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2,954 results on '"Angular dependence"'

1. Modeling of surface evolution in plasma etching for SiC microgroove fabrication.

Author

Yao, Xiaoqiang, Zhou, Tianfeng, Su, Xinbo, Guo, Weijia, Liu, Peng, Yu, Qian, Zhao, Bin, and Zeng, Jiyong

Subjects
*PLASMA etching, *INHOMOGENEOUS materials, *SILICON carbide, *ETCHING, *POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
Abstract

Monocrystalline silicon carbide (SiC) has attracted attention for applications in devices operating in harsh environments due to its excellent physicochemical properties. However, it is difficult to obtain extremely small-feature sizes with undamaged surfaces due to its extremely high hardness. Herein, a novel method to fabricate SiC microgrooves is proposed that combines molding with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching process. First, a Ni–P microgroove master mold was fabricated by ultraprecision cutting and replicated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface, which was then used as the microgroove mold for hot embossing. Then, the patterned mask fabricated by hot embossing was transferred to the SiC substrate by ICP etching. To obtain customized microgrooves, an interface-evolution model based on angular dependence theory was established. A numerical method based on a string algorithm approach is developed for interface-evolution simulations. During ICP etching, the characteristic size d of homogeneous materials and the sidewall angle in heterogeneous materials varied with the sidewall angle of the SU-8 mask due to the angular dependence of etch rate. Finally, seven sets of microgrooves were machined on SU-8 to study the interface-evolution process. Variations in the characteristic size Δ d and sidewall angle θ for each unit in homogeneous material, as well as the variations in sidewall angle before and after etching in heterogeneous materials are described. The high accuracy of the proposed interface-evolution model was experimentally validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. Characterization of the First Prototype of an Angular Independent Silicon Diode Array for Quality Assurance in Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Author

Aishah Bashiri, Sean Hood, Jessie Posar, Yashiv Dookie, Joanne McNamara, Joel Poder, Fathimat Zahra, Michael L. F. Lerch, Anatoly B. Rosenfeld, and Marco Petasecca

Subjects
angular dependence, silicon array dosimeter, external beam radiotherapy, quality assurance, stereotactic radiosurgery, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Quality assurance (QA) ensures the accurate and safe delivery of radiation treatment. However, there are several challenges for advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), where substantial doses of radiation with multi-directional beams and variable dose rates are delivered to specific areas. Current dosimeters lack high precision, exhibiting issues with dependency on the angle of measurement and the dose rate. This study investigates the characterization of a two-dimensional edgeless silicon diode array for QA in SRS. This detector underwent evaluation of its dose linearity, percentage depth dose (PDD), output factors (OFs), dose rate variability, and angular dependence with megavoltage linear accelerator beams. The edgeless array demonstrated a linear response in the direct detection of MV therapeutic X-rays with sensitivity of 6.95 × 10−3 ± 2.3 × 10−5 Gy/nC, and the percentage differences for PDD and OF measurements were found to be within 2% compared to the reference detector. A dose per pulse dependence of ±2% was demonstrated across the range of 0.12 to 0.39 mGy/pulse. The angular dependence was within 2% variation for irradiation angles greater than 80° and smaller than 120°; however, a maximum of 4% variation was observed with some diodes for angles between 80° and 120°. The improved performance of the edgeless array is likely to overcome limitations of the current dosimeters for SRS QA by operating without the need of any corrections.

Published
2024
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3. Angular dependence of photonic band gap and omni-directional reflection in one-dimensional photonic crystal applied to a thermophotovoltaic device

Author

Fabrice Kwefeu Mbakop, Ruben Zieba Falama, Feng Wu, Albert Ayang, Salome Ndjakomo Essiane, Liviu Leontie, Noel Djongyang, and Felicia Iacomi

Subjects
Omnidirectional Reflection, Angular Dependence, Transfer Matrix Method, Bloch Theorem, Dispersion, Thermophotovoltaic, Optics. Light, QC350-467
Abstract

In this work, we present a theoretical study and a numerical simulation on omnidirectional reflection in one-dimensional photonic crystal structures for a thermophotovoltaic device. The optical properties are determined using the transfer matrix method. The results show that the angular dependence of photonic bandgaps depends on refractive index contrast and, polarization. However, for both TE and TM polarization, a reflectivity peak with 100% reflectivity is observed. The Te/SiO2 structure is the one with the largest bandwidth of omnidirectional photonic band gap compared with the TiO2/SiO2 and Si/SiO2 structures. The results also show that by designing a giant birefringent optical the Brewster’s angle allows angle the control at any angle for both TE and TM mode.

Published
2024
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4. Technical note: Angular dependence in fiber optic dosimetry using YVO4:Eu3+.

Author

Martínez, Nahuel, Fernández, Yohanna, Machello, Soledad, Molina, Pablo, Massa, José, and Santiago, Martín

Subjects
*PHOTON beams, *LINEAR accelerators, *CHERENKOV radiation, *SCINTILLATORS, *LIGHT filters, *MONTE Carlo method, *OPTICAL fibers, *PHOTOMULTIPLIERS
Abstract

Background: Fiber optic dosimetry (FOD) has emerged as a useful technique that can be used in those cases when intracavitary, real time, high spatial resolution dose assessment is required. Among the several factors characterizing a dosimeter, angular response of FOD probes has to be assessed in order to consider possible clinical application. Purpose: The objective of this study was to characterize the angular response of a FOD probe based on a cylindrical shaped YVO4:Eu3+ scintillator under irradiation with a 6 MV photon beam generated by a linear accelerator (LINAC). Methods: A FOD probe was irradiated inside a plastic phantom using a 6 MV LINAC photon beam at different azimuthal angles (0° to 360°, 15° steps). Scintillation output was measured with a photomultiplier tube. Similar measurements were performed with a second FOD probe having an optical filter interposed between the scintillator and the fiber. Monte Carlo simulations using PENELOPE were carried out in order to interpret the observed results. Results: The FOD output was symmetrical with respect to the scintillator axis. For the unfiltered probe, the signal was maximum at rear incidence (0°) and steadily decreased down to its minimum value at frontal incidence (180°) having a signal ratio of 37%. The output of the filtered probe showed a plateau from 15° up to 115°. The signal was maximum at 60° and minimum at 180° having a signal ratio of 16%. Monte Carlo simulations predicted symmetry of the deposited dose about 0° and 90°, which contrasts with experimental findings. Conclusions: Photoluminescence (PL) of the scintillator induced by the Cherenkov light increases the angular dependence. Radiation attenuation inside the scintillator and partial light collection of the scintillation yield by the optical fiber (OF) are responsible for asymmetrical response. Results from this study should be considered in order to minimize angular dependence in FOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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5. Technical note: Angular dependence in fiber optic dosimetry using YVO4:Eu3+.

Author

Martínez, Nahuel, Fernández, Yohanna, Machello, Soledad, Molina, Pablo, Massa, José, and Santiago, Martín

Subjects
PHOTON beams, LINEAR accelerators, CHERENKOV radiation, SCINTILLATORS, LIGHT filters, MONTE Carlo method, OPTICAL fibers, PHOTOMULTIPLIERS
Abstract

Background: Fiber optic dosimetry (FOD) has emerged as a useful technique that can be used in those cases when intracavitary, real time, high spatial resolution dose assessment is required. Among the several factors characterizing a dosimeter, angular response of FOD probes has to be assessed in order to consider possible clinical application. Purpose: The objective of this study was to characterize the angular response of a FOD probe based on a cylindrical shaped YVO4:Eu3+ scintillator under irradiation with a 6 MV photon beam generated by a linear accelerator (LINAC). Methods: A FOD probe was irradiated inside a plastic phantom using a 6 MV LINAC photon beam at different azimuthal angles (0° to 360°, 15° steps). Scintillation output was measured with a photomultiplier tube. Similar measurements were performed with a second FOD probe having an optical filter interposed between the scintillator and the fiber. Monte Carlo simulations using PENELOPE were carried out in order to interpret the observed results. Results: The FOD output was symmetrical with respect to the scintillator axis. For the unfiltered probe, the signal was maximum at rear incidence (0°) and steadily decreased down to its minimum value at frontal incidence (180°) having a signal ratio of 37%. The output of the filtered probe showed a plateau from 15° up to 115°. The signal was maximum at 60° and minimum at 180° having a signal ratio of 16%. Monte Carlo simulations predicted symmetry of the deposited dose about 0° and 90°, which contrasts with experimental findings. Conclusions: Photoluminescence (PL) of the scintillator induced by the Cherenkov light increases the angular dependence. Radiation attenuation inside the scintillator and partial light collection of the scintillation yield by the optical fiber (OF) are responsible for asymmetrical response. Results from this study should be considered in order to minimize angular dependence in FOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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6. High performance red and green phosphorescent emitters suitable for the BT.2020 color gamut.

Author

Wang, Jing, Xie, Menglan, Pang, Huiqing, Zhang, Cuifang, Sang, Ming, Zhang, Qi, Cai, Wei, Kwong, Raymond, and Xia, Sean

Subjects
*ORGANIC light emitting diodes, *RED wines, *DIGITAL cinematography, *ENVIRONMENTAL reporting
Abstract

In this work, we investigated the potential for phosphorescent emitters to achieve the BT.2020 color standard in displays, where the CIE coordinates for red and green are (0.709, 0.292) and (0.170, 0.797), respectively. Optical simulations were performed for both green and red top emission organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). For the green emitter, it is possible to reach (0.170, 0.785) using a spectrum with a peak wavelength (λmax) at 526 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) less than 30 nm. For the red emitter, in order to achieve (0.708, 0.292) while maintaining a high current efficiency (CE), it is important to decrease the FWHM instead of red‐shifting the spectrum. Following the guidance of these simulation results, we designed and synthesized novel deep green (DGD) and deep red phosphorescent (DRD‐II) emitters. The photoluminescent (PL) spectrum of DGD shows an FWHM of 30 nm and a λmax of 523 nm. A top‐emission green OLED built using DGD reached a CE of 171 cd/A at an operating voltage of 3.3 V and a lifetime of 95% of initial brightness (LT95) > 1300 h at 10 mA/cm2 with a CIE (x, y) = (0.170, 0.777). This is, to our knowledge, the best device performance ever reported for a green phosphorescent OLED at this CIE y. The PL spectrum of DRD‐II has a λmax of 630 nm with an FWHM of 30 nm. A top‐emission red OLED built with DRD‐II achieved a CE of 59 cd/A, an operating voltage of 3.2 V and an LT95 over 20,000 h at a drive current of 10 mA/cm2 with a CIE (x, y) = (0.708, 0.292). We also studied the angular dependence of the above devices and found they were comparable to devices with commercial emitters for the Digital Cinema Initiative P3 (DCI‐P3) standard that had a wider FWHM. Combining these green and red emitters with a commercial blue OLED at (0.131, 0.046), we are able to cover 97% of the BT.2020 color gamut. The results using DGD and DRD‐II suggest that they have great potential to satisfy BT.2020 in an organic phosphorescent system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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7. Visibility of microvessels in Optical Coherence Tomography angiography depends on angular orientation

Author

Zhu, Jun, Bernucci, Marcel T, Merkle, Conrad W, and Srinivasan, Vivek J

Subjects
Analytical Chemistry, Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Sciences, Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision, Biomedical Imaging, Angiography, Artifacts, Microvessels, Retina, Tomography, Optical Coherence, optical coherence tomography, angiography, angular dependence, retina, choroid, scattering, vasculature, optical coherence tomography, angiography, retina, choroid, Optical Physics, Medical Biotechnology, Optoelectronics & Photonics, Analytical chemistry, Medicinal and biomolecular chemistry
Abstract

Optical Coherence Tomography angiography (OCTA) is a widespread tool for depth-resolved imaging of chorioretinal vasculature with single microvessel resolution. To improve the clinical interpretation of OCTA, the conditions affecting visualization of microvessels must be defined. Here we inject a scattering plasma tracer (Intralipid) during OCTA imaging of the anesthetized rat eye. In the retina, we find that interlaminar (vertical) vessels that connect laminae have one-fourth to one-third the OCTA red blood cell to tracer (RBC-to-tracer) signal ratio of intralaminar (horizontal) vessels. This finding suggests that the OCTA signal from microvessels depends on angular orientation, making vertically-oriented vessels more difficult to visualize using intrinsic contrast alone. Clinicians should be aware of this potential artifact when interpreting OCTA.

Published
2020

8. Effect of angular dependence for small-field dosimetry using seven different detectors.

Author

Kohei Kawata, Tomohiro Ono, Hideaki Hirashima, Yusuke Tsuruta, Takahiro Fujimoto, Mitsuhiro Nakamura, and Manabu Nakata

Subjects
*MEDICAL dosimetry, *DETECTORS, *CORRECTION factors, *IONIZATION chambers, *COINCIDENCE, *SPATIAL resolution, *OCCLUSION (Chemistry)
Abstract

Background: Small-field dosimetry is challenging for radiotherapy dosimetry because of the loss of lateral charged equilibrium, partial occlusion of the primary photon source by the collimating devices, perturbation effects caused by the detector materials and their design, and the detector size relative to the radiation field size, which leads to a volume averaging effect. Therefore, a suitable tool for small-field dosimetry requires high spatial resolution, tissue equivalence, angular independence, and energy and dose rate independence to achieve sufficient accuracy. Recently, with the increasing use of combinations of coplanar and non-coplanar beams for small-field dosimetry, there is a need to clarify angular dependence for dosimetry where the detector is oriented at various angles to the incident beam. However, the effect of angular dependence on small-field dosimetry with coplanar and non-coplanar beams has not been fully clarified. Purpose: This study clarified the effect of angular dependence on small-field dosimetry with coplanar and non-coplanar beams using various detectors. Methods: Seven different detectors were used: CC01, RAZOR, RAZOR Nano, Pinpoint 3D, stereotactic field diode (SFD), microSilicon, and microDiamond. All measurements were taken using a TrueBeam STx with 6 MV and 10 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) energies using a water-equivalent spherical phantom with a source-to-axis distance of 100 cm. The detector was inserted in a perpendicular orientation, and the gantry was rotated at 15° increments from the incidence beam angle. A multi-leaf collimator (MLC) with four field sizes of 0.5 × 0.5, 1 × 1, 2 × 2, and 3 × 3 cm², and four couch angles from 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° (coplanar and non-coplanar) were adopted. The angular dependence response (AR) was defined as the ratio of the detector response at a given irradiation gantry angle normalized to the detector response at 0°. The maximum AR differences were calculated between the maximum and minimum AR values for each detector, field size, energy, and couch angle. Results: The maximum AR difference for the coplanar beam was within 3.3% for all conditions, excluding the maximum AR differences in 0.5 × 0.5 cm² field for CC01 and RAZOR. The maximum AR difference for non-coplanar beams was within 2.5% for fields larger than 1 × 1 cm², excluding the maximum AR differences for RAZOR Nano, SFD, and microSilicon. The Pinpoint 3D demonstrated stable AR tendencies compared to other detectors. The maximum difference was within 2.0%, except for the 0.5 × 0.5 cm² field and couch angle at 90°. The tendencies of AR values for each detector were similar when using different energies. Conclusion: This study clarified the inherent angular dependence of seven detectors that were suitable for small-field dosimetry. The Pinpoint 3D chamber had the smallest angular dependence of all detectors for the coplanar and non-coplanar beams. The findings of this study can contribute to the calculation of the AR correction factor, and it may be possible to adapt detectors with a large angular dependence on coplanar and non-coplanar beams. However, note that the gantry sag and detector-specific uncertainties increase as the field size decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Angle-Dependent Raman Scattering Studies on Anisotropic Properties of Crystalline Hexagonal 4H-SiC.

Author

Feng, Zhe Chuan, Zhao, Dishu, Wan, Lingyu, Lu, Weijie, Yiin, Jeffrey, Klein, Benjamin, and Ferguson, Ian T.

Subjects
*RAMAN spectroscopy, *RAMAN scattering, *PHONONS, *WURTZITE
Abstract

Raman scattering spectroscopy (RSS) has the merits of non-destructiveness, fast analysis, and identification of SiC polytype materials. By way of angle-dependent Raman scattering (ADRS), the isotropic characteristics are confirmed for c-face 4H-SiC, while the anisotropic properties of a-face 4H-SiC are revealed and studied in detail via combined experiments and theoretical calculation. The variation functional relationship of the angle between the incident laser polarization direction and the parallel (perpendicular) polarization direction was well established. The selection rules of wurtzite 4H-SiC are deduced, and the intensity variations of the A1, E2, and E1 Raman phonon modes dependent on the incident angle are calculated, and well-matched with experimental data. Raman tensor elements of various modes are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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10. Dosimetric characterization of a mobile accelerator dedicated for intraoperative radiation therapy: Monte Carlo simulations and experimental validation.

Author

Mastella, Edoardo, Szilagyi, Klarisa E., De Guglielmo, Eleonora, Fabbri, Sara, Calderoni, Francesca, Stefanelli, Antonio, Di Domenico, Giovanni, and Turra, Alessandro

Abstract

• The angular dependence of a microDiamond detector was evaluated with a home-made phantom. • Output factors were measured for both flat-ended and bevelled applicators. • Monte Carlo simulations were compared with experimental measurements. • Results were in very good agreement with previously published data. This Technical Note validates previously published data about the dosimetry of the electron beams produced by a mobile accelerator dedicated for intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). The evaluation of the directional response of a PTW microDiamond detector is presented together with a detailed analysis of the output factors (OFs) for bevelled applicators. The OFs of the 6, 8, 10 and 12 MeV electron beams produced by a light intraoperative accelerator (LIAC, SIT, Italy) were measured in a commercial water phantom using the microDiamond. A set of flat and bevelled applicators with sizes ranging from 4 to 10 cm was characterized. For bevelled applicators, a correction for the angular dependence of the microDiamond was calculated using a home-made spherical phantom. Correction factors were obtained through measurements performed rotating the accelerator treatment head at 0°, 15°, 30° and 45°. For flat applicators, the average deviation between measured and simulated OFs was (−1.1 ± 0.7)%. The microDiamond showed a higher angular dependence for the 6 MeV beam (∼8% for angles up to 45°, range 92 % ÷ 100 %), while the variations for 8, 10 and 12 MeV beams were ∼ 4 % (range 97 % ÷ 101 %). Correcting for this dependence, the average deviation of the OFs for bevelled applicators was (-0.9 ± 1.6)%. The presented results were in very good agreement with those reported in literature. Very similar deviations were found between flat and bevelled applicators confirming the suitability of our method to determine the angular dependence correction factors of the microDiamond detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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11. Flexible arc-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator for all directions and highly efficient biomechanical energy harvesting and human motion monitoring.

Author

Yan, Dali, Tao, Dan, Xu, Duo, Sun, Yirong, Deng, Bo, Cao, Genyang, Fang, Jian, and Xu, Weilin

Abstract

As an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) offers a fresh solution to the energy scarcity problem. However, the conventional three-dimensional (3D) TENG, which exhibits heavy angular dependence in energy harvesting, struggles to efficiently capture complex biological kinetic energy in practical applications. This study addresses this challenge by developing a novel flexible arc-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (F-TENG). In comparison with traditional 3D flexible-based TENG, this generator notably minimizes the angular dependence on motion direction. Particularly for non-vertical mechanical energy harvesting, F-TENG can enhance collection efficiency by 35.5 %. Experimental results demonstrate that the open-circuit voltage and current of F-TENG textiles are 3 times and 2.6 times higher, respectively than those of conventional 3D flexible-based TENG. Its accuracy in detecting and identifying complex motions reaches 86.8 %, marking a 37.8 % improvement over traditional 3D-TENG. This study presents a promising perspective on the structural design of all directions and highly efficient biomechanical energy harvesting and its application in the field of intelligent sensing. [Display omitted] • Arc-shaped TENG for all directions motions with high efficiency. • Enhances the energy collection efficiency by 35.5 % compared with traditional TENG. • 37.8 % improvement in the accuracy in identifying complex motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Special MCP-N thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) with better angular dependence.

Author

Budzanowski, M., Jung, A., and Karczmarczyk, M.

Subjects
*MEDICAL equipment, *COPPER, *RADIATION exposure, *ENERGY function, *THERMOLUMINESCENCE
Abstract

One of the basic parameters in the use of thermoluminescent detectors is the angular characteristics, i.e. receiving different signals depending on the angle of radiation exposure. The TLD detector is typically installed in a slide/badge and here the angular characteristics may have an influence, adding non-uniform coverage of the detectors with filters for the correct determination of the dose as a function of energy, because the energy characteristics are usually not flat. As part of the work, special MCP-N (LiF:Mg, Cu, P) detectors of various shapes were prepared to improve the angular characteristics. The detectors were round pellets with the same circular shape with a diameter of 4.5 mm, and a modified form inside (large and small drilled holes) or a modified surface (cavity or hemisphere). For comparison, standard MCP-N type detectors were used. Detectors in special boxes were exposed to X-rays with an energy of 80 keV. The radiation beam was formed by a medical X-ray apparatus adapted for experiments at the Warsaw University of Technology in Warsaw. Exposures were made for angles of 0, 30, 45, 50, and 90° for a dose of 1.5 mGy. Results show that it is possible to improve the angular characteristics for detectors with modified shapes. Better angular characteristics will allow for more accurate measurements, in particular in comparison tests, for accreditation and other calibrations. Especially improved angular dependence detectors could be useful for H*(10) environmental measurements. • Thermoluminescent detectors (TLD). • Angular dependence. • Environmental thermoluminescent detector. • Dose measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Attosecond information encoded in the photoemission angle

Author

Sörngård, Johanna and Sörngård, Johanna

Abstract

Electrons that break free during photoionization acquire a phase shift induced by the many-body potential of the parent ion. This phase shift can be interpreted as a delay in the photoionization process. This delay is very brief—on the order of attoseconds—and the time-scale of the process is short enough to, until recently, have been approximated as instantaneous. Recent developments in experimental methods have enabled the generation of light pulses of attosecond duration, allowing these phenomena to be probed in experiments. The photoionization delay can be measured in short-pulse pump-probe experiments that utilizes methods like RABBIT or streaking. Originally these experimental protocols used linearly polarized light and non-angularly resolved measurements. When the capability to use circularly polarized pulses in experiments grow, the numerical methods used to simulate such experiments must follow, and be made capable of accounting for pulses with non-linear polarization. As more experiments collect angularly resolved data it is important to develop tools to analyse these more complex results. This thesis summarizes the work I have done to extend two numerical simulation methods to circular polarization, as well as the extension of a theoretical tool to angularly resolved delays. By decoupling the angular and radial parts through the implementation of coupled two-photon operators, I have enabled the calculation of two-photon matrix elements for any detection angle and combination of photon polarizations. I have computed general formulas for so-called asymmetry parameters that can be used to effectively describe and analyze the angular dependence of cross sections and delays. I have further worked on extending a program suite that simulates the interaction of atoms with light in the time-dependent regime so that it can simulate light of arbitrary polarization. Through these efforts we have found ways to either simplify experiments, or to make them directly sens

Published
2024

14. The angular dependence of magnetization dynamics induced by a GHz range strain pulse.

Author

Tojo, Kakeru, Nagakubo, Akira, and Ogi, Hirotsugu

Abstract

The dynamics of magnetization is important in spintronics, where the coupling between phonon and magnon attracts much attention. In this work, we study the angular dependence of the coupling between longitudinal-wave phonon and magnon. We investigated the magnetization dynamics using the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect, which allows measuring spin-wave resonances and the magnetic echo signal. The frequency, mode number, and amplitude of the spin-wave resonance change with the out-of-plane angle of the external magnetic field. The amplitude of the magnetic echo signal caused by the strain pulse also changes with the angle. We calculate these angular dependences based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation and find that the angles of the external field and magnetic moment are important factors for the phonon–magnon coupling when phonon propagates in the thickness direction under the out-of-plane magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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15. Straylight in fish-eye disease: visual quality and angular dependence of straylight.

Author

van de Wouw, Didrika Sahira, de Jong, Bram, van der Meulen, IJE, and van den Berg, TJTP

Subjects
GENETIC disorder diagnosis, SCATTERING (Physics), REFERENCE values, RETINA, COMPARATIVE studies, CORNEAL transplantation, VISUAL acuity, VISUAL perception, LIPID metabolism disorders, VISION disorders, VISUAL pigments, EYE diseases
Abstract

To quantify visual complaints by determining straylight values, to investigate the angular dependency of straylight, and to examine the use of straylight for clinical decision making in fish-eye disease (FED) patients. Straylight was measured in 10 patients with FED using the compensation comparison method (Oculus C-Quant). Additionally, the direct comparison method was used for four patients to measure straylight at different visual angles. Average straylight in untreated eyes with FED was 1.91 log(s). Penetrating keratoplasty and deep anterior Lamellar keratoplasty treated eyes had average straylight levels of 1.53 log(s) and 1.63 log(s), respectively. Straylight in FED was not strongly angle dependent. Straylight was highly elevated (up to 24x age normal value) although visual acuity was relatively well preserved. For several patients, complaints were severe enough to undergo corneal transplantation resulting in reduced straylight and alleviation of complaints. Straylight in FED follows relatively normal angular dependence. We conclude that straylight measurements can support clinical decision-making by quantifying complaints about reduced visual quality, even if visual acuity remains normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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16. Anisotropic relaxation of nuclear spins dipolar energy of water molecules in two-dimensional nanopores - A single crystal NMR study.

Author

Panich, Alexander M. and Swenson, Jan

Subjects
*NUCLEAR energy, *NUCLEAR magnetic resonance, *NUCLEAR spin, *SPIN-lattice relaxation, *SINGLE crystals, *DIPOLE-dipole interactions
Abstract

Energy transfer from Zeeman to dipolar order discovered by Jeener et al. is usually observed in solids with a strong dipole-dipole interaction of nuclear spins. It is not observed in liquids, where fast molecular motion completely averages this interaction. The intermediate case, when the dipole-dipole interaction of nuclear spins is only partially averaged, has been poorly studied. We report on the first measurement of an angular-dependent proton spin relaxation of a dipolar reservoir in mobile water molecules confined in the interlayer pores of a vermiculite single crystal. In this layered crystal, the intramolecular dipole-dipole interactions of nuclear spins are only partially averaged due to the restricted anisotropic molecular motion in nanopores. We show that this allows the formation of dipolar echo. We measured the spin-lattice relaxation times of the dipolar order T 1D at different angles between the normal to the crystal surface and the applied magnetic field and obtained a distinct angular dependence of T 1D. The minimum relaxation rate R 1D was found around the magic angle of 54.74°. [Display omitted] • Nuclear magnetic resonance. • Formation of dipolar energy reservoir of nuclear spins. • Angular dependence of dipolar spin-lattice relaxation rate T 1D. • Jeener pulse sequence. • Mobile water molecules in 2D nanopores of vermiculite single crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Plasma etching of SiO2 contact hole using perfluoropropyl vinyl ether and perfluoroisopropyl vinyl ether.

Author

You, Sanghyun, Kim, Jun-Hyun, and Kim, Chang-Koo

Abstract

Perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE) and perfluoroisopropyl vinyl ether (PIPVE) are used for plasma etching of SiO2 contact holes. When etching is performed on blanket SiO2 samples, the etch rates in the PPVE/Ar plasma are higher than those in the PIPVE/Ar plasma at all bias voltages. In contrast, when hole-pattern (100 nm in diameter) SiO2 samples are etched, the etch rates of the SiO2 hole in the PIPVE/Ar plasma are higher than those of the SiO2 hole in the PPVE/Ar plasma. This can be attributed to excess production of CF3+ ions in PIPVE than in PPVE, and higher contribution of physical sputtering to plasma etching in PIPVE than in PPVE. The angular dependence of the SiO2 etch rates examined using a Faraday cage reveals that the effect of physical sputtering on the SiO2 etching is greater in the PIPVE/Ar plasma than in the PPVE/Ar plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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18. Angular Dependence of Lα/Ll, Lα/Lβ and Lα/Lγ X-ray Intensity Ratios of Lead at 59.54 keV Photon Energy.

Author

AKKUŞ, Tuba and TEMİZ, Mehmet Fatih

Subjects
LEAD, X-rays, PHOTON scattering, ANGLES, SILICON detectors
Abstract

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2022
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19. Angle-Dependent Raman Scattering Studies on Anisotropic Properties of Crystalline Hexagonal 4H-SiC

Author

Zhe Chuan Feng, Dishu Zhao, Lingyu Wan, Weijie Lu, Jeffrey Yiin, Benjamin Klein, and Ian T. Ferguson

Subjects
silicon carbide, 4H-SiC, raman scattering, anisotropic property, angular dependence, raman tensor, Technology, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Microscopy, QH201-278.5, Descriptive and experimental mechanics, QC120-168.85
Abstract

Raman scattering spectroscopy (RSS) has the merits of non-destructiveness, fast analysis, and identification of SiC polytype materials. By way of angle-dependent Raman scattering (ADRS), the isotropic characteristics are confirmed for c-face 4H-SiC, while the anisotropic properties of a-face 4H-SiC are revealed and studied in detail via combined experiments and theoretical calculation. The variation functional relationship of the angle between the incident laser polarization direction and the parallel (perpendicular) polarization direction was well established. The selection rules of wurtzite 4H-SiC are deduced, and the intensity variations of the A1, E2, and E1 Raman phonon modes dependent on the incident angle are calculated, and well-matched with experimental data. Raman tensor elements of various modes are determined.

Published
2022
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20. On the evaluation of edgeless diode detectors for patient-specific QA in high-dose stereotactic radiosurgery.

Author

De Martin, Elena, Alhujaili, Sultan, Fumagalli, Maria Luisa, Ghielmetti, Francesco, Marchetti, Marcello, Gallo, Pasqualina, Aquino, Domenico, Padelli, Francesco, Davis, Jeremy, Alnaghy, Saree, Carrara, Mauro, Fariselli, Laura, Rosenfeld, Anatoly B., and Petasecca, Marco

Abstract

[Display omitted] • Radiosurgery is a powerful tool in the treatment of a wide spectrum of conditions. • There is a lack of efficient equipment for radiosurgery patient-specific QA programs. • Brain functional treatments condense all the criticalities of radiosurgery dosimetry. • Edgeless diodes are angular independent and measure brain functional treatment dose. • The edgeless diode is an efficient dosimeter for patient-specific QA in radiosurgery. In this work, the potential of an innovative "edgeless" silicon diode was evaluated as a response to the still unmet need of a reliable tool for plan dosimetry verification of very high dose, non-coplanar, patient-specific radiosurgery treatments. In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed technology, we focused on radiosurgical treatments for functional disease like tremor or pain. The edgeless diodes response has been validated with respect to clinical practice standard detectors by reproducing the reference dosimetry data adopted for the Treatment Planning System. In order to evaluate the potential for radiosurgery patient-specific treatment plan verification, the anthropomorphic phantom Alderson RANDO has been adopted along with three edgeless sensors, one placed in the centre of the Planning Target Volume, one superiorly and one inferiorly. The reference dosimetry data obtained from the edgeless detectors are within 2.6% for output factor, off-axis ratio and well within 2% for tissue phantom ratio when compared to PTW 60,018 diode. The edgeless detectors measure a dose discrepancy of approximately 3.6% from the mean value calculated by the TPS. Larger discrepancies are obtained in very steep gradient dose regions when the sensors are placed outside the PTV. The angular independent edgeless diode is proposed as an innovative dosimeter for patient quality assurance of brain functional disorders and other radiosurgery treatments. The comparison of the diode measurements with TPS calculations confirms that edgeless diodes are suitable candidates for patient-specific dosimetric verification in very high dose ranges delivered by non-isocentric stereotactic radiosurgery modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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21. Determination of the interaction potential for H-Au from backscattering and transmission experiments.

Author

Zinoviev, A.N., Babenko, P.Yu., Mikhailov, V.S., Tensin, D.S., and Shergin, A.P.

Subjects
*SCATTERING (Physics), *MULTIPLE scattering (Physics), *ANGULAR distribution (Nuclear physics), *ELECTRON gas, *POLARIZED electrons, *BACKSCATTERING
Abstract

To obtain parameters of the ion–solid system potential, we have modeled particle scattering for two different versions of the experiment: energy and angular distributions of protons backscattered from a gold target with the energies of 5 and 8 keV and angular dependences for 9-keV protons transmitted through a thin gold film (143 Å). Varying the potential parameters, we have achieved the best agreement with experimental data. Potentials obtained for the two mentioned geometries differ from potentials of the ion - gas target system and are characterized by the 7 to 20 % increase in the screening constant. This effect may be explained by the projectile-induced polarization of the electron gas in metal. The interatomic interaction potentials for the ion–solid system were derived from experimental data on multiple scattering for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. Angular dependent magnetoresistance in organic spin valves

Author

Huayan Xia, Sangjian Zhang, Hao Li, Tianli Li, Fang Liu, Wenchao Zhang, Wang Guo, Tian Miao, Wenjie Hu, Jian Shen, Yongli Gao, Junliang Yang, and Mei Fang

Subjects
Organic spin valve, Magnetoresistance, Angular dependence, Magnetization, Domain-switch, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Vertical organic spin valve (OSV)-based organic spintronic devices with additional degree of freedom to utilize and control the magnetoresistance (MR) by spin of electrons, have attracted a lot of interests for both foundation science and future functional device applications. Herein the effects of temperature, bias voltage and direction of magnetic field on the MR of the OSV are investigated to disclose the mechanisms. Specifically, the MR shows angular dependence with the value tuned from negative to positive by rotating the field direction from in-plane to out-of-plane, corresponding to the angular dependent spin moment. A domain-switch model is proposed to simulate the resistance changes in OSV device. The research provides a new route to tune the MR in organic spintronic devices, which is significant for future functional device applications.

Published
2021
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23. Shielding Effect of (RE)Ba2Cu3O7-d-Coated Conductors on Eddy Current Loss of Adjacent Metal Layers Under AC Magnetic Fields With Various Orientations.

Author

Sun, Yueming, Long, Nicholas J., Sidorov, Gennady, Fang, Jin, Badcock, Rodney A., and Jiang, Zhenan

Subjects
*EDDY current losses, *MAGNETIC fields, *MAGNETIC shielding, *MAGNETIC noise
Abstract

(RE)Ba2Cu3O7-d (REBCO) coated conductors are becoming a preferred wire choice for many potential high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, where additional metal layers are usually attached to the REBCO conductors to improve reliability and stability. In such cases, the eddy current loss in the metal layers is affected by the magnetic field shielding by adjacent REBCO coated conductors. Here we present the ac loss measurement and simulation results in three copper-superconductor stacks comprising a 10-mm-wide Fujikura-coated conductor with one, two, and four 0.1-mm-thick, 10-mm-wide copper strips, under various applied magnetic field angles (defined by the angle between the applied magnetic field and the wide face of the superconductor) from 15° to 90° at 77 K. The amplitude of the magnetic field is up to 100 mT. The shielding effect, which reduces the eddy current loss in the metal layers stacked with a superconductor layer, increases with decreasing field angles, due to the change of the effective penetration field at the different field angles. The eddy current loss in the copper strips in the copper-superconductor stacks under the magnetic fields with various orientations is dominated by the perpendicular magnetic field component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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24. Response of the ArcCHECK® device at 6 MV and 15 MV for VMAT and IMRT quality control.

Author

Jiménez-Melguizo, Miguel, Espinosa, Miguel, Montes, Joaquín, Guirado, Damián, and Lallena, Antonio M.

Abstract

• A detailed analysis of the response of the ArcCHECK ® device is presented. • Charge losses, repeatability, linearity, angular and rate dependences are studied. • A statistical control program is developed to check the device behavior. To study the response of the ArcCHECK® device as VMAT and IMRT verification system. Various tests analyzing the linearity, the repeatability and the angular dependence of the device response, its dependence with the pulse repetition rate and the leakage losses were performed. The long-term response in dose measurements and the uniformity of the detectors conforming the system were controlled using a statistical process control program. The Elekta Infinity™ 6 and 15 MV photon beams were used. The device showed excellent repeatability and linearity. The differences between the responses obtained for any pair of angular incidences were less than 2%. The absorbed dose increased by 3% when the pulse repetition rate varied from 50 to 600 MU/min. Results are in overall agreement with those found in previous works for the ArcCHECK®, in which a reduced number of the device diodes were analyzed, and for the MapCheck®, an older 2D device that used the same diodes. Charge losses were found to be negligible except for some of the diodes of the device. The statistical process control program is a very useful tool to control the correct functioning of the device in the long term. The results of the analysis carried out indicate that the working and stability conditions of the ArcCHECK® device are adequate for its purpose. The dependence with the pulse repetition rate should be considered when VMAT or similar treatments are evaluated. A control program for the statistical monitoring of the device would be desirable and useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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25. Deniz Seviyesinin 900 m Üstünde Kozmik Işın Akısının Açısal Bağımlılık Çalışması

Author

Ali YILMAZ, Kaan Yüksel OYULMAZ, and Haluk DENİZLİ

Subjects
Kozmik Işın Akısı, Açısal Bağımlılık, Geant4, Cosmic Ray Flux, Angular Dependence, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Bu çalışmada, zemin seviyesindeki kozmik ışın akısının zenit açısı dağılımı, geliştirilen prototip detektörü kullanılarak deniz seviyesinden 900 metre yukarıda ölçülmüştür. Ölçümler, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Fizik Bölümü Deneysel Parçacık Fiziği Laboratuvarında yapılmıştır. Ölçümleri gerçekleştirmek için kullanılan yöntem, kule modunda düzenlenmiş iki sintilatör kutusu üzerindeki eşzamanlı parçacık darbelerini kullanmaktır, daha sonra sayımlar sintilatör sayaç kutularında birikecektir. Bu detektör prototipi, parçacıkların yer seviyesinde tespit edilebilmesinde bilinen kozmik ışın detektörlerine göre daha basit, daha ucuz ve uygun bir alternatif sunar. Akılar ve oranlar, 0o ve 90o arasındaki farklı zenit açıları için ölçülmüştür. Mimari bileşenlerin ölçülen kozmik ışın akısı üzerindeki zayıflama etkisi, GEANT4 simülasyon programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu etki verilen sonuçlarda dikkate alınmıştır.

Published
2018
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26. 83‐1: Invited Paper: Optimization of High Performance Deep Red OLEDs Using Tandem Structure for Automotive Lighting Application.

Author

Pang, Huiqing, Gao, Liang, Xie, Menglan, Lu, Nannan, Kwong, Ray, and Xia, Sean

Subjects
QUANTUM efficiency, RED, CHROMATICITY, ORGANIC light emitting diodes
Abstract

We report here high performance deep red OLED devices for automotive lighting applications, through optimizing the organic stacks in a tandem structure. We first developed a deep red phosphorescent emitter that has a PL peak wavelength at 639 nm. A 2‐unit device incorporating this emitter along with a novel charge‐generation layer, was tuned to achieve an external quantum efficiency of 48%, a current efficiency of 26 cd/A, LT95 of 11,000 hrs, and a bias voltage of 8.2 V at 2,000 cd/m2. This tandem device reaches a deep red chromaticity with a dominant wavelength of 625nm, and CIE (X, Y) = (0.70, 0.30), as well as a near‐Lambertian emission pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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27. Evaluation of the PTW microDiamond in edge‐on orientation for dosimetry in small fields.

Author

Brace, Owen J., Alhujaili, Sultan F., Paino, Jason R., Butler, Duncan J., Wilkinson, Dean, Oborn, Brad M., Rosenfeld, Anatoly B., Lerch, Michael L. F., Petasecca, Marco, and Davis, Jeremy A.

Subjects
RADIATION dosimetry, IONIZATION chambers, TANKS, PREDICATE calculus
Abstract

Purpose: The PTW microDiamond has an enhanced spatial resolution when operated in an edge‐on orientation but is not typically utilized in this orientation due to the specifications of the IAEA TRS‐483 code of practice for small field dosimetry. In this work the suitability of an edge‐on orientation and advantages over the recommended face‐on orientation will be presented. Methods: The PTW microDiamond in both orientations was compared on a Varian TrueBeam linac for: machine output factor (OF), percentage depth dose (PDD), and beam profile measurements from 10 × 10 cm2 to a 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 field size for 6X and 6FFF beam energies in a water tank. A quantification of the stem effect was performed in edge‐on orientation along with tissue to phantom ratio (TPR) measurements. An extensive angular dependence study for the two orientations was also undertaken within two custom PMMA plastic cylindrical phantoms. Results: The OF of the PTW microDiamond in both orientations agrees within 1% down to the 2 × 2 cm2 field size. The edge‐on orientation overresponds in the build‐up region but provides improved penumbra and has a maximum observed stem effect of 1%. In the edge‐on orientation there is an angular independent response with a maximum of 2% variation down to a 2 × 2 cm2 field. The PTW microDiamond in edge‐on orientation for TPR measurements agreed to the CC01 ionization chamber within 1% for all field sizes. Conclusions: The microDiamond was shown to be suitable for small field dosimetry when operated in edge‐on orientation. When edge‐on, a significantly reduced angular dependence is observed with no significant stem effect, making it a more versatile QA instrument for rotational delivery techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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28. Angular dependence of shielding effect of radiation protective eyewear for radiation protection of crystalline lens.

Author

Hirata, Yuma, Fujibuchi, Toshioh, Fujita, Katsuya, Igarashi, Takayuki, Nishimaru, Eiji, Horita, Shogo, Sakurai, Reiko, and Ono, Koji

Abstract

Radiation protective (RP) eyewear effectively protects crystalline lenses from radiation exposure. A drawback of RP eyewear is the angular dependence of the shielding effect, which results from the design of the eyewear. In this study, 21 models of RP eyewear with different designs and lead equivalences were assessed. Each piece of RP eyewear was hung on a Styrofoam phantom that imitated the head, and a 0.125-cc ionization chamber dosimeter was placed at the position of the crystalline lens. The differences in angular dependence of the shielding effect were evaluated by changing the irradiation angle, and parameters that improved the angular dependence of the shielding effect—sufficient lead equivalence, large coverage design, and minimum gap between the crystalline lens and the RP eyewear—were identified. Thus, the findings highlight the importance of selecting RP eyewear according to the angular distribution and the nature of radiation exposure in the workplace for radiation workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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31. Angular dependence of the magnetization reversal in exchange-biased Fe/MnF2

Author

Arenholz, Elke and Liu, Kai

Subjects
Exchange bias, angular dependence, domain wall nucleation and propagation
Abstract

A detailed study of exchange-biased Fe/MnF2 bilayers using magneto-optical Kerr effect shows that the magnetization reversal occurs almost fully through domain wall nucleation and propagation for external fields parallel to the exchange-bias direction. For finite angles between bias and external field, the magnetization is aligned perpendicular to the cooling-field direction for a limited field range for decreasing fields. For external fields perpendicular to the bias direction, the magnetization aligns with the cooling-field direction for descending and ascending fields before fully reversing. The field range for which the magnetization is close to perpendicular to the external field can be estimated using a simple effective-field model.

Published
2005

33. Verification of angular dependence in MOSFET detector

Author

Clayton Henrique de Souza

Subjects
MOSFET, angular dependence, reproducibility., Science
Abstract

In vivo dosimetry is an essential tool for quality assurance programs, being a procedure commonly performed with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) or diodes. However, a type of dosimeter that has increasing popularity in recent years is the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) detector. MOSFET dosimeters fulfill all the necessary characteristics to realize in vivo dosimetry since it has a small size, good precision and feasibility of meas-urement, as well as easy handling. Nevertheless, its true differential is to allow reading of dose in real time, enabling immediate intervention in the correction of physical parameters deviations and anticipation of small anatomical changes in the patient during treatment. In order for MOSFET dosimeter to be better accepted in clinical routine, information reporting performance should be available frequently. For this reason, this work proposes to verify reproducibility and angular dependence of a standard sensitivity MOSFET dosimeter (TN-502RD-H) for Cs-137 and Co-60 sources. Exper-imental data were satisfactory and MOSFET dosimeter presented a reproducibility of 3.3% and 2.7% (±1 SD) for Cs-137 and Co-60 sources, respectively. In addition, an angular dependence of up to 6.1% and 16.3% for both radioactive sources, respectively. It is conclusive that MOSFET dosimeter TN-502RD-H has satisfactory reproducibility and a considerable angular dependence, mainly for the Co-60 source. This means that although precise measurements, special attention must be taken for applications in certain anatomical regions in a patient.

Published
2019
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35. 18.1: Invited Paper: Efficiency, stability, and angular dependence of plasmonic PHOLEDs.

Author

Thompson, Nicholas J., Fusella, Michael A., Saramak, Renata, Mundoor, Haridas, Menon, Vinod M., Weaver, Michael S., and Brown, Julia J.

Subjects
ORGANIC light emitting diodes, PLASMONICS, EXCITED states, PHOSPHORESCENCE
Abstract

Until recently, organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have operated under the paradigm that the surface plasmon mode of contacts is lossy and should be avoided. We proposed and demonstrated a phosphorescent light emitting device (PHOLED) which intentionally couples the emissive exciton to the plasmon mode of a nearby metal contact to reduce the excited state lifetime [1]. This, in turn, reduces the steady state exciton density and the likelihood of destabilizing excited state interactions. We further demonstrated that a nanoparticle‐based outcoupling scheme extracts the energy coupled to the plasmon mode into air. In this paper, we demonstrate that the plasmon based PHOLED can exceed the efficiency of a conventional PHOLED while simultaneously increasing the stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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36. Angular Dependence of the Critical Current Density in Two-Band Ginzburg-Landau Theory.

Author

Askerzade, I. N. and Güzel, M. S.

Subjects
*CRITICAL currents, *DENSITY currents, *FERMI surfaces
Abstract

In this study, we have calculated the angular dependence of critical current using the two-band Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory, generalized for the anisotropic mass case in different bands. It was illustrated that the two-band GL theory gives analytical expression for the angular dependence of critical current density. In calculations, we employ results of microscopical simulations for Fermi surface of LaFeAsO1 − xFx compound. It is shown that such a theory is in agreement with the experimental data for this compound. The obtained result was discussed in comparison with other studies which take into account pinning effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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37. Angular dependence of L X-rays of samarium, hafnium, and lead.

Author

Akkuş, Tuba, Yılmaz, Demet, and Şahin, Yusuf

Subjects
*SAMARIUM, *HAFNIUM, *X-rays, *SMALL-angle X-ray scattering, *LEAD, *PHOTONS
Abstract

Samarium, hafnium, and lead have great importance in making various absorbent materials. The L X-ray differential cross-sections of samarium, hafnium, and lead were measured within the range of with steps of 10° at 59.54 kiloelectron volt (keV) photon energy. In this study, angular dependence of L X-rays is explained by differential cross-section and intensity ratio calculations. The X-rays were found depend on the scattering angles weakly; therefore, we found reasonable to give the ratio to the X-rays. The anisotropy observed in the and X-rays but is not observed in and X-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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38. Angular dependence of the linear and nonlinear electro-optic responses in a polar smectic liquid crystal.

Author

Nowicka, Kamila and Kuczyński, Wojciech

Subjects
*ELECTROOPTICS, *NEMATIC liquid crystals, *SMECTIC liquid crystals, *ELECTRO-optical effects, *LIQUID crystals, *ELECTRIC fields
Abstract

The analysis of the first, second and third harmonic electro-optical responses (EORs) have been performed for planar samples of the liquid crystal (LC) having a broad temperature range of the phase. It demonstrated strong dependence on the angle between the polariser and the smectic layers normal. The comparison of these measurements for the smectic LC cells with both homogeneously and random orientation of the director agreed with results of the performed theoretical considerations based on the deformation of both the helix and the indicatrix under applied electric field. For the homogeneously aligned cell, the electro-optical effects are dominated by the strong linear process – in contrast to the unaligned cell, where the second-order EOR is important. The study of angular dependence of the nonlinear EOR allowed for easy separation of linear and nonlinear effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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39. Orientational dependencies of dynamics and relaxation of multiple quantum NMR coherences in one-dimensional systems.

Author

Bochkin, G.A., Fel'dman, E.B., Lazarev, I.D., Samoilenko, A.A., and Vasil'ev, S.G.

Subjects
*QUANTUM coherence, *NUCLEAR spin, *DIPOLE-dipole interactions, *RELAXATION for health
Abstract

Graphical abstract Highlights • Dynamics/relaxation of MQ NMR coherences are investigated at different orientations. • The relaxation of the MQ NMR coherences is determined by dipole-dipole interactions. • The universal time scale for different orientations was obtained. Abstract Dynamics and relaxation, or decoherence, of multiple quantum (MQ) coherences are investigated experimentally and theoretically for different orientations of a single crystal of fluorapatite with respect to the external magnetic field. Dynamics of MQ coherences is studied as a function of the preparation period of the MQ NMR experiment. Their relaxation, or decoherence, during the evolution period is also investigated. Universal curves for dynamics and relaxation are obtained and describe the experimental data for different orientations of the investigated sample. Those curves prove the dipolar nature of the observed relaxation process. The contribution of the heteronuclear interactions to the dipolar relaxation is also investigated. The source of discrepancies between experimental data and theoretical results in the experiments with a large angle between the nuclear spin chains and the external magnetic field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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40. Angular Dependence of Twisted Soldered-Stacked-Square (3S) HTS Wire.

Author

Xi, Dongmin, Liu, Jiachen, Li, Wenyi, Li, Zhuyong, Jin, Zhijian, Zhong, Lianhong, Duan, Xinhui, Song, Meng, and Li, Li

Subjects
*WIRE, *SUPERCONDUCTING wire, *CRITICAL currents, *ADHESIVE tape, *LIQUID nitrogen, *MAGNETIC fields, *DENSITY currents
Abstract

Angular dependence of second generation (2G) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tape is a crucial parameter for its industrial applications. Known as soldered-stacked-square (3S) HTS wire, a novel structure of HTS wire has been proposed in our previous research. In this paper, angular dependence of 1 mm HTS tape, 4 mm tape, 1 mm 3S HTS wire, and 1 mm 3S HTS twisted wire were measured in liquid nitrogen bath, respectively. It can be found that the 3S HTS wire would not enhance the critical current density under external magnetic field, while an isotropic angular dependence is obtained when 3S HTS wire is twisted. The test results obtained in this paper provides useful information for the future applications of 3S HTS wire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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41. Application of the SPH method to account for the angular dependence of multigroup resonant cross sections in thermal reactor calculations.

Author

Mao, Li, Zmijarevic, Igor, and Routsonis, Kornilios

Subjects
*ANGULAR measurements, *NUCLEAR cross sections, *GEOTHERMAL reactors, *ALUMINUM oxide, *RADIOACTIVE wastes
Abstract

Highlights • SPH method was applied to calculations using Monte Carlo condensed cross sections. • Efficiency was demonstrated for typical PWR pin-cell calculations. • SPH method was applied to subgroup method based on fine-structure equation. • Good agreement with reference was obtained in fuel pin and assembly calculations. • Subgroup plus SPH method is an effective self-shielding method. Abstract The issue of the angular dependence of the multigroup total cross sections in the multigroup transport equation solution was recognized a long time ago. Only recently has its impact on resonant self-shielding been identified. A viable solution for this problem is the superhomogenization (SPH) corrections. In the present work, two applications of the SPH method are presented, one applying to the APOLLO3® deterministic calculations with the multigroup cross sections condensed from the TRIPOLI-4® Monte Carlo simulation results and the other applying to a subgroup method based on the fine-structure equation. The numerical results show the effectiveness of the SPH method in dealing with this difficulty in both situations. This work also demonstrates that the subgroup method based on the fine-structure equation plus the SPH corrections is a practical, effective and accurate resonant self-shielding solution for the PWR fuel pin-cell and fuel assembly calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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42. On the Instantaneous Dose Rate and Angular Dependence of Monolithic Silicon Array Detectors.

Author

Biasi, Giordano, Hardcastle, Nicholas, Petasecca, Marco, Guatelli, Susanna, Perevertaylo, Vladimir, Kron, Tomas, and Rosenfeld, Anatoly B.

Subjects
*MONOLITHIC reactors, *RADIOTHERAPY, *RADIATION dosimetry, *QUALITY assurance, *SILICON
Abstract

The use of small radiation fields characterized by very steep dose gradients is common in modulated arc X-ray radiotherapy. Dosimeters for quality assurance (QA) applications would ideally have sensitive volumes (SVs) relatively small with respect to the field, along with negligible instantaneous dose rate and angular dependence. Silicon-based dosimeters can be fabricated with SVs $ < 100~\mu \text {m}$ across, provide a stable and near energy-independent response in megavoltage photon beams, along with a good linearity with accumulated dose and real-time readout. However, their sensitivity is instantaneous dose rate and angular dependent. Monolithic silicon array detectors with sufficiently small SVs and pitch are suitable for high-resolution 2-D dose mapping in radiation fields with steep dose gradients. The Octa is a 2-D monolithic silicon array detector. It has 512 diode- SVs arranged with a sub-millimeter pitch. The physical characteristics of the substrate on which it is based, in terms of resistivity and defects concentration, strongly affect its performance. We report on the experimental characterization of two versions of the Octa, manufactured on a bulk and on an epitaxial substrate, respectively. Their performance is compared and discussed in terms of their instantaneous dose rate and angular dependence in the context of QA applications in small radiation fields delivered with modulated arc radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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43. Angular dependence of SiO2 etching in plasmas containing heptafluoropropyl methyl ether.

Author

Kim, Jun-Hyun, Park, Jin-Su, and Kim, Chang-Koo

Subjects
*ANGULAR measurements, *METHYL ether, *PLASMA flow, *RADICALS (Chemistry), *FLUOROCARBONS
Abstract

Abstract SiO 2 was etched in heptafluoropropyl methyl ether (HFE-347mcc3)/Ar and C 4 F 8 /Ar plasmas, separately, to evaluate the feasibility of the use of fluorinated ether plasmas as an alternative to perfluoro carbon plasmas. The etch rates of SiO 2 in HFE-347mcc3/Ar plasma were higher than those in C 4 F 8 /Ar plasma because the O atoms in HFE-347mcc3 produced O radicals that reacted with fluorocarbons to produce volatile products, thus consuming more fluorocarbon films. In HFE-347mcc3/Ar plasmas, the changes in the normalized etch yield (NEY) with ion -incident angle followed nearly the same patterns at bias voltages higher than −600 V, while the NEY at −400 V was lower than those at other bias voltages. On the other hand, the NEYs of C 4 F 8 /Ar plasmas increased with bias voltage, indicating a strong dependence on the bias voltage. The characteristic changes in the NEY in HFE-347mcc3/Ar plasmas were correlated with the thickness and the fluorine-to‑carbon ratio of the steady-state film formed on the surface of the substrate. Highlights • SiO 2 was etched in HFE-347mcc3/Ar plasmas as an alternative to perfluoro carbon. • The effect of the ion-incident angle and bias voltage were investigated. • A Faraday cage was used to control the angle of ions incident on the substrate. • HFE-347mcc3/Ar plasmas offered a wider process window than perfluoro carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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44. Quality assurance of Cyberknife robotic stereotactic radiosurgery using an angularly independent silicon detector.

Author

Alhujaili, Sultan Fahad, Biasi, Giordano, Alzorkany, Faisal, Grogan, Garry, Al Kafi, Muhammed A., Lane, Jonathan, Hug, Benjamin, Aldosari, Abdullah H., Alshaikh, Sami, Farzad, Pejman Rowshan, Ebert, Martin A., Moftah, Belal, Rosenfeld, Anatoly B., and Petasecca, Marco

Subjects
RADIATION dosimetry, LIGHT emitting diodes, RADIOTHERAPY treatment planning, STEREOTACTIC radiosurgery, DETECTORS
Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of an angularly independent silicon detector (edgeless diodes) developed for dosimetry in megavoltage radiotherapy for Cyberknife in a phantom and for patient quality assurance (QA). Method: The characterization of the edgeless diodes has been performed on Cyberknife with fixed and IRIS collimators. The edgeless diode probes were tested in terms of basic QA parameters such as measurements of tissue‐phantom ratio (TPR), output factor and off‐axis ratio. The measurements were performed in both water and water‐equivalent phantoms. In addition, three patient‐specific plans have been delivered to a lung phantom with and without motion and dose measurements have been performed to verify the ability of the diodes to work as patient‐specific QA devices. The data obtained by the edgeless diodes have been compared to PTW 60016, SN edge, PinPoint ionization chamber, Gafchromic EBT3 film, and treatment planning system (TPS). Results: The TPR measurement performed by the edgeless diodes show agreement within 2.2% with data obtained with PTW 60016 diode for all the field sizes. Output factor agrees within 2.6% with that measured by SN EDGE diodes corrected for their field size dependence. The beam profiles' measurements of edgeless diodes match SN EDGE diodes with a measured full width half maximum (FWHM) within 2.3% and penumbra widths within 0.148 mm. Patient‐specific QA measurements demonstrate an agreement within 4.72% in comparison with TPS. Conclusion: The edgeless diodes have been proved to be an excellent candidate for machine and patient QA for Cyberknife reproducing commercial dosimetry device measurements without need of angular dependence corrections. However, further investigation is required to evaluate the effect of their dose rate dependence on complex brain cancer dose verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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45. Straylight in fish-eye disease: visual quality and angular dependence of straylight

Author

Didrika Sahira van de Wouw, Bram de Jong, IJE van der Meulen, TJTP van den Berg, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Ophthalmology, and Graduate School

Subjects
Ophthalmology, quality of vision, Biomedical Engineering, keratoplasty, straylight, fish-eye disease, Angular dependence, Optometry
Abstract

Aim: To quantify visual complaints by determining straylight values, to investigate the angular dependency of straylight, and to examine the use of straylight for clinical decision making in fish-eye disease (FED) patients. Research design and methods: Straylight was measured in 10 patients with FED using the compensation comparison method (Oculus C-Quant). Additionally, the direct comparison method was used for four patients to measure straylight at different visual angles. Results: Average straylight in untreated eyes with FED was 1.91 log(s). Penetrating keratoplasty and deep anterior Lamellar keratoplasty treated eyes had average straylight levels of 1.53 log(s) and 1.63 log(s), respectively. Straylight in FED was not strongly angle dependent. Conclusions: Straylight was highly elevated (up to 24x age normal value) although visual acuity was relatively well preserved. For several patients, complaints were severe enough to undergo corneal transplantation resulting in reduced straylight and alleviation of complaints. Straylight in FED follows relatively normal angular dependence. We conclude that straylight measurements can support clinical decision-making by quantifying complaints about reduced visual quality, even if visual acuity remains normal.

Published
2022

47. Measurement uncertainty analysis of radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter reader system based on GD-352M for estimation of protection quantity

Author

Byeong Ryong Park, Hyun Kim, Wi Ho Ha, Yong Kyun Kim, Jaeryong Yoo, Gyu Seok Cho, Won Il Jang, Seongjae Jang, Jae Seok Kim, and Insu Chang

Subjects
Radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RPLGD), Reproducibility, Dosimeter, Computer science, business.industry, Measurement uncertainty, Nuclear engineering, Dosimetric characteristics, TK9001-9401, Filter (signal processing), GD-352M, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Angular dependence, Radiation protection, business, Quality assurance, Regression curve
Abstract

At the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, physical human phantoms were developed to evaluate various radiation protection quantities, based on the mesh-type reference computational phantoms of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The physical human phantoms were fabricated such that a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RPLGD) with a Tin filter, namely GD-352M, could be inserted into them. A Tin filter is used to eliminate the overestimated signals in low-energy photons below 100 keV. The measurement uncertainty of the RPLGD reader system based on GD-352M should be analyzed for obtaining reliable protection quantities before using it for practical applications. Generally, the measurement uncertainty of RPLGD systems without Tin filters is analyzed for quality assurance of radiotherapy units using a high-energy photon beam. However, in this study, the measurement uncertainty of GD-352M was analyzed for evaluating the protection quantities. The measurement uncertainty factors in the RPLGD include the reference irradiation, regression curve, reproducibility, uniformity, energy dependence, and angular dependence, as described by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These factors were calculated using the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement method, applying ISO/ASTM standards 51261(2013), 51707(2015), and SS-ISO 22127(2019). The measurement uncertainties of the RPLGD reader system with a coverage factor of k = 2 were calculated to be 9.26% from 0.005 to 1 Gy and 8.16% from 1 to 10 Gy. A blind test was conducted to validate the RPLGD reader system, which demonstrated that the readout doses included blind doses of 0.1, 1, 2, and 5 Gy. Overall, the En values were considered satisfactory.

Published
2022

48. Angular dependence of localized mode of chalcogenide photonic crystal

Author

A. Bhargava and Rajpal Singh

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound, Transverse plane, Materials science, Transmission (telecommunications), chemistry, Condensed matter physics, Chalcogenide, Transfer-matrix method (optics), Mode (statistics), Physics::Optics, Angular dependence, Spectral line, Photonic crystal
Abstract

In this paper, we have designed a one-dimensional chalcogenide photonic crystal using As2Se3/air multilayered structure. A single defect is introduced by replacing As2Se3 layer with As2S3. In the proposed structure, the well-known transfer matrix method is employed to determine the transmission spectra for both TE (transverse Electric) and TM (transverse Magnetic) modes. A theoretical analysis of effect of incidence angle on defect modes is presented. Variation in incidence angle causes the shift in defect modes.

Published
2022

49. A' view of the sunrise: boosting helioscopes with angular information

Author

Frerick, Jonas, Kahlhoefer, Felix, and Schmidt-Hoberg, Kai

Subjects
exceptional, X-ray, detector, photon, flux, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), mixing, ddc:530, solar [X-ray], detector [X-ray], length [oscillation], X-ray, solar, photon: flux, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), X-ray telescopes, flux [photon], dark matter theory, Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, sensitivity, calibration, angular dependence, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, oscillation: length, axion, oscillation, length, spectral, X-ray: solar, X-ray: detector
Abstract

Journal of cosmology and astroparticle physics 03(3), 001 (2023). doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/03/001, The Sun may copiously produce hypothetical light particles such as axions or dark photons, a scenario which can be experimentally probed with so-called helioscopes. Here we investigate the impact of the angular and spectral distribution of solar dark photons on the sensitivity of such instruments. For the first time we evaluate this spectral and angular dependence of the dark photon flux over the whole mass range and apply this information to existing data from the Hinode Solar X-Ray Telescope. Specifically we use calibration images for a classical helioscope analysis as well as data from a solar eclipse providing sensitivity to exceptionally large oscillation lengths. We demonstrate that exploiting the signal features can boost the constraints by more than one order of magnitude in terms of the mixing parameter compared to a naive counting experiment., Published by IOP, London

Published
2023
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50. Measurement of the polarisation of W bosons produced in top-quark decays using dilepton events at <math altimg='si1.svg'><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo linebreak='goodbreak' linebreakstyle='after'>=</mo><mn>13</mn></math> TeV with the ATLAS experiment

Author

Aad, Georges, Abbott, Braden Keim, Abbott, Dale, Abeling, Kira, Abidi, Haider, Aboulhorma, Asmaa, Abramowicz, Halina, Abreu, Henso, Abulaiti, Yiming, Abusleme, Angel, Acharya, Bobby Samir, Adam Bourdarios, Claire, Adamczyk, Leszek, Adamek, Lukas, Addepalli, Sagar, Adelman, Jahred, Adiguzel, Aytul, Adorni Braccesi Chiassi, Sofia, Adye, Tim, Affolder, Tony, Afik, Yoav, Agaras, Merve Nazlim, Agarwala, Jinky, Aggarwal, Anamika, Agheorghiesei, Catalin, Aguilar Saavedra, Juan Antonio, Ahmad, Ammara, Ahmadov, Faig, Ahmed, Waleed Syed, Ahuja, Sudha, Ai, Xiaocong, Aielli, Giulio, Ait Tamlihat, Malak, Aitbenchikh, Brahim, Aizenberg, Iakov, Akbiyik, Melike, Akesson, Torsten, Akimov, Andrei, Al Khoury, Konie, Alberghi, Gian Luigi, Albert, Justin, Albicocco, Pietro, Alderweireldt, Sara, Aleksa, Martin, Alexandrov, Igor, Alexa, Calin, Alexopoulos, Theodoros, Alfonsi, Alice, Alfonsi, Fabrizio, Alhroob, Muhammad, Ali, Babar, Ali, Shahzad, Aliev, Malik, Alimonti, Gianluca, Alkakhi, Wael, Allaire, Corentin, Allbrooke, Benedict, Allendes Flores, Cristian Andres, Allport, Philip Patrick, Aloisio, Alberto, Alonso, Francisco, Alpigiani, Cristiano, Alvarez Estevez, Manuel, Alvarez Fernandez, Adrian, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Aly, Mohamed, Do Amaral Coutinho, Yara, Ambler, Alessandro, Amelung, Christoph, Amerl, Maximilian, Ames, Christoph, Amidei, Dante, Amor dos Santos, Susana Patricia, Amos, Kieran Robert, Ananiev, Viktor, Anastopoulos, Christos, Andeen, Timothy Robert, Anders, John Kenneth, Andrean, Stefio Yosse, Andreazza, Attilio, Angelidakis, Stylianos, Angerami, Aaron, Anisenkov, Alexey, Annovi, Alberto, Antel, Claire, Anthony, Matthew Thomas, Antipov, Egor, Antonelli, Mario, Antrim, Daniel Joseph, Anulli, Fabio, Aoki, Masato, Aoki, Takumi, Aparisi Pozo, Javier Alberto, Aparo, Marco, Aperio Bella, Ludovica, Appelt, Christian, Aranzabal Barrio, Nordin, Araujo Ferraz, Victor, Arcangeletti, Chiara, Arce, Ayana Tamu, Arena, Eloisa, Arguin, Jean-Francois, Argyropoulos, Spyros, Arling, Jan-Hendrik, Armbruster, Aaron James, Arnaez, Olivier, Arnold, Hannah, Arrubarrena Tame, Zulit Paola, Artoni, Giacomo, Asada, Haruka, Asai, Kanae, Asai, Shoji, Asbah, Nedaa Alexandra, Assahsah, Jihad, Assamagan, Ketevi Adikle, Astalos, Robert, Atkin, Ryan Justin, Atkinson, Markus Julian, Atlay, Naim Bora, Atmani, Hicham, Atmasiddha, Prachi, Augsten, Kamil, Auricchio, Silvia, Auriol, Adrien, Austrup, Volker Andreas, Avner, Gal, Avolio, Giuseppe, Axiotis, Konstantinos, Azuelos, Georges, Babal, Dominik, Bachacou, Henri, Bachas, Konstantinos, Bachiu, Alexander, Backman, Karl Filip, Badea, Anthony, Bagnaia, Paolo, Bahmani, Marzieh, Bailey, Adam, Bailey, Virginia, Baines, John, Bakalis, Christos, Baker, Keith, Bakker, Pepijn Johannes, Bakos, Evelin, Bakshi Gupta, Debottam, Balaji, Shyam, Balasubramanian, Rahul, Baldin, Evgenii, Balek, Petr, Ballabene, Eric, Balli, Fabrice, Baltes, Lisa Marie, Balunas, William Keaton, Balz, Johannes, Banas, Elzbieta, Bandieramonte, Marilena, Bandyopadhyay, Anjishnu, Bansal, Shubham, Barak, Liron, Barberio, Elisabetta, Barberis, Dario, Barbero, Marlon Benoit, Barbour, Gregory, Barends, Kevin Nicholas, Barillari, Teresa, Barisits, Martin, Barklow, Tim, Barnett, Michael, Baron, Petr, Baron, Diego, Baroncelli, Toni, Barone, Gaetano, Barr, Alan, Barranco Navarro, Laura, Barreiro Alonso, Fernando, Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa, Joao, Barron, Uriel, Barros, Maura, Barsov, Sergey, Bartels, Falk, Bartoldus, Rainer, Barton, Adam Edward, Bartos, Pavol, Basalaev, Artem, Basan, Alexander, Baselga Bacardit, Marta, Bashta, Inna, Bassalat, Ahmed, Basso, Matthew Joseph, Basson, Candice Ruth, Bates, Richard, Batlamous, Souad, Batley, Richard, Batool, Binish, Battaglia, Marco, Battulga, Daariimaa, Bauce, Matteo, Bauer, Patrick, Beacham, James, Beau, Tristan, Beauchemin, Pierre-Hugues, Becherer, Fabian, Bechtle, Philip, Beck, Hans Peter, Becker, Kathrin, Beddall, Andrew, Bednyakov, Vadim, Bee, Chris, Beemster, Lars, Beermann, Thomas, Begalli, Marcia, Begel, Michael, Behera, Arabinda, Behr, Janna Katharina, Beirao da Cruz E Silva, Cristovao, Beirer, Joshua Falco, Beisiegel, Florian, Belfkir, Mohamed, Bella, Gideon, Bellagamba, Lorenzo, Bellerive, Alain, Bellos, Panagiotis, Beloborodov, Konstantin, Belotskiy, Konstantin, Belyaev, Nikita, Benchekroun, Driss, Bendebba, Fatima, Benhammou, Yan, Benjamin, Doug, Benoit, Mathieu, Bensinger, Jim, Bentvelsen, Stan, Beresford, Lydia Audrey, Beretta, Matteo Mario, Bergeaas Kuutmann, Elin, Berger, Nicolas, Bergmann, Benedikt Ludwig, Beringer, Juerg, Berlendis, Simon, Bernardi, Gregorio, Bernius, Catrin, Bernlochner, Florian Urs, Berry, Tracey, Berta, Peter, Berthold, Anne-Sophie, Bertram, Iain, Bethke, Siegfried, Betti, Alessandra, Bevan, Adrian, Bhamjee, Muaaz, Bhatta, Somadutta, Bhattacharya, Deb Sankar, Bhattarai, Prajita, Bhopatkar, Vallary Shashikant, Bi, Ran, Bianchi, Riccardo Maria, Biebel, Otmar, Bielski, Rafal, Biglietti, Michela, Billoud, Thomas, Bindi, Marcello, Bingul, Ahmet, Bini, Cesare, Biondini, Alessandro, Birch-Sykes, Callum Jacob, Bird, Gareth Adam, Birman, Mattias, Biros, Marek, Bisanz, Tobias, Bisceglie, Emanuele, Biswas, Diptaparna, Bitadze, Alexander, Bjoerke, Kristian, Bloch, Ingo, Blocker, Craig, Blue, Andrew James, Blumenschein, Ulla, Blumenthal, Julian, Bobbink, Gerjan, Bobrovnikov, Viktor, Boehler, Michael, Bogavac, Danijela, Bogdanchikov, Alexander, Bohm, Christian, Boisvert, Veronique, Bokan, Petar, Bold, Tomasz, Bomben, Marco, Bona, Marcella, Boonekamp, Maarten, Booth, Callum Dale, Borbely, Albert Gyorgy, Borecka-Bielska, Hanna Maria, Borgna, Lucas Santiago, Borissov, Guennadi, Bortoletto, Daniela, Boscherini, Davide, Fernandez-Bosman, Martine, Bossio, Jonathan, Bouaouda, Khalil, Bouchhar, Naseem, Boudreau, Joseph, Bouhova-Thacker, Eva, Boumediene, Djamel Eddine, Bouquet, Romain, Boveia, Antonio, Boyd, Jamie, Boye, Diallo, Boyko, Igor, Bracinik, Juraj, Brahimi, Nihal, Brandt, Gerhard Immanuel, Brandt, Oleg, Braren, Frued Erik, Brau, Benjamin Paul, Brau, Jim, Brendlinger, Kurt, Schimmel Brener, Roy, Brenner, Lydia, Brenner, Richard, Bressler, Shikma, Britton, David, Britzger, Daniel Andreas, Brock, Ian, Brooijmans, Gustaaf, Brooks, William King, Brost, Elizabeth, Brown, Leesa Marea, Bruckler, Tim Lukas, Bruckman de Renstrom, Pawel, Bruers, Ben, Bruncko, Dusan, Bruni, Alessia, Bruni, Graziano, Bruschi, Marco, Bruscino, Nello, Buanes, Trygve, Buat, Quentin, Buchholz, Peter, Buckley, Andy, Budagov, Ioulian, Bugge, Magnar Kopangen, Bulekov, Oleg, Bullard, Brendon, Burdin, Sergey, Burgard, Carsten, Burger, Angela Maria, Burghgrave, Blake Oliver, Burr, Jon, Burton, Charles, Burzynski, Jackson Carl, Busch, Elena Laura, Buescher, Volker, Bussey, Peter John, Butler, John Mark, Buttar, Craig Macleod, Butterworth, Jonathan, Buttinger, Will, Buxo Vazquez, Carlos Josue, Buzykaev, Alexey, Cabras, Grazia, Cabrera Urban, Susana, Caforio, Davide, Cai, Huacheng, Cai, Yuchen, Cairo, Valentina, Cakir, Orhan, Calace, Noemi, Calafiura, Paolo, Calderini, Giovanni, Calfayan, Philippe, Callea, Giuseppe, Caloba, Luiz, Calvet, David, Calvet, Samuel, Calvet, Thomas Philippe, Calvetti, Milene, Camacho Toro, Reina Coromoto, Camarda, Stefano, Camarero Munoz, Daniel, Camarri, Paolo, Camerlingo, Maria Teresa, Cameron, David, Camincher, Clement, Campanelli, Mario, Camplani, Alessandra, Canale, Vincenzo, Canesse, Auriane, Bret Cano, Marc, Cantero Garcia, Josu, Cao, Yumeng, Capocasa, Francesca, Capua, Marcella, Carbone, Antonio, Cardarelli, Roberto, Cardenas, Juan Carlos, Cardillo, Fabio, Carli, Tancredi, Carlino, Giampaolo, Carlotto, Juan Ignacio, Carlson, Ben, Carlson, Evan Michael, Carminati, Leonardo, Carnesale, Maria, Caron, Sascha, Carquin Lopez, Edson, Carra, Sonia, Carratta, Giuseppe, Carrio Argos, Fernando, Carter, Joseph, Carter, Thomas Michael, Casado Lechuga, Pilar, Casha, Albert Francis, Castiglia, Emma Grace, Castillo, Florencia Luciana, Castillo Garcia, Lucia, Castillo Gimenez, Victoria, Castro, Nuno, Catinaccio, Andrea, Catmore, James, Cavaliere, Viviana, Cavalli, Noemi, Cavasinni, Vincenzo, Celebi, Emre, Celli, Federico, Centonze, Martino Salomone, Cerny, Karel, Santiago Cerqueira, Augusto, Cerri, Alex, Cerrito, Lucio, Cerutti, Fabio, Cervelli, Alberto, Cetin, Serkant, Chadi, Zakaria, Chakraborty, Dhiman, Chala, Mikael, Chan, Jay, Chan, Wai Yuen, Chapman, John Derek, Chargeishvili, Bakar, Charlton, Dave, Charman, Thomas Paul, Chatterjee, Meghranjana, Chekanov, Sergei, Chekulaev, Sergey, Shelkov, G, Chen, Andy, Chen, Boping, Chen, Charlie, Chen, Huirun, Chen, Hucheng, Chen, Jing, Chen, Jiayi, Chen, Shion, Chen, Shenjian, Chen, Xiang, Chen, Xin, Chen, Ye, Cheng, Alkaid, Cheng, Hok Chuen Tom, Cheong, Sanha, Cheplakov, Alexander, Cheremushkina, Evgeniya, Cherepanova, Elizaveta, Cherkaoui, Rajaa, Cheu, Elliott, Cheung, Kingman, Chevalier, Laurent, Chiarella, Vitaliano, Chiarelli, Giorgio, Chiedde, Nemer, Chiodini, Gabriele, Chisholm, Andrew Stephen, Chitan, Adrian, Chitishvili, Mariam, Chiu, Justin, Chizhov, Mihail, Choi, Kyungeon, Chomont, Arthur, Chou, Yuan-Tang, Chow, Edwin, Chowdhury, Tasnuva, Christopher, Lawrence Davou, Chu, Michael Kwok Lam, Chu, Ming Chung, Chu, Xiaotong, Chudoba, Jiri, Chwastowski, Janusz, Cieri, Davide, Ciesla, Krzysztof, Cindro, Vladimir, Ciocio, Alessandra, Cirotto, Francesco, Citron, Zvi, Citterio, Mauro, Ciubotaru, Dan Andrei, Ciungu, Bianca Monica, Clark, Allan, Clark, Philip, Clavijo Columbie, Jose Manuel, Clawson, Savannah, Clement, Christophe, Clercx, Joshua, Clissa, Luca, Coadou, Yann, Cobal, Marina, Coccaro, Andrea, Barrue, Ricardo, Coelho Lopes de Sa, Rafael, Coelli, Simone, Cohen, Hadar, Coimbra, Artur, Cole, Brian, Collot, Johann, Conde Muino, Patricia, Connell, Matt, Connell, Simon, Connelly, Ian Allan, Conroy, Eimear Isobel, Conventi, Francesco, Cooke, Harry, Sarkar, Amanda, Cormier, Felix, Corpe, Louie Dartmoor, Corradi, Massimo, Corrigan, Eric Edward, Corriveau, Francois, Cortes Gonzalez, Arely, Costa Mezquita, Maria Jose, Costanza, Francesco, Costanzo, Davide, Cote, Benjamin, Cowan, Glen, Cowley, James William, Cranmer, Kyle Stuart, Crepe-Renaudin, Sabine, Crescioli, Francesco, Cristinziani, Markus, Cristoforetti, Marco, Croft, Vincent Alexander, Crosetti, Nanni, Cueto Gomez, Ana Rosario, Cuhadar Donszelmann, Tulay, Cui, Han, Cui, Zhaoyuan, Cunningham, Liam, Curcio, Francesco, Czodrowski, Patrick Karl, Czurylo, Marta, Sousa, Mario Jose, da Fonseca Pinto, Joao Victor, da Via, Cinzia, Dabrowski, Wladyslaw, Dado, Tomas, Dahbi, Salah-Eddine, Dai, Tiesheng, Dallapiccola, Carlo, Dam, Mogens, d'Amen, Gabriele, d'Amico, Valerio, Damp, Johannes Frederic, Dandoy, Jeff, Daneri, Maria Florencia, Danninger, Matthias, Dao, Valerio, Darbo, Nanni, Darmora, Smita, Das, Sruthy Jyothi, d'Auria, Saverio, David, Claire, Davidek, Tomas, Davis, Douglas Raymond, Davis-Purcell, Benjamin Richard, Dawson, Ian, De, Kaushik, de Asmundis, Riccardo, de Beurs, Marcus, de Biase, Nicola, de Castro, Stefano, de Groot, Nicolo, de Jong, Paul, de la Torre Perez, Hector, de Maria, Antonio, de Salvo, Alessandro, de Sanctis, Umberto, de Santo, Antonella, de Vivie de Regie, Jean-Baptiste, Dedovich, Dmitri, Degens, Jordy, Deiana, Allison Mccarn, del Corso, Francesca, del Peso, Jose, del Rio, Fer, Deliot, Frederic, Delitzsch, Chris Malena, Della Pietra, Massimo, Della Volpe, Domenico, Dell'Acqua, Andrea, Dell'Asta, Lidia, Delmastro, Marco, Delsart, Pierre Antoine, Demers Konezny, Sarah Marie, Demichev, Mikhail, Denisov, Serguei, d'Eramo, Louis, Derendarz, Dominik Karol, Derue, Frederic, Dervan, Paul, Desch, Klaus, Dette, Karola, Deutsch, Christopher, Di Bello, Francesco Armando, Di Ciaccio, Anna, Di Ciaccio, Lucia, Di Domenico, Antonio, Di Donato, Camilla, Di Girolamo, Alessandro, Di Gregorio, Giulia, Di Luca, Andrea, Di Micco, Biagio, Di Nardo, Roberto, Diaconu, Cristinel, de Almeida Dias, Flavia, Vale, Tiago, Diaz Gutierrez, Marco Aurelio, Diaz Capriles, Federico Guillermo, Didenko, Mariia, Diehl, Edward, Diehl, Leena, Diez Cornell, Sergio, Diez Pardos, Carmen, Dimitriadi, Christina, Dimitrievska, Aleksandra, Dingfelder, Jochen Christian, Dinu, Ioan-Mihail, Dittmeier, Sebastian, Dittus, Fido, Djama, Fares, Djobava, Tamar, Djuvsland, Julia Isabell, Doglioni, Caterina, Dolejsi, Jiri, Dolezal, Zdenek, Donadelli, Marisilvia, Dong, Binbin, Donini, Julien Noce, d'Onofrio, Adelina, d'Onofrio, Monica, Dopke, Jens, Doria, Alessandra, Dova, Maria Teresa, Doyle, Tony, Draguet, Maxence, Drechsler, Eric, Dreyer, Etienne, Drivas-Koulouris, Ioannis, Drobac, Alec Swenson, Drozdova, Mariia, Du, Dongshuo, Du Pree, Tristan Arnoldus, Dubinin, Filipp, Dubovsky, Michal, Duchovni, Ehud, Duckeck, Guenter, Ducu, Otilia Anamaria, Duda, Dominik, Dudarev, Alexey, Duden, Emily Rose, d'Uffizi, Matteo, Duflot, Laurent, Duehrssen-Debling, Michael, Dulsen, Carsten, Dumitriu, Ana Elena, Dunford, Monica, Dungs, Sascha, Dunne, Katherine Elaine, Duperrin, Arnaud, Yildiz, Hatice, Dueren, Michael Johannes, Durglishvili, Archil, Dwyer, Brianna, Dyckes, Ian, Dyndal, Mateusz, Dysch, Samuel Dezso, Dziedzic, Bartosz Sebastian, Earnshaw, Zoe Olivia, Eckerova, Barbora, Eggebrecht, Stephen, Eggleston, Michael Glenn, Purcino de Souza, Edmar Egidio, Ehrke, Lukas, Eigen, Gerald, Einsweiler, Kevin Frank, Ekelof, Tord Johan Carl, Ekman, Per Alexander, El Ghazali, Yassine, El Jarrari, Hassnae, El Moussaouy, Ali, Ellajosyula, Venugopal, Ellert, Mattias, Ellinghaus, Frank, Elliot, Alison, Ellis, Nick, Elmsheuser, Johannes, Elsing, Markus, Emeliyanov, Dmitry, Emerman, Alex, Enari, Yuji, Ene, Irina, Epari, Shalini, Erdmann, Johannes, Erland, Paula Agnieszka, Errenst, Martin, Escalier, Marc, Escobar Ibanez, Carlos, Etzion, Erez, Gaspar de Andrade Evans, Guiomar, Evans, Hal, Evans, Meirin Oan, Ezhilov, Aleksei, Ezzarqtouni, Sanae, Fabbri, Federica, Fabbri, Laura, Facini, Gabriel, Fadeyev, Vitaliy, Fakhrutdinov, Rinat, Falciano, Speranza, Falda Coelho, Luis, Falke, Peter Johannes, Falke, Saskia, Faltova, Jana, Fan, Yunyun, Fang, Yaquan, Fanourakis, Georgios, Fanti, Marcello, Faraj, Mohammed, Farazpay, Zahra, Farbin, Amir, Farilla, Ada, Farooque, Trisha, Farrington, Sinead, Fassi, Farida, Fassouliotis, Dimitris, Faucci Giannelli, Michele, Fawcett, William James, Fayard, Louis, Federicova, Pavla, Fedin, Oleg, Fedotov, Gleb, Feickert, Matthew, Feligioni, Lorenzo, Fell, Alix, Fellers, Deion Elgin, Feng, Cunfeng, Feng, Minyu, Feng, Zhuoran, Fenton, Michael James, Fenyuk, Alexandre, Ferencz, Lars, Ferguson, Ruby Alice Molly, Fernandez Luengo, Sergio Ivan, Ferrando, James, Ferrari, Arnaud, Ferrari, Pamela, Ferrari, Roberto, Ferrere, Didier, Ferretti, Claudio, Fiedler, Frank, Filipcic, Andrej, Filmer, Emily, Filthaut, Frank, Castro Nunes Fiolhais, Miguel, Fiorini, Luca, Leitgeb, Florian Christoph, Fisher, Wade Cameron, Fitschen, Tobias, Fleck, Ivor, Fleischmann, Philipp, Flick, Tobias, Flores, Lucas Macrorie, Flores, Marvin, Flores Castillo, Luis Roberto, Follega, Francesco Maria, Fomin, Nikolai, Foo, Joel Hengwei, Forland, Blake Christopher, Formica, Andrea, Forti, Alessandra, Fortin, Etienne Marie, Fortman, Anne Winifred, Foti, Maria Giovanna, Fountas, Leonidas, Fournier, Daniel, Fox, Harald, Francavilla, Paolo, Francescato, Simone, Franchellucci, Stefano, Franchini, Matteo, Franchino, Silvia, Francis, David, Franco, Luca, Franconi, Laura, Franklin, Melissa, Frattari, Guglielmo, Freegard, Arran Charles, Freeman, Patrick Moriishi, Spolidoro Freund, Werner, Fritzsche, Nick, Froch, Alexander, Froidevaux, Daniel, Frost, James, Fu, Yao, Fujimoto, Minori, Fullana Torregrosa, Esteban, Fuster Verdu, Juan, Gabrielli, Alessandro, Gabrielli, Andrea, Gadow, Philipp, Gagliardi, Guido, Gagnon, Louis-Guillaume, Gallardo, Gabriel, Gallas, Elizabeth, Gallop, Bruce Joseph, Gamboa Goni, Rodrigo, Gan, Kock Kiam, Ganguly, Sanmay, Gao, Jun, Gao, Yanyan, Garay Walls, Francisca, Garcia, Berenice, Garcia, Carmen, Garcia Navarro, Jose Enrique, Garcia-Sciveres, Maurice, Gardner, Robert William, Garg, Diksha, Garg, Rocky Bala, Garner, Christopher Andrew, Garonne, Vincent, Gasiorowski, Sean Joseph, Do Nascimento Gaspar, Philipp, Gaudio, Gabriella, Gautam, Viveka, Gauzzi, Paolo, Gavrilenko, Igor, Gavriliuk, Alexander, Gay, Colin Warren, Gaycken, Goetz, Gazis, Evangelos, Geanta, Andrei Alexandru, Gee, Carolyn, Geisen, Jannik, Gemme, Claudia, Genest, Marie-Helene, Gentile, Simonetta, George, Simon, George, William Frederick, Geralis, Theodoros, Gerlach, Lino Oscar, Gessinger-Befurt, Paul, Geyik, Marvin Emin, Ghasemi Bostanabad, Meisam, Ghneimat, Mazuza, Ghorbanian, Keanu, Ghosal, Arpan, Ghosh, Aishik, Ghosh, Anindya, Giacobbe, Benedetto, Giagu, Stefano, Giannetti, Paola, Giannini, Antonio, Gibson, Stephen, Gignac, Matthew, Gil, Damian Tomasz, Gilbert, Alexander Kevin, Gilbert, Benjamin Jacob, Gillberg, Dag, Gilles, Geoffrey, Gillwald, Nils, Ginabat, Louis, Gingrich, Doug, Giordani, Mapo, Giraud, Pierre-Francois, Giugliarelli, Gilberto, Giugni, Danilo, Giuli, Francesco, Gkialas, Ioannis, Gladilin, Leonid, Glasman, 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Val, Ospanov, Rustem, Otero y Garzon, Gustavo, Otono, Hidetoshi, Ott, Philipp Sebastian, Ottino, Gregory James, Ouchrif, Mohamed, Ouellette, Jeff, Ould-Saada, Farid, Owen, Mark Andrew, Owen, Rhys, Oyulmaz, Kaan Yuksel, Ozcan, Erkcan, Ozturk, Nurcan, Ozturk, Sertac, Pacalt, Josef, Pacey, Holly, Pachal, Katherine, Pacheco Pages, Andreu, Padilla Aranda, Cristobal, Padovano, Giovanni, Pagan Griso, Simone, Palacino, Gabriel, Palazzo, Alessandra, Palestini, Sandro, Pan, Jingjing, Pan, Tong, Panchal, Dev, Pandini, Carlo Enrico, Panduro Vazquez, William, Pang, Hao, Pani, Priscilla, Panizzo, Giancarlo, Paolozzi, Lorenzo, Papadatos, Constantine, Parajuli, Santosh, Paramonov, Alexander, Paraskevopoulos, Christos, Paredes Hernandez, Daniela Katherinne, Park, Tae Hyoun, Parker, Andy, Parodi, Fabrizio, Parrish, Elliot, Parrish, Victoria Alexis, Parsons, John, Parzefall, Ulrich, Pascual Dias, Bruna, Pascual Dominguez, Luis, Pascuzzi, Vincent, Pasquali, Federica, Pasqualucci, Enrico, Passaggio, Stefano, Pastore, Francesca, Pasuwan, Patrawan, Patel, Pragati, Pater, Jo, Pauly, Thilo, Pearkes, Jannicke Andree, Pedersen, Maiken, Costa Batalha Pedro, Rute, Peiffer, Thomas, Peleganchuk, Sergey, Penc, Ondrej, Pender, Emily Alexandra, Peng, Chen, Peng, Haiping, Penski, Katrin Elisabeth, Penzin, Maksim, Sotto-Maior Peralva, Bernardo, Peixoto, Ana, Pereira Sanchez, Laura, Perepelitsa, Dennis, Perez Codina, Estel, Perganti, Maria, Perini, Laura, Pernegger, Heinz, Perrella, Sabrina, Perrevoort, Ann-Kathrin, Perrin, Oceane, Peters, Krisztian, Peters, Reinhild, Petersen, Brian, Petersen, Troels, Petit, Elisabeth, Petousis, Vlasios, Petridou, Chariclia, Petrukhin, Alexey, Pettee, Mariel, Pettersson, Nora Emilia, Petukhov, Aleksandr, Mihule, Kristina, Peyaud, Alan, Pezoa Rivera, Raquel, Pezzotti, Lorenzo, Pezzullo, Gianantonio, Pham, Minh Tuan, Pham, Joni, Phillips, Peter, Phipps, Michael William, Piacquadio, Giacinto, Pianori, Elisabetta, Piazza, Federica, Piegaia, Ricardo, Pietreanu, Dorel, Pilkington, Andrew, Pinamonti, Michele, Pinfold, James, Pereira, Beatriz, Pitman Donaldson, Charlie Bruno, Pizzi, Dylan, Pizzimento, Luca, Pizzini, Alessio, Pleier, Marc-Andre, Plesanovs, Vladislavs, Pleskot, Vojtech, Plotnikova, Elena, Poddar, Gitanjali, Pottgen, Ruth, Poggioli, Luc, Pogrebnyak, Ivan, Pohl, David-Leon, Pokharel, Ishan, Polacek, Stanislav, Polesello, Giacomo, Poley, Anne-Luise, Polifka, Richard, Polini, Alessandro, Pollard, Chris, Pollock, Zachary, Polychronakos, Venetios, Pompa Pacchi, Elena, Ponomarenko, Daniil, Pontecorvo, Ludovico, Popa, Stefan, Popeneciu, Gabriel, Portillo Quintero, Dilia Maria, Pospisil, Stanislav, Postolache, Petronel, Potamianos, Karolos, Potepa, Patrycja Anna, Potrap, Igor, Potter, Tina, Potti, Harish, Poulsen, Trine, Poveda Torres, Ximo, Pozo Astigarraga, Eukeni, Prades Ibanez, Alberto, Prapa, Maria Myrto, Pretel, Jose, Price, Darren, Primavera, Margherita, Principe Martin, Miguel Angel, Privara, Radek, Proffitt, Mason, Proklova, Nadezhda, Prokofiev, Kirill, Proto, Giorgia, Protopopescu, Serban, Proudfoot, James, Przybycien, Mariusz, Puddefoot, Joshua Eldon, Pudzha, Dennis, Puzo, Patrick Michel, Pyatiizbyantseva, Diana, Qian, Jianming, Dong, Qichen, Qin, Quake, Qiu, Tong, Quadt, Arnulf, Queitsch-Maitland, Michaela, Quetant, Guillaume, Rabanal Bolanos, Gabriel, Rafanoharana, Dimbiniaina, Ragusa, Francesco, Rainbolt, Lacey, Raine, Johnny, Rajagopalan, Srini, Ramakoti, Ekaterina, Ran, Kunlin, Rapheeha, Phuti, Raskina, Valentina, Rassloff, Damir Fabrice, Rave, Stefan, Ravina, Baptiste, Ravinovich, Ilia, Raymond, Michel, Read, Alexander Lincoln, Readioff, Nathan Peter, Rebuzzi, Daniela, Redlinger, George, Reeves, Kendall, Reidelsturz, Joshua Aaron, Reikher, David, Rej, Amartya, Rembser, Christoph, Renardi, Alessia, Renda, Michele, Rendel, Marian Benedikt, Renner, Frederic, Rennie, Adam, Resconi, Silvia, Ressegotti, Martina, Resseguie, Elodie Deborah, Rettie, Sebastien, Reyes Rivera, Jose Gabriel, Reynolds, Bryan, Reynolds, Elliot, Rezaei Estabragh, Mohsen, Rezanova, Olga, Reznicek, Pavel, Ribaric, Neza, Ricci, Ester, Richter, Robert, Richter, Stefan, Richter-Was, Elzbieta, Ridel, Melissa, Ridouani, Selaiman, Rieck, Patrick, Riedler, Petra, Rijssenbeek, Michael, Rimoldi, Adele, Rimoldi, Marco, Rinaldi, Lorenzo, Rinn, Timothy Thomas, Rinnagel, Maximilian Paul, Ripellino, Giulia, Riu, Imma, Rivadeneira Bracho, Pablo Andres, Rivera Vergara, Juan Cristobal, Rizatdinova, Flera, Rizvi, Eram Syed, Rizzi, Chiara, Roberts, Bryn Arthur, Roberts, Ryan, Robertson, Steven, Robin, Matthieu, Robinson, Dave, Robles Gajardo, Carolina Michel, Robles Manzano, Marisol, Robson, Aidan, Rocchi, Alessandro, Roda, Chiara, Rodriguez Bosca, Sergi, Rodriguez Garcia, Yohany, Rodriguez Rodriguez, Arturo, Rodriguez Vera, Ana Maria, Roe, Shaun, Roemer, Jonas Till, Roepe-Gier, Amber, Roggel, Jens, Rohne, Ole, Rojas Caballero, Rimsky Alejandro, Roland, Benoit, Roland, Christophe Pol A, Roloff, Jennifer, Romaniouk, Anatoli, Romano, Emanuele, Romano, Marino, Romero, Anabel, Rompotis, Nikolaos, Roos, Lydia, Rosati, Stefano, Rosser, Benjamin John, Rossi, Eleonora, Rossi, Elvira, Rossi, Leonardo, Rossini, Lorenzo, Rosten, Rachel Christine, Rotaru, Marina, Rottler, Benjamin, Rougier, Charline, Rousseau, David, Rousso, David, Rovelli, Giulia, Roy, Avik, Roy-Garand, Sebastien, Rozanov, Alexandre, Rozen, Yoram, Ruan, Ruanxf, Rubio Jimenez, Adrian, Ruby, Adam James, Ruelas Rivera, Victor Hugo, Ruggeri, Tristan Andrew, Ruehr, Frederik, Ruiz Martinez, Arantxa, Rummler, Andre, Rurikova, Zuzana, Rusakovich, Nikolai, Russell, Heather, Rutherfoord, John P, Rybacki, Katherine Amy, Rybar, Martin, Rye, Eli Baverfjord, Ryzhov, Andrey, Sabater Iglesias, Jorge Andres, Sabatini, Paolo, Sabetta, Luigi, Sadrozinski, Hartmut, Safai Tehrani, Francesco, Safarzadeh Samani, Batool, Safdari, Murtaza, Saha, Shreya, Sahinsoy, Merve, Saimpert, Matthias, Saito, Masahiko, Saito, Tomoyuki, Salamani, Dalila, Salamanna, Giuseppe, Salnikov, Andy, Salt, Jose, Salvador Salas, Adrian, Salvatore, Daniela, Salvatore, Fabrizio, Salzburger, Andreas, Sammel, Dirk, Sampsonidis, Dimos, Sampsonidou, Despoina, Sanchez Martinez, Francisco Javier, Sanchez Pineda, Arturos, Sanchez Sebastian, Victoria, Sandaker, Heidi, Sander, Christian, Sandesara, Jay Ajitbhai, Sandhoff, Marisa, Sandoval Usme, Carlos, Sankey, David, Sano, Takane, Sansoni, Andrea, Santi, Lorenzo, Santoni, Claudio, Santos, Helena, Santpur, Sai Neha, Santra, Arka, Saoucha, Kamal, Mendes Saraiva, Joao Gentil, Sardain, Jad Mathieu, Sasaki, Osamu, Sato, Koji, Sauer, Christof, Sauerburger, Frank, Sauvan, Emmanuel, Savard, Pierre, Sawada, Ryu, Sawyer, Craig, Sawyer, Lee, Sayago Galvan, Ivan, Sbarra, Carla, Sbrizzi, Antonio, Scanlon, Timothy Paul, Schaarschmidt, Jana, Schacht, Peter, Schaefer, Douglas Michael, Schaefer, Uli, Schaffer, R.D, Schaile, Dorothee, Schamberger, Robert Dean, Schanet, Eric, Scharf, Christian, Schefer, Meinrad Moritz, Chtcheguelski, Valery, Scheirich, Daniel, Schenck, Ferdinand, Schernau, Michael, Scheulen, Chris, Schiavi, Carlo, Schillaci, Zachary Michael, Schioppa, Enrico, Schioppa, Marco, Schlag, Bastian, Schleicher, Katharina, Schlenker, Stefan, Schmeing, Jonas, Schmidt, Mustafa Andre, Schmieden, Kristof, Schmitt, Christian, Schmitt, Stefan, Schoeffel, Laurent Olivier, Schoening, Andre, Scholer, Patrick, Schopf, Elisabeth, Schott, Matthias, Schovancova, Jaroslava, Schramm, Steven, Schroeder, Frederic, Schultz-Coulon, Hans-Christian, Schumacher, Markus, Schumm, Bruce Andrew, Schune, Philippe, Schwartz, Hava Rhian, Schwartzman, Ariel Gustavo, Schwarz, Thomas Andrew, Schwemling, Philippe, Schwienhorst, Reinhard, Sciandra, Andrea, Sciolla, Gabriella, Scuri, Fabrizio, Scutti, Federico, Sebastiani, Cristiano, Sedlaczek, Kevin, Seema, Pienpen, Seidel, Sally, Seiden, Abraham, Seidlitz, Blair Daniel, Seitz, Claudia, Seixas, Jose, Sekhniaidze, Givi, Sekula, Stephen Jacob, Selem, Luka, Semprini Cesari, Nicola, Sen, Sourav, Sengupta, Debajyoti, Senthilkumar, Varsha, Serin, Laurent, Serkin, Leonid, Sessa, Marco, Severini, Horst, Sforza, Federico, Sfyrla, Anna, Shabalina, Elizaveta, Shaheen, Rabia, Shahinian, Jeff, Shaked Renous, Dan, Shan, Lianyou, Shapiro, Marjorie, Sharma, Abhishek, Sharma, Punit, Sharma, Surabhi, Shatalov, Sppavel, Shaw, Kate, Shaw, Savanna, Shen, Qiuping, Sherwood, Peter, Shi, Liaoshan, Shimmin, Chase Owen, Shimogama, Yoshihiro, Shinner, James David, Shipsey, Ian, Shirabe, Shohei, Shiyakova, Mariya, Shlomi, Jonathan, Shochet, Mel, Shojaii, Seyed Ruhollah, Shope, David Richard, Shrestha, Suyog, Shrif, Esra Mohammed, Shroff, Maheyer Jamshed, Sicho, Petr, Sickles, Anne Marie, Sideras Haddad, Elias, Sidoti, Antonio, Siegert, Frank, Sijacki, Dorde, Sikora, Rafal, Sili, Francisco, Cardoso Silva, Julia Manuela, Silva Oliveira, Marcos Vinicius, Silverstein, Samuel, Simion, Stefan, Simoniello, Rosa, Simpson, Ethan Lewis, Simpson, Harry, Simpson, Liana, Simpson, Nathan Daniel, Simsek, Sinem, Sindhu, Sreelakshmi, Sinervo, Pekka, Singh, Sundeep, Singh, Sahibjeet, Sinha, Supriya, Sinha, Sukanya, Sioli, Maximiliano, Siral, Ismet, Sivoklokov, Serguei, Sjoelin, Joergen, Skaf, Ali, Skorda, Eleni, Skubic, Patrick, Slawinska, Magdalena, Smakhtin, Vladimir, Smart, Ben Harry, Smiesko, Juraj, Smirnov, Serge, Smirnov, Yury, Smirnova, Lidia, Smirnova, Oxana, Smith, Andrew Caldon, Smith, Emily Ann, Smith, Hayden Alexander, Smith, James, Smith, Rachel Emma Clarke, Smizanska, Maria, Smolek, Karel, Smykiewicz, Andrzej, Snesarev, Andrei, Snoek, Hella, Snyder, Scott, Sobie, Randy, Soffer, Abi, Solans Sanchez, Carlos, Soldatov, Evgeny, Soldevila Serrano, Urmila, Solodkov, Sanya, Solomon, Shalu, Soloshenko, Aleksey, Solovieva, Ksenia, Solovyanov, Oleg, Solovyev, Victor, Sommer, Philip, Sonay, Anil, Song, Wen Yi, Sonneveld, Jory, Sopczak, Andre, Sopio, Alex, Sopkova, Filomena, Sothilingam, Varsiha, Sottocornola, Simone, Soualah, Rachik, Soumaimi, Zainab, South, David, Spagnolo, Stefania, Spalla, Margherita, Spano, Francesco, Sperlich, Dennis, Spigo, Giancarlo, Spina, Mario, Spinali, Sebastiano, Spiteri, Dwayne Patrick, Spousta, Martin, Staats, Ezekiel, Stabile, Alberto, Stamen, Rainer, Stamenkovic, Marko, Stampekis, Alexios, Standke, Mark, Stanecka, Ewa, Stange, Max Vincent, Stanislaus, Beojan, Stanitzki, Marcel, Stankaityte, Migle, Stapf, Birgit Sylvia, Starchenko, Jenya, Stark, Giordon Holtsberg, Stark, Jan, Starko, Darij Markian, Staroba, Pavel, Starovoitov, Pavel, Staerz, Steffen, Staszewski, Rafal, Stavropoulos, George, Steentoft, Jonas, Steinberg, Peter Alan, Steinhebel, Amanda, Stelzer, Bernd, Stelzer, Joerg, Stelzer-Chilton, Oliver, Stenzel, Hasko, Stevenson, Thomas James, Stewart, Graeme A, Stockton, Mark, Stoicea, Gabriel, Stolarski, Marcin, Stonjek, Stefan, Straessner, Arno, Strandberg, Jonas, Strandberg, Sara, Strauss, Mike, Strebler, Thomas, Strizenec, Pavol, Strohmer, Raimund, Strom, David, Strom, Lars Rickard, Stroynowski, Ryszard, Strubig, Antonia, Stucci, Stefania Antonia, Stugu, Bjarne, Stupak, John, Styles, Nicholas, Su, Dong, Su, Shixiang, Su, Wanyun, Su, Xiaowen, Sugizaki, Kaito, Sulin, Vladimir, Sullivan, Matthew James, Sultan, D.M.S, Sultanaliyeva, Laily, Sultanov, Salekh, Sumida, Toshi, Sun, Siyuan, Sun, Shaojun, Gudnadottir, Olga, Sutton, Mark, Svatos, Michal, Swiatlowski, Maximilian J, Swirski, Thorben, Sykora, Ivan, Sykora, Martin, Sykora, Tomas, Ta, Duc Bao, Tackmann, Kerstin, Taffard, Anyes, Tafirout, Reda, Tafoya Vargas, Juan Salvador, Taibah, Reem Hani M, Takashima, Ryuichi, Takeda, Kosuke, Takeva, Emily Petrova, Takubo, Yosuke, Talby, Mossadek, Talyshev, Alexei, Tam, Kai Chung, Tamir, Nadav Michael, Tanaka, Aoto, Tanaka, Junichi, Tanaka, Rei, Tanasini, Martino, Tang, Jiannan, Tao, Zhengcheng, Tapia Araya, Sebastian, Tapprogge, Stefan, Tarek, Ahmed, Tarem, Shlomit, Tariq, Khuram, Tarna, Grigore, Tartarelli, Francesco, Tas, Petr, Tasevsky, Marek, Tassi, Enrico, Tate, Aric, Tateno, Gen, Tayalati, Yahya, Taylor, Geoffrey Norman, Taylor, Wendy Jane, Teagle, Hamish Edward, Tee, Amy, Teixeira de Lima, Rafael, Teixeira-Dias, Pedro, Teoh, Jia Jian, Terashi, Koji, Terron Cuadrado, Juan, Terzo, Stefano, Testa, Marianna, Teuscher, Richard, Thaler, Alexander, Theiner, Ondrej, Themistokleous, Neofytos, Theveneaux-Pelzer, Timothee, Thielmann, Oliver, Thomas, David William, Thomas, Juergen, Thompson, Emily Anne, Thompson, Paul, Thomson, Evelyn Jean, Thorpe, Edward James, Tian, Yusong, Ticse Torres, Royer Edson, Tikhomirov, Vladimir, Tikhonov, Iouri, Timoshenko, Sergei, Ting, Edmund Xiang Lin, Tipton, Paul Louis, Tisserant, Sylvain, Tlou, Humphry, Tnourji, Abdellah, Todome, Kazuki, Todorova, Sarka, Todt, Stefanie, Togawa, Manabu, Tojo, Junji, Tokar, Stano, Tokushuku, Katsuo, Toldaiev, Alex, Tombs, Rupert, Tomoto, Makoto, Tompkins, Lauren Alexandra, Topolnicki, Kacper Wojciech, Tornambe, Peter, Torrence, Eric, Torres, Heberth, Torro Pastor, Emma, Toscani, Mariana, Tosciri, Cecilia, Tost, Marc, Tovey, Daniel, Traeet, Are Sivertsen, Trandafir, Iulia-Stefania, Trefzger, Thomas, Tricoli, Alessandro, Trigger, Isabel, Trincaz-Duvoid, Sophie, Trischuk, Dominique Anderson, Trocme, Benjamin, Troncon, Clara, Truong, Thi Ngoc Loan, Trzebinski, Maciej, Trzupek, Adam, Tsai, Fang-Ying, Tsai, Meng-Ju, Tsiamis, Angelos, Tsiareshka, Pavel, Tsigaridas, Stergios, Tsirigotis, Apostolos, Tsiskaridze, Vakhtang, Tskhadadze, Edisher, Tsopoulou, Maria-Evanthia, Tsujikawa, Yoshiaki, Tsukerman, Ilia, Tsulaia, Vakhtang, Tsuno, Soshi, Tsur, Omer, Tsybyshev, Dmitry, Tu, Yanjun, Tudorache, Alexandra, Tudorache, Valentina, Tuna, Alexander Naip, Turchikhin, Semen, Turk Cakir, Ilkay, Turra, Ruggero, Turtuvshin, Tulgaa, Tuts, Mike, Tzamarias, Spyros, Tzanis, Polyneikis, Tzovara, Eftychia, Uchida, Kenta, Ukegawa, Fumihiko, Ulloa Poblete, Pablo Augusto, Umaka, Ejiro Naomi, Unal, Guillaume, Unal, Mesut, Undrus, Alexander, Unel, Gokhan, Urban, Josef, Urquijo, Phillip, Usai, Giulio, Ushioda, Risa, Usman, Muhammad, Uysal, Zekeriya, Vacavant, Laurent, Vacek, Vic, Vachon, Brigitte, Vadla, Knut Oddvar Hoie, Vafeiadis, Theodoros, Vaitkus, Andrius, Valderanis, Chrysostomos, Valdes Santurio, Eduardo, Valente, Marco, Valentinetti, Sara, Valero Biot, Alberto, Vallier, Alexis, Valls Ferrer, Juan, van Arneman, Dylan Remberto, van Daalen, Tal Roelof, van Gemmeren, Peter, van Rijnbach, Milou, van Stroud, Samuel, van Vulpen, Ivo, Vanadia, Marco, Vandelli, Wainer, Vandenbroucke, Maxence, van de Wall, Evan Richard, Vannicola, Damiano, Vannoli, Leonardo, Vari, Riccardo, Varnes, Erich Ward, Varni, Carlo, Mete, Tulin, Varouchas, Dimitris, Varriale, Lorenzo, Varvell, Kevin, Vasile, Matei, Vaslin, Louis, Vasquez, Gerardo, Vazeille, Francois, Vazquez Schroeder, Tamara, Veatch, Jason Robert, Vecchio, Valentina, Veen, Michiel Jan, Veliscek, Iza, Veloce, Laurelle Maria, Veloso, Filipe, Veneziano, Stefano, Ventura, Andrea, Verbytskyi, Andrii, Verducci, Monica, Vergis, Christos, Verissimo de Araujo, Micael, Verkerke, Wouter, Vermeulen, Jos, Vernieri, Caterina, Verschuuren, Pim Jordi, Vessella, Makayla, Vetterli, Michel Joseph, Vgenopoulos, Andreas, Viaux Maira, Nicolas, Vickey, Trevor, Vickey Boeriu, Oana, Viehhauser, Georg, Vigani, Luigi, Villa, Mauro, Villaplana, Miguel, Villhauer, Elena Michelle, Vilucchi, Elisabetta, Vincter, Manuella, Virdee, Govindraj Singh, Vishwakarma, Akanksha, Vittori, Camilla, Vivarelli, Iacopo, Vladimirov, Vangelis, Voevodina, Elena, Vogel, Fabian, Vokac, Petr, von Ahnen, Janik, von Torne, Eckhard, Vormwald, Benedikt, Vorobel, Vit, Vorobev, Konstantin, Vos, Marcel, Voss, Katharina, Vossebeld, Joost, Vozak, Matous, Vozdecky, Lubos, Vranjes, Nenad, Vranjes Milosavljevic, Marija, Vreeswijk, Marcel, Vuillermet, Raphael, Vujinovic, Olivera, Vukotic, Ilija, Wada, Sayaka, Wagner, Cooper, Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahdan, Shayma, Wahlberg, Hernan Pablo, Wakasa, Rena, Wakida, Moe, Walbrecht, Verena Maria, Walder, James William, Walker, Rodney, Walkowiak, Wolfgang, Wang, Ann Miao, Wang, Alex Zeng, Wang, Chen, Wang, Chenliang, Wang, Haichen, Wang, Jiawei, Wang, Renjie, Wang, Rongkun, Wang, Rui, Wang, Song-Ming, Wang, Shuanggeng, Wang, Tao, Wang, Weitao, Wang, Xin, Wang, Xiaoning, Wang, Xi, Wang, Yufeng, Wang, Yuhao, Wang, Zirui, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zhichen, Warburton, Andreas, Ward, Robert James, Warrack, Neil, Watson, Alan, Watson, Harriet, Watson, Miriam, Watts, Gordon, Waugh, Benedict Martin, Webb, Aaron, Weber, Christian, Weber, Hannsjorg, Weber, Michele, Weber, Sebastian Mario, Wei, Chuanshun, Wei, Yingjie, Weidberg, Anthony, Weik, Edison James, Weingarten, Jens, Weirich, Marcel, Weiser, Christian, Wells, Craig John, Wenaus, Torre, Wendland, Bjoern, Wengler, Thorsten, Wenke, Nina Stephanie, Wermes, Norbert, Wessels, Martin, Whalen, Kate, Wharton, Andrew Mark, White, Aaron Stephen, White, Andrew, White, Martin John, Whiteson, Daniel, Wickremasinghe, Lakmin, Wiedenmann, Werner, Wiel, Christian, Wielers, Monika, Wiglesworth, Craig, Wiik-Fuchs, Liv, Wilbern, Daniel John, Wilkens, Henric, Williams, Daniel, Williams, Hugh, Williams, Sarah Louise, Willocq, Stephane, Windischhofer, Philipp, Winklmeier, Frank, Winter, Benedict Tobias, Winter, Joshua Krystian, Wittgen, Matthias, Wobisch, Markus, Woelker, Ricardo, Wollrath, Julian, Wolter, Marcin, Wolters, Helmut, Wong, Vincent Wai Sum, Wongel, Alicia, Worm, Steven, Wosiek, Barbara Krystyna, Wozniak, Krzysztof Wieslaw, Wraight, Kenneth Gibb, Wu, Jinfei, Wu, Minlin, Wu, Mengqing, Wu, Sau Lan, Wu, Xin, Wu, Yusheng, Wu, Zhibo, Wurzinger, Jonas, Wyatt, Terry, Wynne, Benjamin Michael, Xella, Stefania, Xia, Ligang, Xia, Mingming, Xiang, Jianhuan, Xiao, Xiong, Xie, Mingzhe, Xie, Xiangyu, Xin, Shuiting, Xiong, Junwen, Xiotidis, Ioannis, Xu, Da, Xu, Hanlin, Xu, Hao, Xu, Lailin, Xu, Riley, Xu, Tairan, Xu, Wenhao, Xu, Yue, Xu, Zhongyukun, Xu, Zijun, Yabsley, Bruce Donald, Yacoob, Sahal, Yamaguchi, Naoki, Yamaguchi, Yohei, Yamauchi, Hiroki, Yamazaki, Tomohiro, Yamazaki, Yuji, Yan, Jun, Yan, Siyuan, Yan, Zhen, Yang, Haijun, Yang, Hongtao, Yang, Siqi, Yang, Tianyi, Yang, Xiao, Yang, Xuan, Yang, Yi-Lin, Yang, Yifan, Yang, Zhe, Yao, Wei-Ming, Yap, Yee Chinn, Ye, Hanfei, Ye, Hua, Ye, Jingbo, Ye, Shuwei, Ye, Xinmeng, Yeh, Yoran, Yeletskikh, Ivan, Yeo, Beom Ki, Yexley, Melissa, Yin, Pengqi, Yorita, Kohei, Younas, Sulman, Young, Christopher, Young, Charlie, Yu, Yi, Yuan, Man, Yuan, Rui, Yue, Luzhan, Yue, Xiaoguang, Zaazoua, Mohamed, Zabinski, Bartlomiej Henryk, Zaid, Estifa'A, Zakareishvili, Tamar, Zakharchuk, Nataliia, Zambito, Stefano, Zamora Saa, Jilberto Antonio, Zang, Jiaqi, Zanzi, Daniele, Zaplatilek, Ota, Zeissner, Sonja Verena, Zeitnitz, Christian, Zeng, Jiancong, Zenger, Todd, Zenin, Oleg, Zenis, Tibor, Zenz, Seth, Zerradi, Soufiane, Zerwas, Dirk, Zhai, Mingjie, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Dengfeng, Zhang, Jie, Zhang, Jinlong, Zhang, Kaili, Zhang, Lei, Zhang, Peng, Zhang, Rui, Zhang, Shuzhou, Zhang, Tingyu, Zhang, Xiangke, Zhang, Xueyao, Zhang, Yulei, Zhang, Zhicai, Zhang, Zhiqing Philippe, Zhao, Haoran, Zhao, Pingchuan, Zhao, Tongbin, Zhao, Yuzhan, Zhao, Zhengguo, Zhemchugov, Alexey, Zheng, Xiangxuan, Zheng, Zhi, Zhong, Dewen, Zhou, Bing, Zhou, Chen, Zhou, Hao, Zhou, Ning, Zhou, You, Zhu, Chengguang, Zhu, Chenzheng, Zhu, Heling, Zhu, Junjie, Zhu, Yifan, Zhu, Yingchun, Zhuang, Xuai, Zhukov, Konstantin, Zhulanov, Vladimir, Zimine, Nikolai, Zinsser, Joachim, Ziolkowski, Michal, Zivkovic, Lidija, Zoccoli, Antonio, Zoch, Knut, Zorbas, Theodore, Zormpa, Olga, Zou, Wenkai, Zwalinski, Lukasz, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire des deux Infinis de Toulouse (L2IT), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ATLAS

Subjects
electron, p p: scattering, W: polarization, final state: ((n)jet dilepton), 13000 GeV-cms, polarization: longitudinal, resolution, top: leptonic decay, W: leptonic decay, ATLAS, differential cross section: measured, angular dependence, W: left-handed, CERN LHC Coll, W: right-handed, muon, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], top: pair production, p p: colliding beams, acceptance, experimental results
Abstract

International audience; A measurement of the polarisation of W bosons produced in top-quark decays is presented, using proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of s=13 TeV. The data were collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. The measurement is performed selecting tt¯ events decaying into final states with two charged leptons (electrons or muons) and at least two b-tagged jets. The polarisation is extracted from the differential cross-section distribution of the cos⁡θ⁎ variable, where θ⁎ is the angle between the momentum direction of the charged lepton from the W boson decay and the reversed momentum direction of the b-quark from the top-quark decay, both calculated in the W boson rest frame. Parton-level results, corrected for the detector acceptance and resolution, are presented for the cos⁡θ⁎ angle. The measured fractions of longitudinal, left- and right-handed polarisation states are found to be f0=0.684±0.005(stat.)±0.014(syst.), fL=0.318±0.003(stat.)±0.008(syst.) and fR=−0.002±0.002(stat.)±0.014(syst.), in agreement with the Standard Model prediction.

Published
2023

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