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Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing in alarming number world­wide. The main predisposing factor being daily lifestyle which leads to obesity and other complications. Early diagnosis and life style modifica­tion among high risk group can decrease the burden of disease. This study was done to find out the random blood sugar level and assess the relationships between body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and random blood sugar among the study population. Methods: A cross sectional study was done using retrospective data collected at the health camp conducted during month of October 2018. The study area was Nagarjun and Chandragiri municipalities of Kath­mandu district. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The chi square test was used to assess relation between BMI,WHR and Random blood sugar. Results: The number of participants in this study was 274. Majority of the participants, (92.7%) had random blood sugar level 200mg/dl or less. Those having RBS of more than 200mg/dl were 7.3%. Among all participants, 16.06% were obese. Further the obese participants showed high waist hip ratio in 81.8% and 9.1% of them had moderate or low waist hip ratio. Further, 46 participants showed diabetic blood sugar level and were either overweight (39.13%) or obese (28.26%). Conclusions: This study concluded that those who had diabetic blood sugar level or high waist hip ratio had increases BMI. So such screening and preventive programme should be further expanded and even at clinical level. Additionally, patients must be counseled the reason for measuring BMI and RBS and its application for their health promotion.

Background: Fertility rate is declining more among women with higher education around the world. This may be due to number of years spent for achieving higher degree, choice of work and age at marriage. With growing autonomy of urban women and late age at marriage increases high risk pregnancy and declines number of children leading to decrease in young population. So, this study was done to explore the fertility pattern and associated factors among working women at formal sectors. Methods: An observational study was done among women working at formal sectors within Kath­mandu valley. A respondent driven sampling was used to achieve total 101 sample size. The study period was October and November 2019. Results: Median age of the participants was 40 and median age at marriage was 26.62 years. The association between level of education and age at marriage was statistically significant. The median age of pregnancy of the participants were 27 years and 58.4% of women had only one live child. Average number of desired children was 1.69 whereas actual number of children was 1.32. The gap between desired and number of children is statistically significant. Only 35.6% reported to have used some form of contraceptive devices as the measure of family planning. Conclusions: Fertility behavior of working women is not completely influenced by their working status except for higher age at marriage, pregnancy and desired number of children which in long term may affect in the growth of country.

Background: Menstrual health hygiene management (MHM) is the basic right of every female. In developing countries like Nepal, this right is less understood or utilized. Parental and family influences and hence the societal influences plays vital role in behavioral change. In urban sector, the girls studying in the private schools are mostly from privileged background. So there is a need to observe the pattern of practices among private school girls which reflects the scenarios in privileged urban sector. Aims and Objectives: This study is to explore the practices and challenges for menstrual health hygiene management among adolescent girls of a Private school in Urban Nepal. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a private school selected purposely in the month of April and May 2019. Girls from grade seven and above were included in the study. Results: All the girls were aware about the process of menstruation. The practices and believes were influenced by their family and facilities provided to them rather knowledge gained at school. All the participants prefer to use disposal pads and 6.3% of participants reported that they use both pads and reusable cloths. Most girls did not change the pads at school (56.2%). All the participants reported that they were hesitant to take help from teachers due to awkwardness. Conclusions: Practices of the individuals is influenced by family beliefs. Again, adolescents spend many hours daily in schools. So strict measures to implement facility in schools for MHM should be taken.

Background: Reproductive health of women has been the central agenda of Cairo conference since its inception in 1999. As a signatory country for Cairo Conference, Nepal government is also committed for reproductive rights for Nepalese women. Despite this, reproductive health challenges do exist in Nepal. This prompted us to determine the reproductive health status of married women attending in cervical cancer screening in Kath­mandu. Methods: Cross sectional study was designed to include retrospective data of married women, obtained during cervical cancer screening camp conducted by KIST Medical College at Laga Khala Clinic, Lagan, Kathmandu on 12-02- 2017. Among married women (131) attended cervical 100 wom­en’s records with complete set of data for reproductive health variables required for the study were included in this study. Statistical analysis was done descriptively. Results: Participant’s age is between 21 years to 61 years, 83% are liter­ate and 46% are employed. Adolescence marriage and pregnancy were two main problems noted. Cervical examination in relation showed 3% (3) VIA positive, 33% (33) Cervicitis, 10% (10) cervical polyp, 7% (7) atrophic vaginitis, 4% (4) cervical erosion and 43% (43) healthy cervix. Regarding Knowledge about risk factor majority 92% (92) had either no knowledge or only some extent of knowledge. Conclusions: Married women who lives in Kathmandu has significant re­productive health problem. Urban health program should address these issues.

Introduction: Around 25% of the total population in Nepal is adolescents (10 to 19 years old). Nutritional programs in Nepal are targeted to young children and pregnant women but neglected among adolescent. Such approach may result poor nutritional status among them. This will lead to poor health outcome and poor academic performance among school children. Thus we aimed to study the nutritional status assessment of adolescent school children in Solukhumbu.Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted over a period of two and half months (May-July 2018) in a government school at Salleri, Solukhumbu, Nepal. Study participants are 192 students, both male and female, from the age group 10 to 17 years old. Body Mass Index and Height for age was determined by anthropometry. The interview was done by using structured questionnaires to elicit socio-demographic variables.Results: Among 192 students age 10-17 years old, 122(63.5%) were female and 70(36.5%) were male. The majority was Janajati 160(83.3%), Major religion was Hindu 99(51.6%) and Buddhist 93(43.2%), Agriculture was the major occupation of both parents. The literacy rate of the father is 63.2% and mother is 39.9 percent. The majority are underweight 53(27.6%), overweight 11 (5.7%) and obese 3(1.6%). Median Height for Age was 94 (±6.5) with a minimum of 76 and a maximum of 112 and 99(51.6%) are stunted.Conclusions: Stunting, underweight and overweight were prevalent among adolescent children in the school. The causes of these problems should be identified by doing further research and intervention should be done accordingly.

Introduction: Sustainable development goal 3 targets at ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages. One of the component for achievement of this goal is improvement of maternal and child health; the indicators of which is perinatal mortality rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cause of perinatal death in a tertiary care medical centre, which may help to reduce the incidence of perinatal death and improve the quality of care. Methods: A prospective study was done over a period of one year from April 2016 to March 2017. Causes of perinatal deaths based on PSANZ classification were recorded along with patients demographics and also avoidable factors were evaluated. Results: Out of total 1275 deliveries, there were 21 perinatal deaths including three intrauterine foetal deaths, one still birth and seven early neonatal deaths. The perinatal mortality rate was 16.27 per 1000 birth. Majority of perinatal deaths (19%) occurred due to congenital anomalies followed by (14%) hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, intrapartum hypoxia (14%), unexplained causes (14%), 9.5% cord prolapse, antepartum haemorrhage (9.5%), 5% due to intrauterine growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus or preterm labour. Most of the mothers whose baby had perinatal deaths had ANC outside. Most of the deaths occurred in between gestational age of 37 to 41 weeks. Perinatal mortality was more in multigravida. Delay to seek health care and inadequate antenatal checkups were the most common avoidable factors. Conclusions: Congenital anomalies and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy were the most common causes of perinatal death. Delay in health seeking behaviour was the most common avoidable factors for perinatal death. We recommend early identification of high risk pregnancy through proper antenatal screening, educating pregnant women to identify danger signs of pregnancy, creating public awareness about importance of antenatal checkups, vigilant labour monitoring for foetal distress, to reduce some categories of deaths.

Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in developing countries. Hospital based data in Nepal also showed cervical cancer is most commonly occurring cancer among women in Nepal. Pap smear is the very significant screening test for reduction of incidence and mortality from cervical cancer but many developing countries failed to obtain high coverage of target population. Hence failed to achieve major impact of cervical cancer screening. National guidelines for cervical cancer and prevention in Nepal is formulated in 2010 and set target population age range of 30-60 with 50% coverage of target population with in a five years span. This study was aimed to elicit baseline survey of cervical cancer screening in a locale where resource for cervical cancer screening is easily available. Population based cross sectional study was done from October 2006 to March 2007. 1547 ever married women aged 16–59 were selected with cluster randomization procedure from Bharatpur municipalities, where BPKMCH (BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital) is located. Free cervical cancer screening was conducted in collaboration with International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) France and BPKMCH. Ethical clearance was obtained from Nepal Health Research council. Interviews were performed using a standard questionnaire to elicit required information. Out of 1033 participants 394 were 16-29 years old. Among them 117 (30%) had at least one Pap test prior coming to the clinic. 16(4%) were age 16-19, 42(11%) were age 20-24 and 59 (15%) were age 25-29. This concludes Present opportunistic cervical cancer screening in Bharatpur is directed towards screening significant proportion of women with less risk.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.11994Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health SciencesVol. 1, Issue 4, 2015page : 3-8

Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy among Nepalese women. Rational prevention measures are informed by epidemiological data on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence.Cervical specimens were obtained from 932 married women aged 15-59 years from the general population of Bharatpur, Nepal, as well as from 61 locally diagnosed invasive cervical cancers (ICC). HPV was detected using a GP5+/6+ PCR-based assay.Among the general population, the overall prevalence of HPV was 8.6% (6.1% for high-risk types). Prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was 3.6%, including five high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Residence in slum housing, lower education level,or =3 sexual partners in a woman's lifetime, and husband's extramarital affairs were significantly associated with HPV positivity. HPV prevalence was relatively constant across all age groups. HPV16 was the most common type, both among the general population (1.9%) and among 54 women with HPV-positive ICC (68.5%). HPV18 (22.2%) and 45 (5.6%) were also common in ICC.Nepal has an intermediate burden of HPV infection, lower than many areas in India and China. Approximately 80% of cervical cancer in Nepal is theoretically preventable by HPV16/18 vaccines. In the meantime, screen-and-treat approaches should be encouraged to overcome difficulties that were encountered to recall women with screening-positive findings.

Background New oral treatments with very high cure rates have the potential to revolutionize global management of hepatitis C virus (HCV), but population-based data on HCV infection are missing in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Methods Between 2004 and 2009, dried blood spots were collected from age-stratified female population samples of 9 countries: China, Mongolia, Poland, Guinea, Nepal, Pakistan, Algeria, Georgia and Iran. HCV antibodies were detected by a multiplex serology assay using bead-based technology. Results Crude HCV prevalence ranged from 17.4% in Mongolia to 0.0% in Iran. In a pooled model adjusted by age and country, in which associations with risk factors were not statistically heterogeneous across countries, the only significant determinants of HCV positivity were age (prevalence ratio for ≥45 versus