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1. How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries

Author

Albertino Damasceno, Cristina Palacios, Anoop Misra, Parvin Mirmiran, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Simon Anderson, Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir, Yanping Li, Anand Krishnan, Yu Chen, Alireza Esteghamati, Farshad Farzadfar, Giuseppe Grosso, Reza Malekzadeh, Sumathi Swaminathan, Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, Noushin Mohammadifard, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Idris Guessous, Tal Shimony, Lital Keinan-Boker, Carukshi Arambepola, Antonia Trichopoulou, Marialaura Bonaccio, Simona Costanzo, Licia Iacoviello, Andrew Muhammad, Wen-Harn Pan, Manami Inoue, Peter Vollenweider, Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero, Carl Lachat, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Sangita Sharma, Eva Roos, Milton Severo, Safiah Yusof, Nuno Lunet, Roya Kelishadi, Anuradha Khadilkar, Cho-il Kim, Veena Ekbote, Masoud Mirzaei, Inge Huybrechts, Lluis Serra-Majem, Anjum Memon, Aminul Haque, Katia Castetbon, Saeed Dastgiri, Julia Reedy, Abla M. Sibai, Xia Cao, Pascal Bovet, Pamela Abbott, Karen Charlton, Hsing-Yi Chang, Yasuhiro Matsumura, Yoonsu Cho, Puneet Misra, Morteza Abdollahi, Suad Al-Hooti, Anahita Houshiar-rad, Eda Koksal, Abdulrahman Musaiger, Gulden Pekcan, Sahar Zaghloul, Yves Martin-Prevel, Kyungwon Oh, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Sirje Vaask, Shu Wen Ng, Simon Forsyth, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Erkki Vartiainen, Christian Haerpfer, Carla Lopes, Foong Ming Moy, Tor Strand, Mohammadreza Pakseresht, Yi Ma, Androniki Naska, Dorothy Gauci, Ibrahim Elmadfa, Wilbur Hadden, Hajah Masni Ibrahim, Lars Johansson, Hae-Jeung Lee, Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto, Balakrishna Nagalla, Stefka Petrova, Noppawan Piaseu, Laufey Steingrimsdottir, Lucjan Szponar, Holmfridur Thorgeirsdóttir, Inga Thorsdottir, Aida Turrini, Anna Waskiewicz, Gábor Zajkás, Harikumar Rachakulla, Heléne Enghardt Barbieri, Nattinee Jitnarin, Le Tran Ngoan, Jaana Lindström, Kalyana Sundram, Ranil Jayawardena, Irina Kovalskys, Noël Barengo, Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy, Maryam Hashemian, Duarte Torres, Angélica Ochoa, Pulani Lanerolle, Chandrashekar Janakiram, Fatemeh Vida Zohoori, Parvin Abedi, Suvi Virtanen, Amelia Ahles, Jacqueline N Yenerall, Mustafa Arici, Amy Luke, Suhad Abumweis, Mohannad Al Nsour, Iftikhar Alam, Nasser Al-Daghri, Shaun Sabico, alHamad Nawal Ai, Eman Alissa, Sameer Al-Zenki, Karim Anzid, Joanne Arsenault Hacettepe, Renzo Asciak, Lajos Biró, Juan Rivera Dommarco, Daniel Illescas-Zarate, Sonia Rodriguez Ramirez, Ivonne Ramirez Silva, Per Bergman, Anna Karin Lindroos, Jessica Petrelius Sipinen, Sesikeran Boindala, Mauricio T. Caballero, FNeville Calleja, Mario Capanzana, Jan Carmikle, Michelle Castro, Corazon Cerdena, Shashi Chiplonkar, Khun-Aik Chuah, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Stefaan De Henauw, Karin DeRidder, Eric Ding, Rokiah Don, Charmaine Duante, Vesselka Duleva, Samuel Duran Aguero, Jalila El Ati, Alison Eldridge, Tatyana El-kour, Laetitia Nikiema, Zohreh Etemad, Fariza Fadzil, Mei Fen Chan, Anne Fernandez, Dulitha Fernando, Regina Fisberg, Edna Gamboa Delgado, J Brahmam Ginnela, Aida Hadziomeragic, Jemal Haidar Ali, Rubina Hakeem, Rajkumar Hemalatha, Avula Laxmaiah, Indrapal Meshram, Nimmathota Arlappa, Sigrun Henjum, Hristo Hinkov, Zaiton Hjdaud, Daniel Hoffman, Beth Hopping, Shu-Yi Hung Yao-Te Hsieh, Nahla Chawkat Hwalla, Nayu Ikeda, Olof Jonsdottir, Rajesh Jeewon, Ola Kally, Mirnalini Kandiah, Tilakavati Karupaiah, Rebecca Goldsmith, Jurgen Konig, Liisa Korkalo, Riitta Freese, Jeremy Koster, Herculina Kruger, Rebecca Kuriyan-Raj, Sanghui Kweon, Sihyun Park, Yuen Lai, Indu Waidyatilaka, Catherine Leclercq, J Lennert Veerman, Lydia Lera Marques, Annie Ling, Widjaja Lukito, Elisabette Lupotto, Stefania Sette, Raffaela Piccinelli, Wan Manan, Dirce Marchioni, Angie Mathee, Paramita Mazumdar, Gert Mensink, Alexa Meyer, Claudette Mitchell, David Balfour, Moses Mwangi, Maryam Maghroun, Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, Zalilah Mohd Shariff, Elizabeth Mwaniki, Jannicke Myhre, Augustin Nawidimbasba Zeba, Sina Noshad, Marga Ocke, Jillian Odenkirk, Mariana Oleas, Sonia Olivares, Johana Ortiz-Ulloa, Johanna Otero, Rajendra Parajuli, Luz Posada, Farhad Pourfarzi, Alan Martin Preston, Ingrid Rached, Ali Reza Rahbar, Colin Rehm, Makiko Sekiyama, Rusidah Selamat, Khadijah Shamsuddin, Harri Sinkko, Milton Fabian Suarez-Ortegon, Elzbieta Sygnowska, Maria Szabo, Ilse Khouw, Swee Ai Ng, Heli Tapanainen FrieslandCampina, Reema Tayyem, Bemnet Tedla, Coline van Oosterhout, Marieke Vossenaar, Eva Warensjo Lemming, Lothar Wieler, Mabel Yap, Maria Elisa Zapata, Khairul Zarina, Zipporah Bukania, Yeri Kombe, Julie Long, K. Michael Hambidge, Tshilenge S. Diba, Umber S. Khan, Gabriela Tejeda, Cornelia Tudorie, Anca Nicolau, Amanda de Moura Souza, Alan de Brauw, Mourad Moursi, Alicia Rovirosa, Carol Henry, Getahun Ersino, Gordon Zello, Chanthaly Luangphaxay, Daovieng Douangvichit, Latsamy Siengsounthone, Christine Hotz, Constance Rybak, Corina Aurelia Zugravu, Donka Baykova, Elizabeth Yakes-Jimenez, Gudrun B. Keding, Lydiah M. Waswa, Irmgard Jordan, J.V. Meenakshi, Laila Eleraky, Wolfgang Stuetz, Lalka Rangelova, Lilian Aluso, Julia Boedecker, Francis Oduor, Tamene Taye Asayehu, Veronika Janská, Ward Siamusantu, and Ken Brown

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region.Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank).Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis.Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.

Published
2024
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2. Asymptomatic transmission and high community burden of seasonal influenza in an urban and a rural community in South Africa, 2017–18 (PHIRST): a population cohort study

Author

Cheryl Cohen, ProfPhD, Jackie Kleynhans, MSc, Jocelyn Moyes, MD, Meredith L McMorrow, MD, Florette K Treurnicht, PhD, Orienka Hellferscee, PhD, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, BNurs, Anne von Gottberg, PhD, Nicole Wolter, PhD, Neil A Martinson, MD, Kathleen Kahn, ProfPhD, Limakatso Lebina, MD, Katlego Mothlaoleng, MPH, Floidy Wafawanaka, MPharm, Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé, PhD, Thulisa Mkhencele, MSc, Angela Mathee, PhD, Stuart Piketh, ProfPhD, Brigitte Language, PhD, Stefano Tempia, PhD, Amelia Buys, Angie Mathee, Anne von Gottberg, Brigitte Language, Cheryl Cohen, Lorens Maake, Floidy Wafawanaka, Florette Treurnicht, Jackie Kleynhans, Jocelyn Moyes, Kathleen Kahn, Katlego Mothlaoleng, Limakatso Lebina, Maimuna Carrim, Meredith L. McMorrow, Neil A. Martinson, Nicole Wolter, Orienka Hellferscee, Ryan G. Wagner, Stefano Tempia, Stuart Piketh, Thulisa Mkhencele, and F. Xavier Gómes-Olivé

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: Data on influenza community burden and transmission are important to plan interventions especially in resource-limited settings. However, data are limited, particularly from low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to evaluate the community burden and transmission of influenza in a rural and an urban setting in South Africa. Methods: In this prospective cohort study approximately 50 households were selected sequentially from both a rural setting (Agincourt, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa; with a health and sociodemographic surveillance system) and an urban setting (Klerksdorp, Northwest Province, South Africa; using global positioning system data), enrolled, and followed up for 10 months in 2017 and 2018. Different households were enrolled in each year. Households of more than two individuals in which 80% or more of the occupants agreed to participate were included in the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected twice per week from participating household members irrespective of symptoms and tested for influenza using real-time RT-PCR. The primary outcome was the incidence of influenza infection, defined as the number of real-time RT-PCR-positive episodes divided by the person-time under observation. Household cumulative infection risk (HCIR) was defined as the number of subsequent infections within a household following influenza introduction. Findings: 81 430 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 1116 participants in 225 households (follow-up rate 88%). 917 (1%) tested positive for influenza; 178 (79%) of 225 households had one or more influenza-positive individual. The incidence of influenza infection was 43·6 (95% CI 39·8–47·7) per 100 person-seasons. 69 (17%) of 408 individuals who had one influenza infection had a repeat influenza infection during the same season. The incidence (67·4 per 100 person-seasons) and proportion with repeat infections (22 [23%] of 97 children) were highest in children younger than 5 years and decreased with increasing age (p

Published
2021
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3. Asymptomatic transmission and high community burden of seasonal influenza in an urban and a rural community in South Africa, 2017-18 (PHIRST): a population cohort study

Author

Cheryl Cohen, Jackie Kleynhans, Jocelyn Moyes, Meredith L McMorrow, Florette K Treurnicht, Orienka Hellferscee, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Anne von Gottberg, Nicole Wolter, Neil A Martinson, Kathleen Kahn, Limakatso Lebina, Katlego Mothlaoleng, Floidy Wafawanaka, Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé, Thulisa Mkhencele, Angela Mathee, Stuart Piketh, Brigitte Language, Stefano Tempia, Amelia Buys, Angie Mathee, Lorens Maake, Florette Treurnicht, Maimuna Carrim, Meredith L. McMorrow, Neil A. Martinson, Ryan G. Wagner, and F. Xavier Gómes-Olivé

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Rural Health, Asymptomatic, Article, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Influenza, Human, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Prospective cohort study, Child, Asymptomatic Infections, Aged, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Rural health, Incidence (epidemiology), Urban Health, Infant, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Vaccination, Child, Preschool, Female, Seasons, medicine.symptom, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business, Cohort study
Abstract

Summary: Background: Data on influenza community burden and transmission are important to plan interventions especially in resource-limited settings. However, data are limited, particularly from low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to evaluate the community burden and transmission of influenza in a rural and an urban setting in South Africa. Methods: In this prospective cohort study approximately 50 households were selected sequentially from both a rural setting (Agincourt, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa; with a health and sociodemographic surveillance system) and an urban setting (Klerksdorp, Northwest Province, South Africa; using global positioning system data), enrolled, and followed up for 10 months in 2017 and 2018. Different households were enrolled in each year. Households of more than two individuals in which 80% or more of the occupants agreed to participate were included in the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected twice per week from participating household members irrespective of symptoms and tested for influenza using real-time RT-PCR. The primary outcome was the incidence of influenza infection, defined as the number of real-time RT-PCR-positive episodes divided by the person-time under observation. Household cumulative infection risk (HCIR) was defined as the number of subsequent infections within a household following influenza introduction. Findings: 81 430 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 1116 participants in 225 households (follow-up rate 88%). 917 (1%) tested positive for influenza; 178 (79%) of 225 households had one or more influenza-positive individual. The incidence of influenza infection was 43·6 (95% CI 39·8–47·7) per 100 person-seasons. 69 (17%) of 408 individuals who had one influenza infection had a repeat influenza infection during the same season. The incidence (67·4 per 100 person-seasons) and proportion with repeat infections (22 [23%] of 97 children) were highest in children younger than 5 years and decreased with increasing age (p

Published
2020

4. Food insecurity in households in informal settlements in urban South Africa

Author

Angie Mathee, Nisha Naicker, and June Teare

Subjects
Consumption (economics), medicine.medical_specialty, Food security, Poverty, business.industry, Public health, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, General Medicine, Urban poor, Informal settlements, Food insecurity, medicine, Settlement (litigation), Socioeconomics, business
Abstract

Food insecurity in the urban poor is a major public health challenge. The Health, Environment and Development study assessed trends in food insecurity and food consumption over a period of 7 years in an informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa (SA). Annual cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the informal settlement (Hospital Hill). The degree of household food insecurity decreased significantly from 2006 (85%) to 2012 (70%). There was a spike in 2009 (91%), possibly owing to global food price increases. Childhood food insecurity followed the same trend as household food insecurity. During the first 3 study years, consumption of protein, vegetables and fruit decreased by 10 - 20%, but had returned to previous levels by 2012. In this study, although declining, food insecurity remains unacceptably high. Hunger relief and poverty alleviation need to be more aggressively implemented in order to improve the quality of life in poor urban communities in SA.

Published
2015

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