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Background: While eclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal death in the developing world, the prevalence and case fatality of the condition in the developed world has reduced due to early detection and prompt treatment. The understanding of the factors associated with eclampsia may reduce the burden and enhance the quality of foeto-maternal outcome. Objective: To determine the prevalence of eclampsia and the associated foeto-maternal outcome. Methods: A retrospective study of patients who presented with eclampsia at the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH) between January 2008 and December 2012 was carried out. The hospital records were retrieved and the data extracted included the age, parity, gestational age at presentation, booking status, mode of delivery, outcome of baby and mother, and the total delivery in the hospital over the period. Results: The prevalence of eclampsia over the period was 1.1%. Eclampsia was common among women aged 25years and below (64.3%), nulliparous women (78.6%) and unbooked (100.0%). Caesarean section was carried out on 63.0% of the patients on account of unfavourable cervix, while 22.2% of patients had spontaneous vagina delivery. Most (96.4%) received magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) therapy but 22.2% convulsed while receiving it. Maternal mortality was 7.1% while perinatal mortality rate was 250/1000 live birth. Conclusion: Eclampsia remains a cause of maternal morbidity and preventable death in the understudied community. Early antenatal booking and the use of MgSO4 are effective in reducing the burden.

Background: About 3.2 million people and 400,000 children live with HIV in Nigeria. Over 60% of deliveries take place outside health facilities and are often supervised by Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA). It is expedient that TBAs have good knowledge and perception of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of TBAs in two randomly selected LGAs in Ogun State. All consenting TBAs registered with the TBA association in the selected LGAs were included in the study. Result: There were 142 respondents in all. Most TBAs (97.2%) were aware of HIV and the mode of transmission. They acquired the knowledge from Government hospitals (35.2%) and the media (32.4%). The respondents were aware mothers could transmit HIV to their children during pregnancy (67.6%), labour/delivery (74.6%) and breastfeeding (62%). The perceived roles of the TBAs in PMTCT included counseling of pregnant women (95.8%), ensuring screening for HIV (95.8%), accompanying HIV positive pregnant women to centers where they can obtain care (97.2%), referral of HIV positive women (97.2%), use of universal precaution during delivery (94.4%), use of sterile instruments for delivery (98.6%) and not taking delivery of HIV positive pregnant women by themselves (78.9%). Conclusion: The TBAs in this study had a good perception of their role in PMTCT. Persistent training and supervision will ensure compliance with the principles of PMTCT and thus reduce the burden of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Solid waste management (SWM) is still a big challenge for cities around the world, especially in rapidly developing metropolitancities in developing countries, one of which is in South Sumatera Province. This province consists of several regencies andcities that already have their own waste management systems. Ogan Ilir Regency is one of the districts that has its own wastemanagement system, but it has not run effectively because the waste retribution has not been optimally implemented. Thiswriting paper aims to analyze potential sources of waste retribution, analyze aspects of willingness to pay and recommendnew amounts of waste retribution in accordance with existing circumstances. The research method used is in the form ofsurveys, observations and interviews with the intended respondents. The new levy analysis is based on Regulation Number 7of the Indonesian Minister of Home Affairs (Permendagri) for 2021. The findings revealed that there were various possiblewaste retributions emanating from the market sector of IDR 437,635,000, however only IDR 85,144,500 were realized. Thewillingness to pay study results suggest that education level and income have a large influence on the readiness to pay forwaste retribution. The newly obtained levy is IDR 237,922 per ton for the recommended outcomes. The new levy analysis isbased on Regulation Number 7 of the Indonesian Minister of Home Affairs (Permendagri) for 2021. The findings revealedthat there were various possible waste retributions emanating from the market sector of IDR 437,635,000, however only IDR85,144,500 were realized. The availability to contribute study results suggests that education level and income have a largeinfluence on the readiness to spend money on waste retribution. The newly obtained levy is IDR 237,922 per ton for therecommended outcomes.

These gender differences and abilities categorized by students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (Islamic Elementary School in the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Indonesia) can understand the concept of SPUR dimension fractions (Skills, Property, Uses, and Representation) that is the focus of this study. Presently, it is to answer the study's neediness about gender differences in math performance recommended by the previous studies. To offer the novelty about the measurement of conceptual understanding in four dimensions because one dimension is not relevant to describe students' understanding comprehensively and deeply of mathematical concepts. This study was a qualitative descriptive that relies on the analysis of test participants' answers; it consists of three male students and three female students representing the high, medium, and low ability categories at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah of Indramayu Regency. The students' participant is determined by purposive sampling. The analysis of the test participants' answers demonstrated the ability to understand the concept of fractions in the SPUR dimension of equality between male and female students in the same ability category. However, the students at every level of ability to achieve a different dimension. Male and female students in the high category achieved the dimensions of skills and property. Male and female students in the medium and low categories achieved skills. High-ability students and the medium category experienced an integer bias error using the integer property infractions. They perform arithmetic operations in the numerator and denominator separately as if they were independent integers. For this reason, students need to develop an understanding of concepts, especially on the dimensions of fraction properties, applications, and their representations, without being influenced by gender stereotypes. This development of understanding can be done through SPUR dimensional exercises that avoid gender bias, and teachers establish communication mathematics teaching in the classroom to engage students in both men and women.

Metacognition plays an important role in developing EFL students to become successful learners who are able to plan their learning goals, monitor their learning progress, and evaluate their learning outcomes in the disruption era. Because of the crucial role of metacognition in language learning, the implementation of metacognitive instruction in an EFL writing class had been investigated during one semester. Thus, this article discussed the students’ responses towards the use of the teaching program. This research study conducted with thirty three students in a private university in Lubuklinggau used a case study by collecting data through a questionnaire and reflective journals. The research results revealed that most of the EFL students had highly positive responses towards the implementation of metacognitive instruction in an EFL writing class including three aspects, namely the learning materials, learning activities, and benefits of the learning processes. Therefore, the teaching program had encouraged and benefited to the students in learning to write. Metacognitive instruction, as an alternative of effective methods, should be considered by teachers to help their students to become more independent learners. Keywords: Metacognition, metacognitive instruction, writing

Due to metacognition, as a psychological concept, has been a focus of educational researchers and become a potential to empower students to improve their own learning; increase the meaningfulness of learning, especially among students who are having problems in learning; and become successful learners, the present paper implicatively investigates the possible role of metacognitive instruction in developing ESL/EFL listening abilities among students by providing theoretical and empirical foundations drawn from the literature. To elicit the purpose of this article, the literature study was used. This study reviewed several recent research papers in the last 10 years related to the implementation of metacognitive instruction in order to elicit the information of the possibilities in developing ESL/EFL students’ listening comprehension abilities. Based on a detailed analysis and review of the research articles, there were some themes related to the possibility role of implementing the instruction not only developing ESL/EFL listening abilities, but also metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive awareness. Moreover, the instruction enables ESL/EFL students to increase their awareness of the listening process by improving richer metacognitive knowledge about themselves as listeners, the nature and demands of listening tasks, and listening strategies. This instruction they may encourage them to have an ability to regulate their own learning in and outside ESL/EFL classrooms. Therefore, based on the literature review and analysis above, ESL/EFL teachers will regard the important role of metacognition and attempt to implement the instruction as an alternative of effective teaching ways to develop ESL/EFL students’ listening abilities in and outside the classroom independently, particularly in the context of higher education in Indonesia. Keywords: Metacognition, Metacognitive awareness, Metacognitive instruction, Listening abilities

This current study is aimed to investigate EFL teachers perception on postmethod pedagogy proposed by Kumaravadivelu. To achieve the aim, the research method used here is a qualitative case study with nine doctoral students from various universities in Indonesia. The data collection tools are a questionnaire and structured interview. The result revealed that most of the EFL lecturers have already implemented postmethod pedagogy perspective divided into four parts: teaching interaction, teaching strategy, teaching objective, and teaching content although they were not aware yet about the concept. It was indicated that they theorized what they do and did what they theorize. For further researchers, postmethod pedagogy should be investigated in real condition of teaching and learning process and the effect of this pedagogy on students learning achievement so that it will be clearly found whether or not this pedagogy perspective is appropriate to be implemented in higher education in Indonesian context. Keywords: postmethod pedagogy, postmethod pedagogy framework, EFL teachers

Context: Peritoneal adhesions unlike other immediately recognizable complications of the surgery may produce long-term consequences, which include infertility and intestinal obstruction., Aims: The study aimed to determine the prevalence, the determinants, and the outcomes of laparoscopic surgery associated with intraperitoneal adhesion findings., Settings and Design: This was a retrospective observational study., Materials and Methods: The study included all laparoscopic gynecological surgeries done between January 2017 and December 2021. Adhesion severity was graded, using the peritoneal adhesion index (PAI), by Coccolini et al., Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 21.0. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with adhesion finding during laparoscopy., Results: There were 158 laparoscopic surgeries with 26.6% prevalence of peritoneal adhesions. The prevalence of adhesions among women with previous surgery was 72.7%. Previous peritoneal surgery was a significant determinant of occurrence of adhesions (odds ratio = 8.291, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.464-15.397, P < 0.001), and such patients had significantly (P = 0.025, 95% CI = 0.408-5.704) more severe adhesions (PAI = 11.16 ± 3.94) than those without prior surgery (PAI = 8.10 ± 3.14). Abdominal myomectomy (PAI = 13.09 ± 2.95) was the most important primary surgical determinant of adhesion formation. There was no significant relationship between adhesion occurrence and conversion to laparotomy (P = 0.121) or mean duration of surgery (P = 0.962). Greater adhesion severity was, however, observed in individuals with operative blood loss <100 ml (PAI = 11.73 ± 3.56, P = 0.003) and those hospitalized for ≤2 days (PAI = 11.12 ± 3.81, P = 0.022)., Conclusion: The prevalence of postoperative adhesions during laparoscopy in our center is comparable to what has been earlier reported. Abdominal myomectomy is associated with the greatest risk and severity of adhesions. Laparoscopy in patients with more severe adhesions resulted in less blood loss and shorter duration of hospitalization, suggesting an association of better outcomes with a cautious approach to adhesions., Competing Interests: None

Background: Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae) has been reported to positively affect liver function. However, the effect of M. koenigii leaves on N ω -Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) induced liver dysfunction is unknown. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of M.koenigii leaves as tea on L-NAME induced liver dysfunction., Methods: Two variants of curry tea were formulated; one was formulated entirely from leaves of M. koenigii, the other was formulated with thaumatin-rich aril obtained from seeds of Thaumatococcus danielii (Benn.) Benth. (Marantaceae). Group I animals served as control and were untreated. Groups II and V animals were administered curry tea (CT). Group III and VI animals received curry-thaumatin tea (CTT). Concurrently, L-NAME (40 mg/kg) was administered to groups IV-VI respectively for 21 days. Blood and liver samples were collected at the end of the study for biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis., Results: L-NAME induced liver dysfunction evidenced by liver histology, increased activities of ALT, AST, hyperlipidemia, hepatic oxidative stress and increased hepatic NF-kB expression. Administration of CT and CTT ameliorated the L-NAME induced liver dysfunction evidenced by liver histology, increased NO hepatic bioavailability, reduced activity of ALT and AST, increased hepatic antioxidant system and decreased hepatic NF-kB expression. Thaumatin taste/flavor enhancer did not significantly reduce or potentiate the hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-lipidemic property of aqueous curry tea extracts in rats., Conclusion: L-NAME impaired liver function in rats. CT and CTT interfered with the ability of L-NAME to inhibit NO synthesis which was associated with ameliorated hepatic dysfunction., Practical Applications: The study reports that non-selective inhibition of nitric oxide by L-NAME in rats impairs liver function and formulated curry tea types interfered with the ability of L-NAME to inhibit NO synthesis which was associated with ameliorated hepatic dysfunction in rats., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)