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Having the spirit of entrepreneurial is very important for the young generation, seeing the number of unemployed and the lack of land for new workers. But not all young people have the spirit as an entrepreneur or a tendency to entrepreneurial. Especially for young students, they should have more enthusiasm to build their own business. Entrepreneurial has been carried out especially in universities, with the intention that young people are formed who are entrepreneurial oriented and live independently and of course the young generation who have their own business lines will increase the country's social economic growth. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to know the influence of entrepreneurial characteristics (innovativeness, achievement, locus of control, risk taking, tolerance for ambiguity and self confidence) towards entrepreneurial tendencies moderated by age-based demographics. Respondents involved in this study were 120 students. Data analysis was done using General Linear Model (GLM) method. The results showed innovativeness increased entrepreneurial tendencies, innovativeness increased entrepreneurial tendencies but was not moderated by age, achievement did not increase entrepreneurial tendencies, achievement did not increase the tendency of entrepreneurial be moderated by age, locus of control increasing entrepreneurial tendencies, locus of control increasing the tendency of entrepreneurship but not moderated by age, risk taking increased the tendency of entrepreneurial, risk taking increased the tendency of entrepreneurial but not moderated by age, tolerance for ambiguity increased the tendency of entrepreneurial, tolerance for ambiguity increased the tendency of entrepreneurial but not moderated by age, self confidence increased the tendency of entrepreneurial and self confidence increased the tendency of entrepreneurial but not moderated by age to students.

The effect of wind as a dynamic load on structures can vary greatly depending on geographic location, topography, building height, and the characteristics of the building itself. Therefore, careful calculations and an in-depth understanding of these factors are essential in the design of safe wind-resistant structures. For tall buildings, the structural response due to horizontal loads due to wind loads is much greater than vertical loads. This paper reviews the analysis of wind loads as static lateral loads against the internal forces and inter-story drift that occur. A review was carried out of a reinforced concrete structure building with a plan size of 25 x 10 m; the frame height is 32 m, with a total of 8 floors. The speed of the wind is 120 mph. The structural response reviewed compares internal forces, deformation, and inter-story drift under wind loads with variations of wind speed factors based on surface roughness and topographic influence factors (slopes and hills). From the analysis of the effect of wind loads on building structures, it can be seen that wind speeds in flat areas without obstructions (exposure D) and slope areas have more significant wind speeds compared to the city center and hilly regions.

In this study, coir fibres were modified with nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide via a chemical treatment in order to increase the tensile strength of the fibres and their interaction with soil. To evaluate the modification and its effects, unconfined compressive strength tests, indirect tensile strength tests, flexural strength tests and triaxial compressive strength tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 90 days of curing age on lime-treated soil reinforced with modified and unmodified fibres. The obtained results showed that nano-modification of fibres enhanced the mechanical properties of the lime-treated clay soil due to the tensile strength of the augmented fibres. The results showed that the compressive strength, the indirect tensile strength and the flexural strength of samples treated with modified coir fibres increased by 64%, 122% and 56%, respectively compared to that of samples treated with unmodified fibres. Moreover, an increase in the effective internal friction angle and the cohesion intercept was observed. Also, the results of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray confirmed a desired alteration in morphology of the fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, biodegradation of the organic MSW fraction results in elevated waste and basal liner temperatures which have the potential to cause the clay component of the basal liner to experience severe moisture loss over time and eventually undergo desiccation cracking. Cracking of the basal liner's clay component would result in an uncontrolled release of contaminants into the surrounding environment and ultimately give rise to a variety of major environmental concerns. Accordingly, this study examined the variation of temperature-moisture profiles along the depth of a compacted clay liner (CCL) exposed to different constant elevated waste temperatures (CETs) in the absence and presence of two heat reduction techniques, respectively. Rockwool insulation layers with varying thicknesses and galvanized steel cooling pipes with varying flowrates were introduced separately as the two heat reduction techniques. Introduction of both techniques led to a significant attenuation of the temperature rise and desiccation experienced by the CCL in the face of different CETs. An increase in rockwool thickness increments led to a progressive reduction of CCL temperature, while an increase in flow rate under turbulent condition did not have a significant influence on the temperature and desiccation reduction of the CCL. Nevertheless, the present study certainly highlights the potential of the two proposed heat reduction techniques to minimize desiccation and consequently increase the service life of CCLs exposed to different elevated temperatures in MSW landfills., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Consent of participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: All authors agree to publish their research data pertinent to the paper. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The usage of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new compared to wood timber cross-arms. In this case, many research works conducted experiments on composite cross-arms, either in coupon or full-scale size. However, none performed finite element (FE) analyses on full-scale composite cross-arms under actual working load and broken wire conditions. Thus, this work evaluates the performance of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arm tubes in 275 kV transmission towers using FE analysis. In this study, the performance analysis was run mimicking actual normal and broken wire conditions with five and three times more than working loads (WL). The full-scale assembly load test experiment outcomes were used to validate the FE analysis. Furthermore, the mechanical properties values of the GFRP composite were incorporated in simulation analysis based on the previous experimental work on coupons samples of GFRP tubes. Additionally, parametric studies were performed to determine the ultimate applied load and factor of safety for both normal and broken wire loading conditions. This research discovered that the GFRP composite cross-arm could withstand the applied load of five times and three times working load (WL) for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively. In addition, the factor of safety of tubes was 1.08 and 1.1 for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively, which can be considered safe to use. Hence, the composite cross-arms can sustain load two times more than the design requirement, which is two times the working load for normal conditions. In future studies, it is recommended to analyze the fatigue properties of the composite due to wind loading, which may induce failure in long-term service.

The durability of natural and treated clay soil stabilized with lime and alkaline activation (AA) affected by environmental factors (hot and humid) was determined in this study. Investigation and evaluation on the strength of the soil, moisture content, and volume change of the specimen were determined at each curing period (7, 28, and 90 days) based on the weather conditions. An unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the specimen at three different wetting/drying cycles (one, three, and five cycles) was determined. The findings show that the strength of the treated specimens fluctuated with increment and decrement strength (one and three cycles) in the range of 1.41 to 1.88 MPa (lime) and 2.64 to 8.29 MPa (AA), while for five cycles with a curing period of 90 days the decrement was in the range of 1.62 to 1.25 MPa and 6.06 to 5.89 MPa for lime and AA, respectively. The decrement percentage for treated samples that were subjected to five cycles of wetting and drying in 90 days was found to be 20.38% (lime) and 38.64% (AA), respectively. Therefore, it can be summarized that wetting/drying cycles have a significant influence on the durability, strength, and the volume changes of the specimens.

This paper presents a pioneering effort to ascertain the suitability of hyperelastic modelling in simulating the stress-strain response of oil palm shell reinforced rubber (ROPS) composites. ROPS composites with different oil palm shell contents (0%, 5%, 10% and 20% by volume) were cast in the laboratory for the experimental investigation. ROPS specimens with circular, square, hexagon, and octagon shapes (loading surface) were considered to evaluate the accuracy of finite element simulation considering the shape effect of composites. Strain-controlled (compressive) tests with ε ≈ 50% at 0.8 Hz frequency were conducted in the laboratory and the test data obtained was used as input to simulate material coefficients corresponding to the strain energy functions chosen. Five different strain energy functions were selected and utilized for the hyperelastic modelling in this study using finite element approach. The shape effect was then used to ascertain any variation in the simulation outcomes and to discuss the effect of shape on the behaviour of ROPS composites in comparison to existing literature. The numerical predictions using the Yeoh model (error ≤ 2.7% for circular shaped ROPS) were found to perform best in comparison with the experimental results, thus a more stable and suitable hyperelastic model to this end. The Marlow (error ≤ 4.6% for circular shaped ROPS) and Arruda Boyce (error ≤ 4.7% for circular shaped ROPS) models were amongst the next alternatives to perform better. Even with the other shapes considered in this study, Yeoh, followed by the Marlow function, were more appropriate models. The shape effect was then studied with particular emphasis on comparing and assessing them with that observed in the literature. To this end, adopting the Yeoh function in the finite element model is the ideal approach to estimate the stress-strain response of ROPS composites., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.