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From 2005 to 2018, among 32013 adults with human immunodeficiency virus entering care, median time to antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription declined from 69 to 6 days, CD4 count at entry into care increased from 300 to 362 cells/μL, and CD4 count at ART prescription increased from 160 to 364 cells/μL.

This study intends to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections by A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in a tertiary care teaching hospital intensive care unit (ICU) in San Juan, PR, estimate the mortality rate and compare the morbidity and mortality differences among those treated with and without polymyxin B.We selected adults patients admitted to the ICU who had positive cultures from January 2012 to June 2013. Sample consisted of 25 patients with age ranges from 27-78 years, 13 women and 12 men.The median age at death was 60 years. Polymyxin B nephrotoxicity was identified on 15% of the patients. Variables related to higher survival were younger age, female sex, use of polymyxin B, and the use of daptomycin. The use of vancomycin and vasopressors were associated with worse outcome. Mortality associated to single MDR bacteria was 88% for A. baumannii, 84% for K. pneumoniae and 67% for P. aeruginosa. All patients with more than one MDR infection died in the ICU.The use of polymyxin B was associated with an ICU mortality reduction. Unexpectedly we found a significantly improved survival in patients who received polymyxin B in combination with daptomycin, which awaits prospective confirmation.

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients coinfected with hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses are at increased risk of end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Whether modern antiretroviral therapy has reduced ESLD risk is unknown. Methods. Twelve clinical cohorts in the United States and Canada participating in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design validated ESLD events from 1996 to 2010. ESLD incidence rates and rate ratios according to hepatitis status adjusted for age, sex, race, cohort, time-updated CD4 cell count and HIV RNA were estimated in calendar periods corresponding to major changes in antiretroviral therapy: early (1996–2000), middle (2001–2005), and modern (2006–2010) eras. Results. Among 34 119 HIV-infected adults followed for 129 818 person-years, 380 incident ESLD outcomes occurred. ESLD incidence (per 1000 person-years) was highest in triply infected (11.57) followed by HBV- (8.72) and HCV- (6.10) coinfected vs 1.27 in HIV-monoinfected patients. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing the modern to the early antiretroviral era were 0.95 (.61–1.47) for HCV, 0.95 (.40–2.26) for HBV, and 1.52 (.46–5.02) for triply infected patients. Use of antiretrovirals dually activity against HBV increased over time. However, in the modern era, 35% of HBV-coinfected patients were not receiving tenofovir. There was little use of HCV therapy. Conclusions. Despite increasing use of antiretrovirals, no clear reduction in ESLD risk was observed over 15 years. Treatment with direct-acting antivirals for HCV and wider use of tenofovir-based regimens for HBV should be prioritized for coinfected patients.

BackgroundCancer is increasingly common among persons with HIV.ObjectiveTo examine calendar trends in cumulative cancer incidence and hazard rate by HIV status.DesignCohort study.SettingNorth American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design during 1996 to 2009.Participants86 620 persons with HIV and 196 987 uninfected adults.MeasurementsCancer type-specific cumulative incidence by age 75 years and calendar trends in cumulative incidence and hazard rates, each by HIV status.ResultsCumulative incidences of cancer by age 75 years for persons with and without HIV, respectively, were as follows: Kaposi sarcoma, 4.4% and 0.01%; non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 4.5% and 0.7%; lung cancer, 3.4% and 2.8%; anal cancer, 1.5% and 0.05%; colorectal cancer, 1.0% and 1.5%; liver cancer, 1.1% and 0.4%; Hodgkin lymphoma, 0.9% and 0.09%; melanoma, 0.5% and 0.6%; and oral cavity/pharyngeal cancer, 0.8% and 0.8%. Among persons with HIV, calendar trends in cumulative incidence and hazard rate decreased for Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. For anal, colorectal, and liver cancer, increasing cumulative incidence, but not hazard rate trends, were due to the decreasing mortality rate trend (-9% per year), allowing greater opportunity to be diagnosed. Despite decreasing hazard rate trends for lung cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, and melanoma, cumulative incidence trends were not seen because of the compensating effect of the declining mortality rate.LimitationSecular trends in screening, smoking, and viral co-infections were not evaluated.ConclusionCumulative cancer incidence by age 75 years, approximating lifetime risk in persons with HIV, may have clinical utility in this population. The high cumulative incidences by age 75 years for Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and lung cancer support early and sustained antiretroviral therapy and smoking cessation.

The purpose of was to evaluate the renal pathology findings as described by the World Health Organization classification for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a group of Puerto Rico patients with lupus nephritis and determine the association with clinical and laboratory findings. The medical records from patients seen at the Lu pus Clinic from 1985 to 2005 were reviewed and patients with a performed renal biopsy included. All patients fulfilled the American ColIege of Rheumatology criteria for SLE. Data gathered from the medical records included demographics, cumulative clinical manifestations and serologic tests at the time of the renal biopsy. There were 139 patients with lupus nephntis (LN) and 71 patients (51%) had a renal biopsy done. From these 86% were females and their mean age at LN diagnosis was 25 years. The mean time between diagnosis of LN and renal biopsy was 1.5 years. The most frequent renal pathology was membranous glomewlonephritis (GN) class V (37%) followed by mesangial GN class II (23%). All groups were similar in clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters. The majority of Puerto Rico patients with LN had membranous GN class V. This data is different from other ethnic groups were diffuse GN type IV has been described as most prevalent.

Adolescence is defined as a “period of development characterized by biological, cognitive, emotional and social reorganization with the ultimate goal of adapting to the cultural expectations of becoming an adult” (Lerner & Steinberg, 2004, p. 16). It is also a developmental period associated with sexual debut as well as risk taking practices. Adolescents are in a stage of experimentation and exploration, and in a search of their sexual identity. The use of alcohol and other drugs enhances sexual arousal and performance, increments impulsive risk decision making, and may function as a stimulus for sensation seeking. These factors may synergistically increase the probability of unsafe sexual practices and illicit drug use (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [Robles 2004). Despite HIV prevention efforts during the past decade, teenagers represent one of the fastest growing groups of newly HIV-infected persons. Sexual transmission accounts for most cases of HIV during adolescence. The physiological, psychological, and social–cultural changes that take place during the adolescence period places this group of young individuals at higher levels of risk to get infected with HIV. These factors contribute to the increment of the newly acquired HIV infection seen among adolescents in developing and developed countries. Hispanic/Latino adolescents have presented a high incidence of HIV infection for many years. Several research studies have examined the risk factors and scenarios among this group and have developed HIV prevention strategies to lessen HIV infections. Most of these studies have been evaluated within Hispanic/Latino populations residing in the United States. It is relevant to validate and confirm these observations in other countries around the world. However, it is important to develop and test interventions that are directed to address HIV infections among other Hispanic/Latino countries. This chapter describes and analyzes the HIV epidemiology, HIV-related risk factors, and prevention strategies for Hispanic/Latino adolescents based on a literature review and our experience with “A Supportive Model for HIV Risk Reduction in Early Adolescent” (ASUMA Project). We will also discuss future implications for the development of strategies to address HIV prevention for Hispanic/Latino adolescents.