoE following Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The efficacy and safety of Dupixent 300 mg weekly patients 12 year or older on limited patient number, 69% and 64% reduction in EoE symptoms from baseline compared to 32% and 41% for placebo (FDA, 2022). In this commentary, we raised few concerns to be considered on these therapies based on the significance of IL-5, IL-4 in maintaining the innate immunity of the young children are mostly effected by EoE that require long term immunotherapy of mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) or Dupixent (anti-IL4R and anti-IL-13).

The COVID-19 pandemic infection has claimed many lives and added to the social, economic, and psychological distress. The contagious disease has quickly spread to almost 218 countries and territories following the regional outbreak in China. As the number of infected populations increases exponentially, there is a pressing demand for anti-COVID drugs and vaccines. Virtual screening provides possible leads while extensively cutting down the time and resources required for ab-initio drug design. We report structure-based virtual screening of a hundred plus library of quinoline drugs with established antiviral, antimalarial, antibiotic or kinase inhibitor activity. In this study, targets having a role in viral entry, viral assembly, and viral replication have been selected. The targets include: 1) RBD of receptor-binding domain spike protein S 2) Mpro Chymotrypsin main protease 3) Ppro Papain protease 4) RNA binding domain of Nucleocapsid Protein, and 5) RNA Dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-COV-2. An in-depth analysis of the interactions and G-score compared to the controls like hydroxyquinoline and remdesivir has been presented. The salient results are (1) higher scoring of antivirals as potential drugs (2) potential of afatinib by scoring as better inhibitor, and (3) biological explanation of the potency of afatinib. Further MD simulations and MM-PBSA calculations showed that afatinib works best to interfere with the the activity of RNA dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-COV-2, thereby inhibiting replication process of single stranded RNA virus. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Eosinophils are a common clinical feature associated with chronic allergic diseases, and elemental diets, systemic steroids, anti‐IL‐5 and anti‐IL‐13 treatment have shown some therapeutic promise. Herein, we present evidence that pre‐ and post‐intraperitoneal administration of tacrolimus (FK506) is very effective in reducing CCR3/Siglec‐F(+) eosinophils in Aspergillus‐challenged asthma and EoE, CD2‐IL‐5 induced global eosinophilia, and DOX regulated IL‐13‐induced asthma. We used flow cytometry and anti‐major basic protein (MBP) immunostaining to examine eosinophils in the spleen, bone marrow, BALF, lung, oesophagus and intestine. Additionally, we also performed ELISA and Western blot analyses to show that tacrolimus treatment also reduces the levels of eosinophil‐specific cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and TGF‐β, eosinophil‐specific chemokines Eotaxin‐1 and Eotaxin‐2, and progenitors of target RCAN1 mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, the current investigations also show that the TGF‐β‐mediated oesophageal and lung fibrosis is also reduced in Aspergillus‐challenged, CD2‐IL‐5 transgenic and DOX‐responsive IL‐13 mice. Mechanistically, we show that tacrolimus in vitro treatment inhibited bone marrow‐derived eosinophil proliferation and viability by promoting eosinophil apoptosis that may be associated with downregulation of RCAN1. Taken together, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that tacrolimus ameliorates eosinophil levels and associated pathogenesis in allergen‐, IL‐5‐ and IL‐13‐induced EoE, EG and asthma pathogenesis. Considering tacrolimus side‐effects and reactivity to several other drugs, we propose the topical use of tacrolimus for paediatric and low‐dose oral for adult patients as a novel therapeutic strategy for the clinical trial to reduce mucosal eosinophilia first in steroid‐refractory or elemental diet non‐responsive adult EoE, EG and asthma patients.

Forensics has always considered Palatal rugae as a stable landmark for identification in cases of mishap which needs forensic intervention. Many previous studies have claimed that palatal design and structure is not altered during growth as its position protects it from external trauma. But this theory can now be challenged with studies showing otherwise as a number of people are undergoing Orthodontic treatment to enhance their aesthetics. The question that now arises is that can palatal rugae be actually considered a stable landmark? How orthodontic treatment alters the structure of rugal area and how tooth movement affects the stability of rugae. This article throws light on significant effects of tooth movement on palatal rugae reported by various studies. Keywords: Palatal rugae, Orthodontic treatment, Stability, Variability, Landmark.

CXCR4/SDF1 signaling required in promoting EMT in eosinophilic esophagitis

Several case reports show accumulation of eosinophils in pancreatitis patients and term the disease as “eosinophilic pancreatitis (EP)”. EP usually presents with a pancreatic tumour and abdominal pain in obstructive jaundice, which is generally not diagnosed until the patient undergoes pancreatic resection. Histologically, EP reveals distinct patterns like diffused, periductal, acinar, and septal inflammatory infiltrates with eosinophils, eosinophilic phlebitis, and localised extreme eosinophilic infiltrates related with pseudocyst formation. EP patients also have elevated serum IgE levels with high eosinophil counts in the pancreas as well as in other organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, which is termed as eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Due to the lack of knowledge based on just a few case reports, it is considered that eosinophilic infiltration is quite rare in the pancreas; therefore, the significance of eosinophils in pancreatitis is not yet established. This review assesses the current understanding of eosinophilic pancreatitis and the important role of eosinophils in promoting pancreatic fibrosis including malignancy.

In this paper, a complete quantum chemical calculation has been done to describe the relevant structural aspects of novel 2,3-bis[(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-yl)sulfanyl]quinoxaline with combination of DFT/B3LYP method 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in gas phase and in solvent phase. The molecular structure was examined by using IR, 1H & 13C NMR and UV-visible techniques and solvent effect on spectroscopic properties are also discussed. The vibrational assignments are analyzed by PED using Gauss View 5.0 and VEDA 4.0 program. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts are calculated using the gauge-independent atomic orbital method (GIAO method) in gas phase and in solvents (water, DMSO and chloroform). The UV spectrum is calculated by using TD-DFT/6-311++G(d,p) method in gas phase and in solvent (water, DMSO and chloroform) using IEF-PCM model. With the help of theoretical calculations chemical activities, electrophilic/nucleophilic nature and sites in the molecule, molecular and chemical properties that cannot be obtained by experimental way are obtained. Accordingly, molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), hardness (η)/softness (S) parameters, net charges analyses are investigated to gain electrophilic and nucleophilic nature. Also the sites in molecule and Fukui function analysis are discussed. The dipole moment (μ), polarizability (αtot), anisotropic polarizability (Δα) and first-order hyperpolarizability (βtot) of the title compound are reported and results shows that the material is capable to generate non-linear effect (NLO). The in silico study of all th e biological and ADMET properties of title molecule are also discussed and compared with reference drug ciprofloxacin antibiotics. The title molecule and reference drug ciprofloxacin docked with biotin carboxylase enzyme (PDB ID: 2V59) of E. coli and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase APH(2")IVA (PDB ID: 4DFU) of Enterococcus casseliflavus receptor with the help of Molegro molecular viewer 2.5 program and binding affinity (ΔG) were determined by ParDock server.

Carbohydrate based radiotracers have been in routine use as a potential PET imaging agent for tumor targeting, worldwide. The aim of our study was to develop a cost effective and more accessible SPECT based tumor targeted molecular imaging probe. A 1-D-deoxyglucose conjugate was proposed and evaluated as a tumor imaging agent. DTPA-bis(DG) was synthesized by conjugating two molecules of glucose employing a click chemistry approach. It involved a facile methodology, characterization and subsequent radiolabelling with 99mTc with high radiochemical purity and specific activity (187 ± 17 MBq μmol−1) followed by in vitro and in vivo evaluation to prove its potency as an imaging agent. In vitro cytotoxicity studies in the A549 and HEK cell lines showed no substantial toxicity. A cell uptake study revealed that the transportation of [99mTc]DTPA-bis(DG) was GLUT1 independent. In vivo blood kinetic studies in New Zealand rabbits showed fast clearance with a Td1/2 of 28.12 ± 0.63 min and Te1/2 = 101.25 ± 0.34. A significant tumor uptake of 3.88 ± 0.05% ID per g was observed in A549 tumor bearing mice at 4 h p.i. The tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios at 4 h p.i. were 20.46 ± 0.07 and 3.59 ± 0.03 respectively. No significant persistence in any other organs was observed. The tumor (A549) grafted in athymic mice was clearly distinguishable in the gamma-scintigraphy image. The results suggested that this [99mTc]glycoconjugate would be a promising candidate for cancer targeted imaging.

In this paper, the authors reported a theoretical investigation on molecular structure, geometry optimization, global and local chemical reactivity descriptors calculations, NBO study, DOS, non-linear optical behaviour and vibrational wavenumbers of the novel 4-[bis[2- (acetyloxy)ethyl]amino]benzaldehyde (4B2AEAB) were carried out by DFT (B3LYP and B3PW91) methods with 6-31+G (d, p) basis set in water solvent. The calculated vibrational wavenumbers are found to be in good agreement with experimental FT-IR spectra and PED analysis using GaussView 5.0 and VEDA 4 program. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of 4B2AEAB was calculated by using TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) in gas phase, water, CHCl3, DMSO and CH2Cl2 solvents using CPCM model and λmax in range of 354.16, 341.35, 343.74, 342.18 and 342.64 nm, respectively. The density of state (DOS spectrum) of the compound in term of HOMOs and LUMOs and MESP were calculated and analyzed. The temperature effects on the thermodynamic properties are also discussed. The calculated 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shift using GIAO method and solvent effect are investigated by B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) in gas phase, chloroform, water, DMSO and CH2Cl2 solvents and correlate with experimental chemical shifts. The dipole moment, polarizability and the first static hyperpolarizability values show that the 4B2AEAB molecule is active non-linear optical (NLO) material. The nucleophilic and electrophilic reactive sites in the 4B2AEAB and its derivatives were analyzed by Fukui function analysis using Mulliken charge. The charge transfer, conjugative interactions and delocalization of electron density are analyzed by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The biological properties and ADMET study of 4B2AEAB and its derivatives are also discussed.

We recently rereported that blood mRNA levels of T cells and IgE receptors are the novel non-invasive biomarkers for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) with the aim to establish the panel of T cells and IgE receptor as the novel non-invasive biomarkers for EoE. In addition to earlier proposed cell surface molecules, we now add T cell receptor CXCR6 and eosinophils expressed cell surface molecules CD101 and CD274 mRNA levels. The mRNA levels of eosinophils cell surface molecule CD101 and CD274 and T cell receptor CXCR6, Vβ11, CD1d and chemokine CXCL16 levels were examined using the blood of normal, EoE and GERD patients. The analysis showed statistically significant induced mRNA levels of CD274, CD101 and reduced CXCR6 will be an additional molecule with respective 95%, 90% and 90% positive predictive value in between EoE and GERD patients. In brief, these additional data will be critical to establish a complete panel of earlier published TCRδ (95%), Jα18 (83%) and FCεRII (100%) non-invasive biomarker to monitor the EoE severity and treatment effect in EoE patients. In conclusion, we now propose both induced and reduced transcript levels of cell surface molecules of the cell surface molecules along with earlier reported molecules that will be useful for monitoring EoE status before and following treatment. Most importantly, the complete predictive non-invasive biomarker panel will also serve to differentiate EoE from GERD.&nbsp

Objectives The diversity in the governance of the American Society of Transplant Surgeons has not been described. We aimed to quantify the present state of its leadership as a baseline to inform future research. Materials and methods Lists of leaders on the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Council, the COVID-19 Strike Force, and 20 different American Society of Transplant Surgeons committees were obtained from the Society's website. Demographic and training information for the members were compiled through internet searches and analyzed. Results The American Society of Transplant Surgeons Council included 15 members, with 20% women. It was 93.3% non-Hispanic White. The COVID-19 Strike Force included 12 surgeons, 16.7% of whom were female, with 75% non-Hispanic White. Of the 198 committee members, 23.7% were women, 68.7% were nonHispanic White, 16.6% were Asian, 8.1% were Hispanic, and 6.6% were Black. Among female committee members, underrepresented minorities comprised 23.6%. Committee chairs included 23% women, 23% underrepresented minorities, and 2.3% minority women. International medical graduates were more likely men (P = .02). Conclusions Representation of women in the American Society of Transplant Surgeons leadership has kept pace with their membership in the transplant surgery workforce. There is a deficiency of female under - represented minorities in leadership positions at the Society. Further interventions are required to recruit underrepresented minorities to transplant surgery, catalog their footprint in the workforce, and champion their role as leaders within the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.