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Oral infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is likely to underpin the rapidly rising incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma; however, there are few data describing the natural history of oral HPV infection. We recruited 704 participants aged 20 to 70 years from worksites, universities and primary care practices in Brisbane, Australia. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline, 12 and 24 months and donate four saliva samples at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months for HPV polymerase chain reaction testing and typing. We estimated the prevalence of oral HPV infection at baseline, incidence of new infections among those HPV-negative at baseline, clearance rate and persistent infections. At baseline, 10.7% of participants had oral HPV infections from 26 different HPV types. Sexual behaviours were associated with oral HPV infection, including more partners for passionate kissing (29 or more; odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-8.0), and giving and receiving oral sex (16 or more; OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.6-17.7 and OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.6-18.7, respectively). Of 343 participants, HPV-free at baseline and with subsequent saliva samples, 87 (25%) acquired new infections over the 24 months. Sixty-eight of 87 people included in the clearance analysis (78%) cleared their oral HPV infections. Clearance was associated with being a nonsmoker (OR 12.7, 95% CI 1.3-122.8), and no previous diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection (OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.0-19.9). New oral infections with HPV in this sample were not rare. Although most infections were cleared, clearance was not universal suggesting a reservoir of infection exists that might predispose to oropharyngeal carcinogenesis.

Brands have evolved to represent much more than the traditional markers of quality, trust and reliability to consumers. Brands have become embedded in the consumer psyche and offer consumers the opportunity for self-expression, self-realisation and self-identity. This effect is particularly strong in fashion categories. Barriers including cynicism and increasing advertising literacy threaten traditional approaches to brand communications, which have traditionally relied on verbal communications and storytelling. Celebrity endorsement is recognised as a potentially potent tool in communications, with celebrities viewed as more powerful than anonymous models and campaigns tending to verbalise the meaning of the celebrity in relation to the brand. This paper examines the use of celebrity endorsement in communications for fashion brands against the backdrop of a turbulent branding environment. The paper is conceptual in approach, drawing upon a range of literature in the area of branding, celebrity endorsement and fashion marketing. A shot from the 2004 Mui Mui print campaign featuring Maggie Gyllenhaal and the 2005 print Versace campaign featuring Madonna are used as illustrations. The analysis concludes that a new approach to celebrity campaigns has been adopted in fashion branding, reflecting the need to move away from traditional campaigns and to focus more on visual signals rather than written cues. The need for an alternative approach to brand communications using celebrity endorsement is highlighted. This also reflects limitations of traditional theoretical models used to explain the endorsement process. The paper offers an original and contemporary insight into celebrity endorsement and fashion marketing.

The relative basicities of solutions of n -BuLi in cyclohexane as a function of the addition of increasing increments of THF or TMEDA (designer media) have been assessed. As the chloro DMG is incapable of complexing to n -BuLi, it can neither affect the n -BuLi oligomeric equilibrium nor exhibit a DoM mechanistic component involving prior-coordination (CIPE). Accordingly, by measuring the rates of loss of chlorobenzene in the varied media as well as by certain 7 Li NMR studies, a gradual, controlled increase in the basicity of n -BuLi in cyclohexane with increasing increments of THF or TMEDA was observed. Relationships of the basicity in the varied media to the three oligomeric forms of n -BuLi are proposed.

This paper highlights findings from a qualitatively based pilot study that focuses on the management of business relationships in the medical and healthcare sector. The aim of the research was to investigate the notion of relationship marketing, comparing a sample of French and British medium-sized firms. The results would suggest that the nationality of the firm might have an impact on the propensity to adopt relationship marketing techniques (based on the data, the respondent firms have been placed on a continuum to illustrate). It is believed that our examination of relationship marketing across two cultures will add a further dimension to the existing relationship marketing literature.