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Anger rumination is an unconstructive cognitive-emotion regulation strategy that bears negative adjustment outcomes in youth. Anger rumination is mostly examined as an outcome of prior peer victimization. Unidirectional links between maladaptive anger regulation and later peer difficulties have also been reported. Surprisingly, whether anger rumination and peer victimization are mutually related and reinforcing is poorly explored. The present study tested reciprocal associations between anger rumination and peer victimization in 367 5th graders (M.sub.age = 10.53, SE = 0.16; 54.2% girls). To increase precision of findings sadness rumination was treated as a confounder. Self-reported data were obtained at two times, spaced 1 year. Cross-lagged analyses showed that peer victimization predicted increases in anger rumination but not vice versa, after controlling for sadness rumination. Victimized boys were found to be more at risk for endorsing anger rumination over time as compared to victimized girls. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed., Author(s): Elli Spyropoulou [sup.1] , Theodoros Giovazolias [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00dr28g20, grid.8127.c, 0000 0004 0576 3437, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, , Gallos Campus, 74100, Rethymno, Crete, Greece [...]

Failure is inevitable in the process of enterprise development. Previous studies have found that the negative emotions (such as anger) of employees after failure may have an important impact on their subsequent learning behaviour. However, no concrete conclusions have been drawn from related studies. Using 764 data samples from high-tech industries in mainland China, this study investigated the impact of employee anger on learning from failure and explored the moderating roles of resilience and project commitment in this process. The results showed that (1) anger has a negative effect on learning from failure; (2) resilience alleviates the negative effect caused by anger; and (3) project commitment alleviates the negative effect caused by anger. Our study has enriched the theoretical research in relevant fields and provided suggestions for Chinese companies on how to motivate employees to overcome the negative effects of failure and learn from failure., Author(s): Wenzhou Wang [sup.1] , Xiaoxuan Chen [sup.2] , Gengmiao Ning [sup.1] , Yijie Wang [sup.1] , Shanghao Song [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, Business School, [...]

This paper revisits the ongoing debate regarding the uniqueness of each of the Dark Tetrad traits. Extending Jones and Neria's (Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 360-364, 2015 (See CR34)) research, we investigated how these traits are differentially related to aggressive tendencies and whether these relationships are mediated by anger rumination. Data were collected from 314 university students who completed online self-report measures on the Dark Tetrad traits, trait aggression, and anger rumination. Psychopathy had the strongest correlation with physical aggression, while hostility was most strongly related to Machiavellianism. Supplementary analyses revealed that anger rumination mediated the relationship between psychopathy and aggressive tendencies while also playing a mediatory role between Machiavellianism and some expressions of trait aggression. Similar mediation patterns were observed for sadism. While sadism and psychopathy were very similar, these results support that the Dark Tetrad traits should also be viewed as unique constructs even as they are intercorrelated. Implications and directions for future research are discussed., Author(s): Nimisha Jain [sup.1] , Christopher Marcin Kowalski [sup.1] , Laura Kathleen Johnson [sup.1] , Donald H. Saklofske [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.39381.30, 0000 0004 1936 8884, University of Western [...]

Anger and aggression have large impact on people's safety and the society at large. In order to provide an intervention to minimise aggressive behaviours, it is important to understand the neural and cognitive aspects of anger and aggression. In this systematic review, we investigate the cognitive and neural aspects of anger-related processes, including anger-related behaviours and anger reduction. Using this information, we then review prior existing methods on the treatment of anger-related disorders as well as anger management, including mindfulness and cognitive behavioural therapy. At the cognitive level, our review that anger is associated with excessive attention to anger-related stimuli and impulsivity. At the neural level, anger is associated with abnormal functioning of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In conclusions, based on cognitive and neural studies, we here argue that mindfulness based cognitive behavioural therapy may be better at reducing anger and aggression than other behavioural treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy or mindfulness alone. We provide key information on future research work and best ways to manage anger and reduce aggression. Importantly, future research should investigate how anger related behaviours is acquired and how stress impacts the development of anger., Author(s): Yuliya Richard [sup.1] , Nadia Tazi [sup.2] [sup.3] , Dorota Frydecka [sup.4] , Mohamed S. Hamid [sup.5] , Ahmed A. Moustafa [sup.6] [sup.7] Author Affiliations: (1) Blue Horizon Counseling [...]

Whether the Anger Superiority Effect prevails over the Happiness Superiority Effect has been the subject of much discussion. Problems with the research design and methodology used in this type of research could account for differences in the results. This face-in-the-crowd study attempted a more ecologically valid design using nine multiplied identities showing nine different emotions expressions in a randomized 3 x 3 grid. The aim of this research was to explore the duration of fixation on nine emotional faces in a crowd showing all seven primary emotion plus embarrassment, compared to the neutral face expression. The convenience sample consisted of 136 participants with no mental health diagnosis (M = 22.5; SD = 8.54). Happiness had the longest fixation duration by far, providing clear support for the happiness superiority effect. In addition, participants fixated significantly more often on anger, disgust, surprise, and fear, and significantly less often on embarrassment, compared to the neutral expression. Fixation on contempt and sadness did not differ significantly from fixating on the neutral expression. The research supported the happiness superiority effect using more realistic grids consisting of nine different people (women and men) exhibiting nine different emotions with random rotation of grid positions., Author(s): Júlia Halamová [sup.1] , Bronislava Strnádelová [sup.1] , Martin Kanovský [sup.2] , Róbert Moró [sup.3] , Mária Bieliková [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7634.6, 0000000109409708, Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty [...]

Suicide ranks among the 10 leading causes of death, with rates increasing among middle-aged adults. Anger is associated with suicide risk, but few studies have investigated this association in a primarily middle-aged sample. The present study investigated the association between state or trait anger and suicidal ideation among a national sample of 1255 middle-aged adults. Participants (M = 54.5, SD = 11.7; range = 34-84) were from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Biomarker sub-project (2004-2009). In a multivariate model including age, sex, depression symptoms, angry temperament, and externalized anger, only angry temperament significantly predicted suicidal ideation independent of depression symptoms (OR = 1.13, p = .04). The associations between anger subscales and suicidal ideation were not moderated by gender or depression symptoms and were not mediated by interpersonal difficulties. Among middle-aged adults, angry temperament is associated with risk of suicidal ideation, irrespective of gender or depression symptoms. Assessing and addressing angry temperament in treatment may help decrease suicide risk., Author(s): Ruifeng Cui [sup.1] , Montgomery T. Owsiany [sup.1] , Nicholas Turiano [sup.1] , Amy Fiske [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.268154.c, 0000 0001 2156 6140, Department of Psychology, West [...]

The current study aims to examine the influence of personality traits (alternative Zuckerman model) and driving anger in the explanation of risky driving style in individuals convicted for road safety offences (N = 245), using as a basis an adaptation of the context-mediated model. This is a transversal, descriptive study designed to be implemented by means of surveys, in which took part 245 men convicted of road safety offences from five prisons in Galicia (a region in northwestern Spain) took part. The average age of the participants was 38.73 years (Sx-9.61), with a range between 18 and 64 years. All participants had three or more years of driving experience. Our data shows that the Impulsive-Sensation Seeking (Imp-SS) personality trait had a direct and positive effect on dangerous driving, while the Activity (Act) trait had a direct but negative effect. The Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Host) trait, in turn, influenced the risky driving style, but not directly, but by raising driving anger levels, so it acted as a powerful mediator between the Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Hos) trait and the risky driving style. In general, our research partially replicates and expands previous findings regarding the model used, the aggression-hostility personality trait (Agg-Host) was placed in the distal context, driving anger in the proximal context, while age and personality traits Activity (Act) and Impulsive-Sensation Seeking (Imp-SS) were direct predictors. The results of this study may have practical implications for the detection and rehabilitation of offenders and penalties for road safety offences., Author(s): José María Faílde-Garrido [sup.1] [sup.2] , Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro [sup.1] , Antonio González-Fernández [sup.1] , Manuel Antonio García-Rodríguez [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.6312.6, 0000 0001 2097 6738, University of Vigo, [...]

This study investigates the link between the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) and individuals' capacity to spontaneously invent alternate appraisals for aversive events. Eighty-two women completed the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test for anger-eliciting situations, and quantity and quality of reappraisal ideas were correlated with BIS, BAS, and FFFS sensitivity (RST-Personality Questionnaire). Results revealed that high BIS and high FFFS reduced the total number of reappraisal ideas, indicating that combined heightened sensitivity of the two avoidance systems may deplete individuals' repertoire of potential reappraisals. RST effects on the quality of generated reappraisals were also found. High BIS and low BAS lowered individuals' propensity to produce positive re-interpretations, which are considered a more adaptive reappraisal tactic. High FFFS sensitivity was linked to a lower preference for problem-oriented reappraisals. This study underlines that certain interactions of motivational subsystems may be particularly detrimental for successful reappraisal of anger-eliciting events. Our findings reveal potential links between revised RST effects and adaptive emotion regulation., Author(s): Corinna M. Perchtold-Stefan [sup.1] , Andreas Fink [sup.1] , Jonathan F. Bauer [sup.1] , Christian Rominger [sup.1] , Ilona Papousek [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5110.5, 0000000121539003, Department of Psychology, [...]

Driving anger expression is a detrimental factor for traffic safety, suggesting that there is a need to investigate protective factors against anger expression and their underlying mechanisms, especially for young drivers. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of anger rumination on the relationship between self-compassion and driving anger expression. The final sample included 191 drivers ranging from 18 to 30 years in age who drove the least 1000 km in the previous year. These participants completed an online questionnaire package measuring self-compassion, driving anger expression and anger rumination in addition to some demographic items. As predicted, self-compassion was negatively related to total aggressive expression but positively related to constructive/adaptive anger expression. Self-compassion was also indirectly related to both aggressive and constructive/adaptive driving anger expression via total anger rumination and some anger rumination dimensions. The findings were discussed in relation to the previous literature., Author(s): Gaye Solmazer [sup.1] , Elif Özlem Cebeci [sup.1] , Yaren Demircan [sup.1] , Seçil Gözde Karasakal [sup.1] , Nazlican Yakin [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Psychology, Izmir Bakirçay [...]

Exposure to cyber delinquent behaviors leads to various far-reaching negative consequences in adolescents, which justifies exploring factors that contributes to their involvement in cyber delinquency. This study used General Strain Theory to explain cyber delinquent behavior by hypothesizing that daily strain leads to involvement in cyber delinquency through anger. Additionally, in consideration of previous findings on the relationships among self-esteem with strain, anger, and cyber delinquent behaviors; self-esteem was hypothesized to be mediated in the pathway between strain and cyber delinquent behaviors along with anger. A total of 2844 fourth grade students (46.4% female) from the Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) were used to investigate the hypothesized model. This model showed an appropriate model fit, and specifically displayed that strain had a significant positive association with negative self-esteem, anger, and involvement in cyber delinquent behaviors. In the results, general strain theory in explaining cyber delinquency, was confirmed by revealing the findings that anger was significantly mediated in the pathway between strain and cyber delinquency. In addition, the sequential mediation effect of negative self-esteem and anger in the pathway between strain and cyber delinquency was verified. That is, strain could lead to an increase in negative self-esteem which continues to heighten levels of anger, eventually leading to involvement in cyber delinquency. These findings contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanism that leads to involvement in cyber delinquency from strain. Practical implications are discussed based on these findings., Author(s): Sangwon Kim [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.264381.a, 0000 0001 2181 989X, Department of Child Psychology and Education, Sungkyunkwan University, , 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Introduction The [...]

The present study examined the relationship of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism with dispositional anger and hostility. We investigated the roles of neuroticism, emotional intelligence, and gender in this relationship, using a sample of 405 participants. The results indicated that vulnerable narcissism was associated with a higher tendency toward anger and hostility, and that neuroticism accounted for a large part of this association. Poor emotion managing, known as strategic emotion regulation ability, also played a role in hostility related to vulnerable narcissism, especially among men. When emotional stability was controlled for, grandiose narcissism showed links to anger and hostility. We concluded that high neuroticism and poor emotion regulation abilities among vulnerable narcissists contribute to increased anger/hostility, whereas emotional stability likely protects grandiose narcissists against these internal aspects of aggression. The significant relationships between both forms of narcissism with aggression, remaining after neuroticism and emotion regulation were accounted for, suggest that there is another underlying source of this link. Finally, we found that controlling for interindividual differences in neuroticism significantly increased the relationship between vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, suggesting the existence of the common core of narcissism., Author(s): Anna Z. Czarna [sup.1] , Marcin Zajenkowski [sup.2] , Oliwia Maciantowicz [sup.2] , Kinga Szymaniak [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5522.0, 0000 0001 2162 9631, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian [...]

Anger is known to be a negatively valenced emotion that can trigger different forms of harmful actions. Traditionally, it is studied from a third-person point of view using behavioural tasks or trait questionnaires. These methods can grasp outwardly observable behavioural expressions of anger but cannot tap into its experiential dimension. Hence, first-person approaches can be useful to get a more complete picture. In the current study we investigated the experiential facet of anger episodes using a first-person introspective approach. Findings from our introspective trial showed 1) that the anger experience can be subdivided into a cognitive, affective, somatic, and volitional component, 2) that anger unfolds in a temporal manner with distinct characteristical stages and 3) that anger can be inhibited through cognitive control strategies. While conducting our introspective research, we observed several methodological challenges of this particular method. An overview of how to deal with these issues is provided, thus contributing to anger research in both a theoretical and a methodological way., Author(s): Benedikt Hackert [sup.1] , Anna-Lena Lumma [sup.1] , Paula Menzel [sup.2] , Terje Sparby [sup.1] , Ulrich Weger [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412581.b, 0000 0000 9024 6397, Department of [...]

Researchers have sought to identify deficits in affect recognition as a precipitating factor in intimate partner aggression (IPA) perpetration, but results from these studies have produced mixed findings. This may be due to the unlikelihood that deficits in affect recognition abilities would prompt perpetration of IPA without affective predispositions toward aggression, such as trait anger. The current study sought to examine the relation between negative affect recognition ability and men's past perpetration of physical and psychological IPA across levels of trait anger. Heterosexual couples (N = 83) completed self-report measures regarding the frequency of male-to-female IPA perpetration within their relationship. Additionally, males completed measures of trait anger and were administered a facial affect recognition test. Decreased ability in decoding negative facial affect was associated with increased perpetration of physical and psychological IPA, but only for men high in trait anger. There was no relation between negative facial affect recognition ability and IPA perpetration at low levels of trait anger. Results from this study indicated that the highest rates of physical and psychological IPA perpetration within the sample were among those with co-occurring high trait anger and decreased ability to decode negative facial affect. Our findings suggest that perpetration of IPA is associated with an interaction of affective traits and deficits in social cognitive processing. Treatments aimed at reducing aggression and violence among intimate partners would benefit from improving affect recognition when high trait anger is present., Author(s): Donald A. Godfrey [sup.1] , Victoria E. Bennett [sup.1] , Julia C. Babcock [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.266436.3, 0000 0004 1569 9707, Department of Psychology, The University of Houston, [...]

Anger rumination has been defined as a repetitive thinking style focused on causes and consequences of anger. Different studies have shown the role of anger rumination as a maintaining factor for emotional arousal and stress that can lead to behavioral dysregulation. The present study aims at investigating whether the role of anger rumination in increasing anger is different with respect to different anger scenarios. Moreover, effects of anger rumination on anger will be compared with the effects of 2 different thinking styles (cognitive reappraisal and distraction). Participants were asked to complete a batch of questionnaires assessing trait and state anger and anger rumination; after that, they were asked to identify themselves in different scenarios aimed at eliciting anger for different reasons. Finally, a specific thinking style was induced by reading some suggestions to each participant. Levels of anger were recorded before and after each induction. The type of scenario did not show any influence on levels of anger. All the thinking styles reduced levels of anger, and anger rumination had the smallest impact on anger measurements with respect to reappraisal and distraction. Scenarios did not show any meditational effect on the predicting power of the thinking styles on levels of arousal. Among induced thinking styles, anger rumination led to higher levels of anger, whereas cognitive reappraisal and distraction led to a greater reduction in levels of anger. KEYWORDS: anger, anger rumination, cognitive reappraisal, distraction, emotion regulation, thinking style, Anger is a primary emotion that arouses when people are prevented from reaching an important personal goal by something or someone external, or when they perceive a damage to the [...]

Using a new method of affect priming, we find that a face with an angry expression slows a participant's performance; that is, we find anger inferiority. Our task presents a participant with a sequence of 2 visual stimuli. The first stimulus (S1) and the second stimulus (S2) represent anger or happiness. The S1s were words, schematic faces, or gray-scale faces, and the S2s weregray-scale faces. Participants performed an affect congruency task, judging whether S1 and S2 represent the same emotion. With standard affective priming, using identical stimulus parameters, superior performance is found when S1 and S2 represent the same affect. With our task, comparing the 2 stimuli results in anger inferiority. With both congruent and incongruent S1 and S2 the response times depend more strongly on the affect of S1 rather than that of S2. An angry S1 produced longer decision times and more errors than a happy S1. KEYWORDS: emotion, facial expression, affect priming, anger inferiority, face perception, The emotion triggered by a happy or an angry face is often studied by flashing a picture of a face whose offset is followed quickly by a second face. A [...]

Within the framework of the Component Process Model, the present study focuses on the emotions of shame, guilt, and anger, and aims at exploring their cognitive, physiological, and behavioral correlates. The participants were 124 Italian undergraduate students, who were asked to report an episode, from their autobiographical memory, about a self-conscious emotion that had occurred to them in the recent past. After that, they were asked to rate a large number of possible reactions about thoughts, bodily sensations, and action tendencies that they experienced during that episode. Our results generally support the idea that shame, guilt, and anger elicit different cognitive, physical, and behavioral patterns. These reactive systems may influence emotional and social adjustment in young adults. In particular, shame did not appear to be associated with aggressive tendencies, but it was characterized by the sensation of being a failure, gaze aversion, and by a low awareness of hurting and transgressing. Both guilt and anger were characterized by norm violation, whereas guilt alone was related to a tendency to repair., Author(s): Monica Pivetti[sup.1] , Marina Camodeca[sup.2] , Maria Rapino[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, (Di.S.P.U.Ter.), University of Chieti-Pescara, ChietiItaly (2) Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and [...]

Family systems theory posits that the members of a family rely on one another to fulfill each other's social and emotional needs. This means that parents must respond to the actions and behaviors of others in the family. The current study expands the body of research on parental responses to youth behaviors. More specifically, the primary aim of the current study is to describe the relationship among perceived parental warmth, youth delinquency, and anger among adolescent males and females living in extreme poverty. Using longitudinal growth models, results uncovered unique effects for both male and female youths in relation to both mother and father figures. Youths, in general, experience greater perceived parental support when engaging in less delinquency and exhibiting less anger. The study addresses the nature of the complex relationship between parental responses and youths reporting significant anger and delinquency., Family functions as the primary socialization context for children. Parents, like children and adolescents, respond to the actions and behaviors of others in the family. Qualitative evidence suggests that youth [...]

Anger has become one of the most widely studied emotions in the psychological literature. In order to accurately assess individual differences in emotions, validated and reliable measures must be incorporated to compare findings across studies. One of the most widely used anger scales is the Novaco Anger Scale-Provocation Inventory (NAS-PI; Novaco 2003 (See CR23)). This project examined a new translation of the NAS-PI into the German language (Ger - NAS-PI). To validate the new German translation of the NAS-PI in German and U.S. samples. In two samples of undergraduate students, U.S. and German, internal consistency, subscale correlations, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity were all analyzed. For both ethnic groups, all coefficient alphas exceeded .70 for the major subscales (NAS-PI), and correlations between the subscales were strong for both groups within each measure and with measures of convergent and discriminant validity. In predicting PI scores and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ; Buss & Perry 1992 (See CR5)) scores, there was no evidence of intercept invariance for the AQ across the two national groups and limited evidence of slope invariance. Results suggest that the new translation is appropriate for use with German samples, but the concept of anger in German population may need further evaluation., Author(s): Andre Kehn[sup.1] , Scott E. Culhane[sup.2] , Larisa Kolmans[sup.3] , Stephan J. Bongard[sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Psychology, Department. 8380, University of North Dakota, 58202, Grand Forks, ND, [...]

McFall's (1982, 1989) Social Information Processing (SIP) model outlines different stages in cognitive processing and decision-making that may be deficient in men who engage in interpersonal violence (IPV). A decision-making task was developed to assess the utility of abusive and nonabusive behaviors among 32 men who engage in mild IPV, 32 maritally distressed men, and 32 nondistressed men. Because anger impacts appraisal and decision-making (e.g., Lerner and Tiedens in Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 115-137, 2006), all participants were randomly assigned to an anger induction or neutral induction condition. As hypothesized, the perceived utility for abusive behavior was greater for angry abusive men and the perceived utility of control appeared to significantly contribute to this difference. Specific deficits in the IPV group were found, supporting a SIP model of IPV, aiding in understanding the function of violent behavior. Despite study limitations, these findings have implications for enhancing specific skill training components of treatment for abusive men. Keywords Interpersonal * Violence * Decision-making * Anger * Control, Intervention programs for men who engage in interpersonal violence (IPV) continue to draw criticism about how effective they are in stopping men's violence toward their female partners (Gondolf 2012). While [...]

Eleven predictions derived from the recalibrational theory of anger were tested. This theory proposes that anger is produced by a neurocognitive program engineered by natural selection to use bargaining tactics to resolve conflicts of interest in favor of the angry individual. The program is designed to orchestrate two interpersonal negotiating tactics (conditionally inflicting costs or conditionally withholding benefits) to incentivize the target of the anger to place greater weight on the welfare of the angry individual. Individuals with enhanced abilities to inflict costs (e.g., stronger individuals) or to confer benefits (e.g., attractive individuals) have a better bargaining position in conflicts; hence, it was predicted that such individuals will be more prone to anger, prevail more in conflicts of interest, and consider themselves entitled to better treatment. These predictions were confirmed. Consistent with an evolutionary analysis, the effect of strength on anger was greater for men and the effect of attractiveness on anger was greater for women. Also as predicted, stronger men had a greater history of fighting than weaker men, and more strongly endorsed the efficacy of force to resolve conflicts--both in interpersonal and international conflicts. The fact that stronger men favored greater use of military force in international conflicts provides evidence that the internal logic of the anger program reflects the ancestral payoffs characteristic of a small-scale social world rather than rational assessments of modern payoffs in large populations. aggression | evolutionary psychology | recalibrational theory | welfare tradeoff ratio

Angry adult behavior at youth sport events is documented in scholarly literature (Kidman, McKenzie, & McKenzie, 1999), popular press sport parent books (Murphy, 1999), and the media (Abrams, 2006). Background anger (BA) involves the presence of an angry verbal, nonverbal, or physical interaction between two or more people that does not directly involve the observer (Cummings, 1987). Sustained exposure to BA is distressing for children and may result in long-term health consequences (Grych & Fincham, 1990), but little is known about how BA influences the sport experience and performance of children. Given recent interest in the behavior of youth sport parents, this paper adapts the BA construct to youth sport to further understanding of the influence of angry parent behaviors on children. Evidence that coaches, parents, and children frequently observe background anger in some youth sport environments is presented and implications for future research and educational intervention are discussed., For many youth, sport and family life work together to promote positive development, but for some the influence of parents in youth sport may be less than positive. In addition [...]

C. S. Carver and E. Harmon-Jones (2009) have made an important contribution to the understanding of anger, its linkage to higher order dimensions of emotion, and potential neurobiological substrates. The authors believe, however, that their model and future research conducted to test it would be improved by a more precise explication and parsing of the primary constructs, a clearer articulation of the relation between anger and approach, and the use of methods for assessing brain activation that are more precise than the electroencephalogram. Neuroimaging studies reviewed generally fail to corroborate several features of their model. Keywords: anger, emotion, approach, anterior asymmetry, affective neuroscience

The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The other implication concerns the idea that affects form a purely positive dimension and a purely negative dimension, which reflect the operation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems, respectively. The evidence reviewed does not support that view. The evidence is, however, consistent with a discrete-emotions view (which does not rely on dimensionality) and with an alternative dimensional approach. Keywords: anger, approach, appetitive system, avoidance, threat system

C. S. Carver and E. Harmon-Jones (2009) have presented considerable evidence to support their argument that 'anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system' (p. 183). However, they have failed to take sufficient account of the extensive psychometric data indicating that anger is strongly related to anxiety (and other negative affects) and more weakly associated with the positive affects. Considering all of the available evidence, the most accurate conclusion is that anger shows both approach and avoidance properties. Moreover, viewed in the context of the hierarchical structure of affect, some evidence suggests that the nonspecific component of anger (i.e., its shared variance with the other negative affects) is primarily related to the aversive or avoidance motivational system, whereas its specific component (i.e., its unique qualities that distinguish it from other negative affects) has a stronger link to the appetitive or approach system. The author concludes by considering the broader implications of these data for affective structure. Keywords: anger, approach, avoidance, negative affect, positive affect

The authors examined regulation of the discrete emotions anger and sadness in adolescents through older adults in the context of describing everyday problem situations. The results support previous work; in comparison to younger age groups, older adults reported that they experienced less anger and reported that they used more passive and fewer proactive emotion-regulation strategies in interpersonal situations. The experience of anger partially mediated age differences in the use of proactive emotion regulation. This suggests that at least part of the reason why older adults use fewer proactive emotion-regulation strategies is their decreased experience of anger. Results are discussed in the context of lifespan theories of emotional development. Keywords: emotion regulation, everyday problem solving, emotions, lifespan development

Preliminary experimental evidence suggests that ruminating about anger-eliciting events exacerbates anger and associated affect. However, no research has investigated the effect of rumination on processing memories of these events. This study examined the impact of manipulating cognitive processing when recalling anger-eliciting events. Participants (N = 60) outlined an anger-related experience and were randomly allocated to recall the event according to an experimental instruction that manipulated recall perspective and emotional focus (distanced-why, distanced-what, immersed-why or immersed-what). Participants completed measures of negative affect and implicit and explicit anger, and returned the following day to complete measures that indexed frequency of intrusive memories of the event and memory-related distress. Contrary to prediction, participants allocated to the distanced-why condition did not report reduced anger. However, participants instructed to think about 'why' they experienced the emotions they did during the event (compared with 'what' emotions they experienced) reported more intrusions 24 h later, regardless of vantage perspective. These results accord with theoretical models that emphasise the negative impact of a ruminative 'why' focus on the processing of past events. Keywords: Anger; Rumination; Affect

The purpose of this study was to examine whether individuals diagnosed with obsessive--compulsive disorder (OCD) with primary checking compulsions report higher levels of trait anger and anger expression compared with a student control group, and whether trait anger and anger expression are correlated with specific beliefs and interpretations that are common among individuals who compulsively check. A group of individuals with OCD reporting significant checking compulsions (n = 33) and a group of undergraduate students (11 = 143) completed a questionnaire package that included measures of trait anger and anger expression, as well as measures of obsessive--compulsive symptoms and beliefs. The compulsive checking group reported greater trait anger, though not greater anger expression, than the student control group. Furthermore, beliefs concerning perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty were positively correlated with anger expression and trait anger among compulsive checkers but not among the student control group. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of cognitive--behavioural treatments for and models of compulsive checking in OCD. Keywords: OCD; Compulsive checking; Anger; Emotion; Beliefs

A regulatory perspective on trait anger suggests that low-trait-anger individuals may recruit limited-capacity cognitive control resources following the activation of hostile thoughts. Because no prior studies directly examine such processes, the present studies seek to do so. Study 1 reveals that a simple word-evaluation paradigm can be used to examine individual differences in hostile reactivity, in that high-trait-anger individuals display more pronounced tendencies to evaluate words negatively following a hostile prime. Studies 2-4 examine a cognitive control account of such findings. Study 2 finds that time-limiting evaluations eliminate trait-linked differences in evaluative priming. Studies 3 and 4 find that low-trait-anger individuals display deficits on a secondary task immediately following the activation of a hostile thought. All studies, then, converge on the link between low trait anger and the spontaneous recruitment of limited-capacity cognitive control resources following hostile primes. Keywords: trait anger; affect regulation; cognitive control; priming; aggression

The present research examined emotions as predictors of opposition to policies and actions of one's country that are perceived to be illegitimate. Two studies investigated the political implications of American (Study 1) and British (Study 2) citizens' anger, guilt, and shame responses to perceived harm caused by their countries' occupation of Iraq. In both studies, a manipulation of pervasive threat to the country's image increased participants' shame but not guilt. The emotions predicted political action intentions to advocate distinct opposition strategies. Shame predicted action intentions to advocate withdrawal from Iraq. Anger predicted action intentions to advocate compensation to Iraq, confrontation of agents responsible, and withdrawal from Iraq. Anger directed at different targets (ingroup, ingroup representative, and outgroup representative) predicted action intentions to support distinct strategies (Study 2). Guilt did not independently predict any political action intentions. Implications for the study of political action and emotions in intergroup contexts are discussed. Keywords: guilt; anger; shame; emotion; collective action; protest

The author investigated the acute effects of alcohol intoxication on anger experience and expression among 46 maritally violent (MV) and 56 maritally nonviolent (NV) men randomly assigned to receive alcohol, placebo, or no alcohol. Participants completed an anger-arousing articulated thoughts in simulated situations (ATSS) paradigm and imagined marital conflict scenarios. Anger experience was operationalized as subjective ratings of anger experienced during ATSS, and anger expression was measured as ATSS anger statements and aggression verbalizations. MV men given alcohol articulated significantly more aggressive verbalizations than all other groups, with high trait anger and increased anger experience predicting more aggressive verbalizations. Thus, alcohol may exert proximal effects on abusive behavior among individuals already prone to respond to conflict with increased anger. Keywords: intimate partner violence, alcohol intoxication, anger arousal, ATSS, verbal aggression

Findings of 7 studies suggested that decisions about the sex of a face and the emotional expressions of anger or happiness are not independent: Participants were faster and more accurate at detecting angry expressions on male faces and at detecting happy expressions on female faces. These findings were robust across different stimulus sets and judgment tasks and indicated bottom-up perceptual processes rather than just top-down conceptually driven ones. Results from additional studies in which neutrally expressive faces were used suggested that the connections between masculine features and angry expressions and between feminine features and happy expressions might be a property of the sexual dimorphism of the face itself and not merely a result of gender stereotypes biasing the perception. Keywords: face perception, sex differences, anger, emotional expressions, ecological psychology

The prevalence of burnout in oncology staff was compared with that of the ophthalmology staff, who normally present a low prevalence of burnout as described in this literature. The correlation of burnout with the emotion of anger was also investigated. Thirty-six subjects working in an oncology department and 32 working in an ophthalmology department were examined using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The oncology group showed higher mean scores on the MBI Emotive Exhaustion and Depersonalization scales with respect to ophthalmology staff. Correlation analysis showed that increasing burn-out was associated with higher anger expressed towards the environment and loss of anger control. Anger, as a response to frustration, appears to be a feature constantly associated with the clinical expression of burnout and it should not be underestimated in theoretical and preventive contexts.

This 14-year longitudinal study examined the independent association between perceived social support and the 5-year progression of depressive tendencies while taking into account the potential effects of childhood/adolescent anger and later hostility. From the on-going population based study of 'Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns', 553 male and 860 female participants responded to a revised version of Beck's Depression Inventory in 1992 and 1997. Hostility and perceived social support were assessed by self-rated questionnaires in 1992. Childhood/adolescent anger was assessed by parent-reports in 1983. Our results showed that higher levels of perceived social support were associated with the decrease of depressive tendencies after 5 years and lower levels of depressive tendencies prospectively and after 5 years. This association persisted after adjusting for childhood/adolescent anger and later hostility. In addition, hostility was strongly related to the 5-year increase of depressive tendencies and higher levels of depressive tendencies. Social support may therefore be a long-term protective factor from depression irrespective of personality characteristics, such as hostility and anger. Keywords: Social support; Hostility; Depression; Finland; Anger

Three studies examined non-Aboriginal Australians' guilt and anger about their ingroup's advantage over structurally disadvantaged Aborigines. Study 1 showed that participants who perceived their ingroup as relatively advantaged perceived this inequality as unfair and felt guilt and anger about it. Anger, and to a lesser degree guilt, predicted the willingness to engage in political action regarding ingroup advantage. Study 2 showed both guilt and anger to be relatively self-focused because both were associated with appraising the ingroup's (rather than the government's) discrimination as responsible for ingroup advantage. Study 3 examined on participants especially willing to engage in political action to bring about systemic compensation to Aborigines. Anger about ingroup advantage was a potent predictor. Although guilt was associated with the abstract goal of systemic compensation, guilt did not explain willingness for political action. Results underline the importance of examining specific group-based emotions in intergroup relations. Keywords: racial inequality; group-based emotion; anger; guilt; sympathy; Australia

Research on targets' affective reactions to social discrimination has not yet addressed self- and other-directed anger at the same time. Four studies tested the hypothesis that the perceived cause of negative feedback moderates the impact of social identification on self-directed anger. In Studies 1 and 2, high levels of social identification led to less self-directed anger when negative feedback was attributed to social discrimination but not when it was attributed either to other external causes or internally. In Study 3, a cross-lagged design showed that higher identification led to less self-directed anger when negative feedback was attributed to social discrimination but not the other way around. This effect was found using scenarios (Studies 1-3) and also when using the recollection of personal experiences to manipulate attribution (Study 4). These results indicate that following social discrimination, social identification protects the self and does not increase individual vulnerability. Keywords: social identification; self-directed anger; other-directed anger; social discrimination; attribution

People frequently have to control their emotions to function in life. However, mounting evidence suggests that deliberate emotion regulation often is costly. This presents a dilemma: Is it better to let emotions go or to pay the price of exerting costly control? In two studies, the authors explore whether emotion regulatory processes associated with implicit positive evaluation of emotion regulation might provide the benefits of successful emotion regulation without the costs. In Study 1, the authors introduce a measure of implicit evaluation of emotion regulation (ER-IAT). Study 2 examined whether this measure is associated with actual emotional responses to an anger provocation. It was found that greater ER-IAT scores were associated with lesser anger experience, fewer negative thoughts, lessened self-reported effortful emotion regulation, and an adaptive pattern of cardiovascular responding. These findings suggest that implicit positive evaluation of emotion regulation is associated with successful, automatic, and physiologically adaptive down-regulation of anger. Keywords: implicit evaluation; IAT; automatic emotion regulation; anger; experience; physiological responding

The nature and expression of anger and guilt in sons and daughters of Holocaust survivors were studied by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of relationship narratives. Findings are discussed in relation to the reciprocal overprotectiveness between the surviving parents and their children in the context of intergenerational communication of trauma. Keywords: Holocaust, emotional-trauma, parent-child communication, narratives, second generation

This study examined the relationship of anger dimensions with depression in a clinical sample. Results suggest that the differences between women and men in nonclinical samples typically used in this research may not generalize completely to clinical samples. Further evidence is presented to support the contention that the relationship between anger and depression is important for both men and women., The theoretical literature regarding anger has traditionally postulated that substantial gender differences exist in the experience and expression of this emotion (Sharkin, 1993). To a large extent, these differences have [...]

This study used a school-based community sample (N - 920) to examine trajectories of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and expressed anger in the critical years of emerging adulthood (ages 18-25). Using data from 5 waves, the authors discovered that multilevel models indicated that. on average, depressive symptoms and expressed anger declined, whereas self-esteem increased. Between-persons predictors of variability in trajectories included gender (gender gaps in depressive symptoms and self-esteem narrowed), parents' education, and conflict with parents (depressive symptoms and expressed anger improved fastest in participants with highly educated parents and in those with higher conflict). Across time, increases in social support and marriage were associated with increased psychological well-being, whereas longer periods of unemployment were connected with higher depression and lower self-esteem. Emerging adulthood is a time of improving psychological well-being, but individual trajectories depend on specific individual and family characteristics as well as role changes. Keywords: depression, self-esteem, anger, emerging adults, trajectories

This study determines the relationships between shame, anger, and men's perpetration of psychological abuse in dating relationships. The authors hypothesize the connection between shame proneness and men's use of psychological abuse with a dating partner, with anger's mediating in this relationship. In addition, the authors hypothesize that affect regulation would moderate the relationship between anger and men's use of psychological al abuse. Results indicate that shame proneness and use of psychological abuse are significantly related and that anger mediates the relationship. However, affect regulation does not moderate the effects of anger on men's use of psychological abuse. These findings are consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of shame and have implications for intervention and treatment programs for perpetrators of psychological abuse in dating relationships. Keywords: psychological abuse; anger; shame; affect regulation; dating relationships

Tested hypotheses from state-trait theory applied to anger while driving. College student drivers high in trait driving anger were compared to drivers low in trait driving anger. High anger drivers were more frequently angered in day-to-day driving (frequency hypothesis). They reported more intense anger in their most angering driving situations, when visualizing provocative driving events, and in day-to-day driving (intensity hypothesis). Driving diaries and surveys showed they engaged in more aggressive behavior and expressed their anger through more verbal, physical, and vehicular means (aggression hypothesis). They reported handling of their anger less well when visualizing provocative events and on the Adaptive/ Constructive Expression scale (reduced adaptive expression hypothesis). They engaged in risky behavior (risky behavior hypothesis) and experienced more moving violations, close calls, and losses of concentration, but not more major or minor accidents (partial support for crash-related outcomes hypothesis). High anger drivers were more generally angry and impulsive and employed more negative, less controlled forms of general anger expression. Results supported state-trait theory and added to the literature showing that high anger drivers have some other psychological and behavioral characteristics that may interact negatively with anger behind the wheel. Keywords: anger; aggression; risky behavior; driving

Although previous research has demonstrated many similarities between anxious and angry individuals, few studies have compared the degree and direction to which they exhibit cognitive biases in the presence of threat. The present study was a preliminary investigation of 28 angry participants, 30 anxious participants, and 26 non-angry/non-anxious participants who rated the likelihood of various explanations to account for ambiguous but potentially threatening events described in short prose passages. Angry participants rated the likelihood of positive explanations for ambiguous events lower than non-angry/non-anxious participants. Angry participants rated the likelihood of anger-related explanations higher than anxious and non-angry/non-anxious participants, and both angry and anxious participants rated anxiety-related explanations as being more likely than non-angry/non-anxious participants. Thus, both angry and anxious participants demonstrated a negative interpretation bias, although the bias was more pervasive in angry participants.

The present study was designed to identify defensive reappraisals by analyzing their relations to changes in an interpersonal situation following expression of anger and reappraisals as well as to identify the characteristics of people who use defensive reappraisals. Japanese undergraduate students (N = 229) responded to a questionnaire on how they express anger in daily life. Analysis indicated the group who reported a lower tendency to feel anger (the Low group) reported reappraisals such that Damage to Self was less severe, and Instigator's Responsibility was smaller than that for the group who reported a higher tendency (the High group), which suggested that people who tend to feel less anger use reappraisals to reduce their anger after expression more than those who tend to feel more anger. Moreover, the amount of variance in Reappraisals accounted for by Changes in Interpersonal Situation was small in the Low group ([R.sup.2] = .06) compared to that for the High group ([R.sup.2] = .48), so people who tend to feel less anger seem to use defensive reappraisals.

Using data from the 1996 General Social Survey and the 1973 Chicago Crowding Study, we test the hypotheses that African Americans feel and express more anger than whites, that sense of control (versus powerlessness) lessens anger and mistrust increases anger, and that these indicators of alienation affect anger differently for African Americans and whites. We find that when age and gender are controlled, African Americans neither feel nor express more anger than whites, despite having a lower average sense of control and higher mistrust. This is partly because the effects of sense of control and mistrust on anger differ by race. Sense of control reduces feelings of anger and anger expression more for African Americans than whites. Mistrust increases feelings of anger for whites, but not African Americans. The results provide further evidence that, in the stress process, social structural location may moderate the effects of 'detriments' and 'resources' on emotional upset.

Anger experience and expression have historically been framed dichotomously (anger held inside the person versus anger let out in overt expression) or in other ways that may be oversimplified and have limited applicability for women. A newer model, women's anger diversion, is applied to the case of a Caucasian woman psychotherapy client, presenting with stress-related physiological symptoms and marital dissatisfaction, to clarify its use in clinical conceptualization, using a descriptive and explanatory case study design. The procedure involved bringing the client into the process as an active participant, and employing her verbal and written feedback as a means of further developing the study. Anger diversion is illustrated in the participant's case history and verbatim reports of her anger experiences. The model is discussed with regard to related literature on women's anger, its therapeutic implications, and needs for further research in the area. KEYWORDS. Anger diversion, women, anger, gender socialization, case study, therapy

PROBLEM. Youth violence research often focuses on risk factors arising from early familial interactions rather than school-related factors. METHODS. Via an Internet questionnaire, 282 girls and boys (ages 7-19, mean [...]