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Supplemental Material for Workers’ individual and dyadic coping with the COVID-19 health emergency: A cross cultural study by Silvia Donato, Agostino Brugnera, Roberta Adorni, Sara Molgora, Eleonora Reverberi, Claudia Manzi, Maria Angeli, Anna Bagirova, Veronica Benet-Martinez, Liberato Camilleri, Frances Camilleri-Cassar, Evi Hatzivarnava Kazasi, Gerardo Meil, Maria Symeonaki, Ayça Aksu, Karina Batthyany, Ruta Brazienė, Natalia Genta, Annick Masselot and Suzy Morrissey in Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

Orientadores: Lucia Eustáchio Fonseca Ribeiro, Luise Weiss Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes Resumo: A presente dissertação aborda meu processo criativo na busca pela construção de uma poética própria utilizando o hibridismo entre as linguagens escrita, desenho e livro de artista nas artes visuais. A feitura de diversos trabalhos e estudos e a experimentação com soluções estéticas variadas e diferentes materiais, unidas à pesquisa de referências na Arte Contemporânea, fizeram parte desse percurso de criação e descoberta. No início meu foco era praticamente apenas no elemento gráfico da escrita; contudo, na medida em que a pesquisa se ampliou minha percepção acerca desse elemento se desenvolveu e passei a abordar outras faces da escrita em minha produção, passando a explorar a função poética das palavras por meio de sua denotação e da redação e apropriação de textos Abstract: The present master's degree dissertation addresses my creative process in the search for the construction of my own poetics, using the hybridism between various languages such as writing, drawing, and artist's book. The make of several art works and studies, experimentation with various aesthetic solutions and different materials, joined to the reference's research in the contemporary art, were part of this course of creation and discovering. In the beginning my focus was only the writing graphic aspect, nevertheless, as my research grew my perception on the subject developed and I started to address also other constituents of the written language in my art production, exploring the poetic function of the words by way of their meaning, and by writing texts and appropriating from texts by other authors Mestrado Artes Visuais Mestra em Artes Visuais

This policy brief will provide an overview of cross-cutting trends in asylum and refugee accommodation governance across the localities of Malmö and Eslöv (Sweden), Cosenza and Catanzaro (Italy), Nicosia (Cyprus) and Glasgow (Scotland). Specifically, this brief will discuss national short and long-term accommodation frameworks. Next this brief will delve into the local implementation of these programmes and review the different roles played by local authorities and third/private sector actors. This brief will close with a summary of key policy and data gaps underpinning some of these programmes. Lastly, it should be noted that while more context-specific recommendations are laid out in each country’s full report, select recommendations corresponding to each thematic section are embedded throughout the brief. GLIMER is informed by a combination of rigorous policy analysis, qualitative research with multi-party stakeholders and secondary analysis. This policy brief is reliant on policy documents, statistics and evaluations together with interviews with stakeholders from national, regional and local authorities and the third sector in all four countries. In Sweden, GLIMER members worked across the region of Skåne and the municipalities of Malmö and Eslöv, two municipalities in a close geographic distance and part of the Öresund region that connects Sweden to Denmark and continental Europe. In Italy, researchers worked in different locations covering the territory of Calabria, focusing on two main cities (Cosenza, Catanzaro) and on places with a high density of non-Italian residents (Lamezia Terme). In Cyprus, work consisted of ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth semistructured interviews with stakeholders from devolved and local government, as well as the third sector. Lastly, in Scotland consortium members worked across several locations that included both the site of Dispersal (Glasgow) as well as areas involved in the Vulnerable Person’s Resettlement Scheme (VPRS). This policy brief does not represent an exhaustive depiction of each country’s findings. To access each country’s full report, please visit: http://www.glimer.eu/outputs/.

This policy brief will provide an overview of cross-cutting trends in language training and education for adult asylum seekers and refugees across the localities of Malmö and Eslöv (Sweden), Cosenza and Catanzaro (Italy), Nicosia (Cyprus) and Aberdeenshire, Argyll and Bute, and Glasgow (Scotland). Specifically, this brief will discuss key issues that have consistently been identified as contributing factors to programme completion and language acquisition. This brief will organise these crosscutting trends into three overarching categories that ultimately influence educational access, provision and quality of language training for migrants: 1) individual factors; 2) education system/programme factors; and 3) policy and programme governance factors. Key policy recommendations correspond with each thematic category. GLIMER is informed by a combination of rigorous policy analysis, qualitative research with multi-party stakeholders and secondary analysis. This policy brief is reliant on policy documents, statistics and evaluations together with interviews with stakeholders from national, regional and local authorities and the third sector collected in 2019 in all four countries. In Sweden, GLIMER members worked across the region of Skåne and the municipalities of Malmö and Eslöv, two municipalities in a close geographic distance and part of the Öresund region that connects Sweden to Denmark and continental Europe. In Italy, researchers worked in different locations covering the territory of Calabria, focusing on two main cities (Cosenza, Catanzaro) and on places with a high density of non-Italian residents (Lamezia Terme). In Cyprus, work consisted of ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from devolved and local government, as well as the third sector. Lastly, in Scotland consortium members worked across several locations that included both the site of Dispersal – Glasgow – as well as areas involved in the Vulnerable Person’s Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) – Aberdeenshire and Argyll and Bute. This policy brief does not represent an exhaustive depiction of each country’s findings. To access each country’s full report, please visit: http://www.glimer.eu/outputs/.

Adult language training for asylum seekers and refugees has historically been offered through public services as well as a service offered by the third sector. As language is considered key to the integration of third country nationals into Cypriot society, over recent years, relevant training has been provided via projects implemented by NGOs, governmental organisations and the private sector. While many positive steps have been taken, a number of gaps and challenges remain. Language training is provided sporadically and usually on a project basis. This creates difficulties for asylum seekers and refugees in accessing the training and also for organisations to sustain the provision of relevant services.

This research report focuses on the policies and practices that are aimed towards developing the language capacities of migrants and refugees in Cyprus. It provides a detailed assessment of educational initiatives and language training approaches by the state and third sector as they apply to adult asylum seekers and refugees. The report focuses specifically on the main language training programmes implemented in recent years, and discusses how these have been shaped by Cyprus’ general migration policy. An analysis is provided around the implementation of the language training programmes including strengths and weaknesses, and lessons learned.

Gender is a system of relations that shapes all aspects of the migration experience (Nawyn, 2010). Continuous unequal access for women to resources, property, education, protection, justice, the labour market and decisionmaking in both origin and reception countries impact women’s migration experience differently to that of men’s (Council of Europe, 2019). The conditions of migration become particularly challenging for refugee women who often deal with a triple disadvantage: immigration, forced migration and gender. These three challenges mutually reinforce each other (Liebig and Tronstad, 2018). Although women now constitute 36.8% of first-time asylum applicants 1 (Eurostat 2019), European countries continue to fail in addressing women’s different integration and protection needs. While some research has been conducted that has identified the gender gap in asylum policies (Daoust and Folkelius, 1996; European Parliament, 2015), the intersection of gender and migration remains vastly underexplored (Bilgili, Loschmann and Siegel, 2017). This can be interpreted as a form of sexism or an androcentric approach to migration, the underlying assumption being the default gender of the migrant is male (Nawyn, 2010). Women are the most vulnerable group of displaced migrants because they face multiple forms of discrimination (UNHCR, 2014). The absence of gender mainstreaming in integration policies makes women, as well as people who do not fit the binary definition of gender, displaced migrants and refugees even more vulnerable to discrimination and abuse. Gender-based violence (GBV) affects this group disproportionally and is often used as a weapon of war and forced displacement. Women who pay smugglers in order to escape from dangerous conditions in their home countries can find themselves in equally precarious situations with the risk of trafficking and sexual violence in the host countries (UNHCR, 2014). Furthermore, the absence of gender-sensitive policies in language training and the labour market reduces opportunities for the integration of women displaced migrants and refugees with negative consequences on their independence, self- esteem, health and well-being. The aim of this research report is to propose a gender-sensitive approach in integration policies in Cyprus. A feminist perspective is applied on the results of three GLIMER work packages on integration, which respectively addressed (1) housing, (2) language education and (3) labour market dynamics2. This report seeks to understand and interpret the intersection of gender and displaced migration in these areas and present some good practices initiated in particular by the third sector.

Employment for displaced migrants is a core part of the integration process because it provides not only an income, but also a social network, as well as status, confidence, independence and health (UNHCR, 2018). Integration through employment can also contribute to the host country by boosting the working-age population and contributing to human capital, taxes and social income (OECD & EC, 2016). Also, the more displaced migrants enter the labour market, the less public funding is spent in the form of material assistance (Barslund, Bartolomeo, Ludolph, 2017). Despite the obvious benefits of integration through employment both for displaced migrants and host countries, significant barriers and gaps persist for the integration of displaced migrants across Europe. This report presents and discusses the results of a research that focused on the integration of asylum seekers and refugees into the Cyprus labour market and their skills training. It reviews the legal and policy framework that refugees and asylum seekers must navigate in their efforts to access the local labour market, the different types of integration support measures and challenges, as well as the good practices initiated in particular by the third sector. This report was conducted within the framework of the European project entitled Governance and the Local Integration of Migrants and Europe’s Refugees (GLIMER). The aim of GLIMER is to generate research that will help European cities and regions facilitate the long-term inclusion of displaced people in a way that remakes local spaces.

This policy brief will provide an overview of shared gender dynamics that affect asylum seekers and refugees in integration processes across the localities of Scania (Sweden), Cosenza and Catanzaro (Italy), Nicosia (Cyprus) and Glasgow (Scotland). Specifically, this brief will highlight the varying gender equality policy and governance structures that exist in these localities and how they interact with displaced migration mechanisms. Next, this brief will delve into gendered dynamics in key integration processes including accommodation, language education and labour market access. Lastly, while more context-specific recommendations are laid out in each country’s full report, select recommendations corresponding to each thematic section are signalled throughout the brief. GLIMER is informed by a combination of rigorous policy analysis, qualitative research with multi-party stakeholders and secondary analysis. This policy brief is reliant on policy documents, statistics and evaluations together with interviews with stakeholders from national, regional and local authorities, and the third sector in all four countries. In Sweden, GLIMER members worked across the region of Scania and the municipalities of Malmö and Eslöv, two municipalities in a close geographic distance and part of the Öresund region that connects Sweden to Denmark and continental Europe. In Italy, researchers worked in different locations covering the territory of Calabria, focusing on two main cities (Cosenza, Catanzaro), and on places with a high density of non-Italian residents (Lamezia Terme, Villa San Giovanni). In Cyprus, work consisted of ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from devolved and local government, as well as the third sector. Lastly, in Scotland consortium members worked across several locations that included both the site of Dispersal (Glasgow) as well as areas involved in the Vulnerable Person’s Resettlement Scheme (VPRS). This policy brief does not represent an exhaustive depiction of each country’s findings. To access each country’s full report, please visit: http://www.glimer.eu/outputs/.

Gender is a system of relations that shapes all aspects of the migration experience. Women face unequal access to resources, property, education, protection, justice, the labour market, and decision-making in both origin and reception countries. Therefore, the conditions of migration and integration become particularly challenging for refugee women who often deal with a triple disadvantage: immigration status, forced migration and gender. Integration policies are often designed based on an androcentric approach failing to address the specific needs of women, and displaced migrants that do not fit the category of a male heterosexual displaced migrant. As a consequence, a large number of women displaced migrants as well as individuals who do not fit into the traditional binary definition of gender are particularly vulnerable to discrimination and Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV). In Cyprus, the absence of an ongoing action plan on integration has left many displaced migrants in precarious living conditions. Drawing on the results of five research packages on local and national integration policies conducted within the framework of the Glimer project, we argue that (1) integration policies on a national and local level are inconsistent, sporadically implemented, and often project restrictive. (2) integration processes in Cyprus are not gender mainstreamed and therefore the gendered impact of displaced migration is not addressed. (3) As a result, women displaced migrants face multiple challenges including fewer labour market opportunities, weaker social integration, as well as a higher risk of SGBV, labour exploitation and trafficking. These vulnerabilities are compounded by sexist and discriminatory practices, the absence of childcare and other services, and traditional gender roles and stereotypes that pose additional barriers to the integration of women displaced migrants in Cyprus. This policy brief presents our research findings and presents policy recommendations to the Republic of Cyprus to improve responses to and address the gendered impact of displaced migration. Given the forthcoming National Action Plan on Integration and the broad expertise within civil society organisations in on gender and integration, we see this as an opportunity to develop synergies among relevant stakeholders to integrate gender equality in migration and integration policy.

Employment for displaced migrants is a core part of the integration process because it provides not only an income, but also a social network, as well as status, confidence, independence and health (UNHCR, 2018). Integration through employment can also contribute to the host country by boosting the working-age population and contributing to human capital, taxes and social income (OECD & EC, 2016). Also, the more displaced migrants enter the labour market, the less public funding is spent in the form of material assistance (Barslund, Bartolomeo, Ludolph, 2017). Despite the obvious benefits of integration through employment both for displaced migrants and host countries, significant barriers and gaps persist for the integration of displaced migrants across Europe. This report presents and discusses the results of a research that focused on the integration of asylum seekers and refugees into the Cyprus labour market and their skills training. It reviews the legal and policy framework that refugees and asylum seekers must navigate in their efforts to access the local labour market, the different types of integration support measures and challenges, as well as the good practices initiated in particular by the third sector. This report was conducted within the framework of the European project entitled Governance and the Local Integration of Migrants and Europe’s Refugees (GLIMER). The aim of GLIMER is to generate research that will help European cities and regions facilitate the long-term inclusion of displaced people in a way that remakes local spaces.

Gender is a system of relations that shapes all aspects of the migration experience (Nawyn, 2010). Continuous unequal access for women to resources, property, education, protection, justice, the labour market and decisionmaking in both origin and reception countries impact women’s migration experience differently to that of men’s (Council of Europe, 2019). The conditions of migration become particularly challenging for refugee women who often deal with a triple disadvantage: immigration, forced migration and gender. These three challenges mutually reinforce each other (Liebig and Tronstad, 2018). Although women now constitute 36.8% of first-time asylum applicants 1 (Eurostat 2019), European countries continue to fail in addressing women’s different integration and protection needs. While some research has been conducted that has identified the gender gap in asylum policies (Daoust and Folkelius, 1996; European Parliament, 2015), the intersection of gender and migration remains vastly underexplored (Bilgili, Loschmann and Siegel, 2017). This can be interpreted as a form of sexism or an androcentric approach to migration, the underlying assumption being the default gender of the migrant is male (Nawyn, 2010). Women are the most vulnerable group of displaced migrants because they face multiple forms of discrimination (UNHCR, 2014). The absence of gender mainstreaming in integration policies makes women, as well as people who do not fit the binary definition of gender, displaced migrants and refugees even more vulnerable to discrimination and abuse. Gender-based violence (GBV) affects this group disproportionally and is often used as a weapon of war and forced displacement. Women who pay smugglers in order to escape from dangerous conditions in their home countries can find themselves in equally precarious situations with the risk of trafficking and sexual violence in the host countries (UNHCR, 2014). Furthermore, the absence of gender-sensitive policies in language training and the labour market reduces opportunities for the integration of women displaced migrants and refugees with negative consequences on their independence, self- esteem, health and well-being. The aim of this research report is to propose a gender-sensitive approach in integration policies in Cyprus. A feminist perspective is applied on the results of three GLIMER work packages on integration, which respectively addressed (1) housing, (2) language education and (3) labour market dynamics2. This report seeks to understand and interpret the intersection of gender and displaced migration in these areas and present some good practices initiated in particular by the third sector.

This policy brief will provide an overview of trends in labour market integration for displaced migrants across Sweden, Italy, Cyprus and Scotland. Specifically, this brief will: 1) discuss overarching policy parameters that define labour market integration frameworks for asylum seekers and refugees, 2) highlight the shared barriers that prevent migrants from fully engaging with employability services and 3) discuss issues to consider beyond traditional ‘employability services’ that may impact labour market integration for displaced migrants. It should be noted that while more context-specific recommendations are laid out in each country’s full report, select recommendations corresponding to each thematic section are embedded throughout the brief. GLIMER is informed by a combination of rigorous policy analysis, qualitative research with multi-party stakeholders and secondary analysis. This policy brief is reliant on policy documents, statistics and evaluations together with interviews with stakeholders from national, regional and local authorities and the third sector conducted in 2019 in all four countries. In Sweden, GLIMER members worked across the region of Skåne and the municipalities of Malmö and Eslöv, two municipalities in a close geographic distance and part of the Öresund region that connects Sweden to Denmark and continental Europe. In Italy, researchers worked in different locations covering the territory of Calabria, focusing on two main cities (Cosenza, Catanzaro) and in places with a high density of non-Italian residents (Lamezia Terme, Villa San Giovanni). In Cyprus, work consisted of ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from devolved and local government, as well as the third sector in Nicosia. Lastly, in Scotland consortium members worked across several locations that included both the site of Dispersal (Glasgow) as well as areas involved in the Vulnerable Person’s Resettlement Scheme (VPRS). This policy brief does not represent an exhaustive depiction of each country’s findings. To access each country’s full report, please visit: http://www.glimer.eu/outputs/.

Employment is a core part of the refugee integration process: it not only provides an income, but also builds social networks, status and confidence, and enhances independence, as well as physical and mental health. Integration through employment can also contribute to host countries by boosting their working-age population and contributing to human capital, taxes and social income. Despite the demonstrable benefits of integration through employment for both refugees and host countries, significant barriers and gaps persist in European countries such as Cyprus. Refugee protection mechanisms in particular remain weak. While a third National Action Plan (NAP) on integration is currently been drafted, 2015 was the last year in which a comprehensive policy was put together by the Cyprus government. As no monitoring or evaluation mechanisms had been put in place, evidence on the impact of prior NAPs (2010-12 and 2013-15) is limited. The lack of a solid integration policy has left many refugees struggling to find gainful unemployment, exposing them to much higher rates of homelessness, trafficking and labour exploitation. In the absence of a comprehensive NAP, funding from European institutions has been the only avenue for third sector organisations and municipalities to implement integration projects. The local authorities are now more than ever involved in integration policies. However, they are faced with huge challenges as social policy in Cyprus is heavily centralised, leaving municipalities with no mandate and little resources to facilitate their own integration activities. Integration through the labour market remains one of the more weakly developed and under-explored fields in Cyprus government policy. Yet, certain developments at the moment include the forthcoming NAP, impending reforms on the legislation governing local authorities, and the broad expertise offered by local NGOs working with and for migrants and refugees. These may provide the momentum for the challenge to be turned into an opportunity. This policy brief presents research findings and provides recommendations to facilitate the successful integration of refugees in the labour market.