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Die gestiegene Nachfrage nach stationaren psychotherapeutischen Behandlungsplatzen fur junge Erwachsene veranlasste die Verantwortlichen einer psychiatrischen Versorgungsklinik zur Erweiterung des bestehenden Therapiekonzepts um ein spezifisches Angebot fur Patienten im Alter von 18 bis 30 Jahren. Die 8 bis 9 jungen Patienten der psychotherapeutischen Station nehmen seither die Gruppenangebote des multimodalen Therapieprogramms gemeinsam, als annahernd altershomogene Gruppe wahr, darunter auch die Gruppenpsychotherapie. Den Stationsalltag und einige wenige Therapieangebote teilen die jungen Erwachsenen mit den alteren Patienten (>30 Jahre) der Station, die ihrerseits eine Therapiegruppe bilden. Diese Modifikationen stehen im Einklang mit den in jungster Zeit im Kontext der Transitionspsychiatrie geforderten Anstrengungen zur Schaffung von Angeboten im Ubergangsbereich zwischen Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie einerseits und Erwachsenenpsychiatrie andererseits. Das modifizierte Konzept wurde in der klinischen Praxis sowohl von Patienten als auch von Mitarbeitern als positiver bewertet als das vorherige. In der altershomogenen Gruppe konnen die personlichen Belange der jungen Erwachsenen starker fokussiert werden. Die hohere Koharenz der Gruppe begunstigt in der Gruppenpsychotherapie einen intensiven Austausch der jungen Patienten uber personliche Problemlagen und erleichtert neue, positive Interaktionserfahrungen. Unsicherheit, Beschamungsangst und Konformitatsdruck konnen junge Patienten im Verlauf des gruppenpsychotherapeutischen Prozesses alterstypisch blockieren und bedurfen des besonderen Augenmerks.

The authors evaluated 617 patients at hospital admission using an interpersonal interview analyzed with the Adult Attachment Prototype Rating (Strauss, Lobo-Drost, & Pilkonis, 1999) in nine different psychotherapeutic hospitals. Attachment characteristics derived from this method served as predictors of treatment outcome. Outcome was quantified in all sites using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and, in a subsample, the Impairment Score (Schepank, 2003) as an observer rating. All measures were administered at patient admission and discharge. Additionally, patients completed the Bielefeld Questionnaire of Client Expectations (BQCE) at admission to assess self-reported attachment expectations toward the therapist. The study combined patients with a variety of clinical disorders (predominantly depressive and anxiety disorders, personality disorders, eating disorders) and confirmed the expected correlations of attachment characteristics with diagnoses and other c...

Anhand von Kasuistiken aus dem Bereich stationarer Psychotherapie wird dargelegt, inwieweit eine konflikthafte Beziehung zur Umwelt zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung einer Zwangsstorung beitragt und wie sich die Zwangssymptomatik auf die zwangskranke Person und ihr Verhaltnis zur sozialen Umwelt auswirkt. Daraus abgeleitet werden Uberlegungen zur psychotherapeutischen Behandlung der Zwangsstorung.

In this study, we investigated the relationship of participants' observable attributes to measures of their personality and intelligence; we also studied the ways in which strangers formed their perception of participants' personalities and intelligence. Fifty pairs of intimate acquaintances were videotaped in a standard situation, were administered an intelligence test, and provided self-reports of their personality and descriptions of their partner's personality. In addition, various observable attributes (such as hair color, stature, physical mannerisms) of the targets were measured. Strangers watched the videotapes and rated either the observable attributes or the personality traits of the targets. The observable attributes were then correlated with the personality measures and the intelligence and trait inferences by strangers. Extraversion was the trait with the most external manifestations and the strongest match between cue utilization and cue validity. Intelligence was inferred from visual as well as from acoustic attributes, but only acoustic cues mediated the correlation between psychometric intelligence and perceptions of intelligence by strangers.

Following a general model of consensus in interpersonal perception (Kenny, 1991), we report evidence on four sources of consensus and self-other agreement: (a) meaning systems shared by observers, (b) extent of information on target behavior, (c) consistency of target behavior, and (d) non-behavioral information. We argue that these factors can be disentangled more precisely by analyzing ratings by strangers instead of ratings by acquaintances. We then focus on first impressions as a source of self-other agreement, and we report evidence that first impressions of actual persons are quite accurate for Extraversion and Conscientiousness.

Several studies have shown above-chance agreement of self-reports on extraversion and conscientiousness with ratings by strangers, indicating that ratings by strangers might be quite accurate. Because self-reports are a less-than-ideal criterion to evaluate the accuracy of stranger ratings, however, the present study compared them also with ratings by acquaintances and with targets' performance on an intelligence test. Ratings of extraversion, conscientiousness, and intelligence by strangers having been exposed to a videotape of targets were significantly related to self-reports of these traits as well as to ratings by acquaintances. Moreover, ratings of intelligence by strangers were related to targets' measured intelligence, provided that judges had been exposed to a sound film of the targets

This study investigated the cross-modal consistency of personality expression. Targets were videotaped while entering a room, walking around a table toward a chair, sitting down, and reading a standard text. Judges who had never seen the targets before were then presented: (a) the complete information (sound-film condition), (b) videotapes with the sound turned off (silent film condition), (c) stills of the targets (still condition), or (d) an audiotape of the targets' utterances (audiotape condition). The judges rated 45 physical attributes and 20 personality traits of each target. The judges in the silent film and the audiotape condition agreed substantially concerning the extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and culture of the targets, even if target age and sex were statistically controlled. This points to some cross-modal consistency of personality expression. Various co-occurrences between visible and audible attributes were found, accordingly.

Consensus between self-ratings and stranger ratings of personality traits was investigated. A sample of 100 adults was videotaped while entering and walking through a room, sitting down, looking into the camera, and reading a standard text. The targets then provided self-descriptions on 5 personality factors. A sample of 24 strangers who had never seen the targets before was given 1 of 4 types of information on the targets: (a) sound-film, (b) silent film, (c) still, or (d) audiotape. Strangers rated various physical attributes and 20 traits of each target. Level of information influenced the validity but not the reliability of the stranger ratings, which were most valid for extraversion and conscientiousness. Extraversion covaried most strongly with physical attributes, and implicit theories on the covariation of traits with physical attributes were more accurate for extraversion and conscientiousness than for agreeableness, emotional stability, and culture. If judges indicate their impressions of other people, their judgments usually correlate with the self-reports of the ratees. Moreover, the correlations between self-ratings and ratings by judges tend to be higher the more the judges know about the targets (Cloyd, 1977; Funder & Colvin, 1988; Norman & Goldberg, 1966; Paunonen, 1989). The highest correlations are usually found between self-reports and ratings by spouses. McCrae and Costa (1989) report correlations between self-ratings and spouse ratings from .53 to .60, whereas they report somewhat lower correlations, ranging from .32 to .54, between self-reports and ratings by a single peer. These findings indicate that (a) personality ratings reflect actual attributes of the target persons rather than illusions that exist only in the eye of the beholder, and (b) self-ratings and ratings by others agree more the more that both reflect shared information concerning the targets' personality. Consensus at Zero Acquaintance This raises the question of how much information is required in order that ratings by others possess some validity. We use the term valid to indicate that ratings by strangers or acquaintances correlate substantially with the targets' self-reports. At first glance, this is a curious usage of the idea of validity because self-reports are usually more suspect than observer ratings and are therefore frequently validated against observer ratings. But we have a special case here: Because the observers are strangers, the self-ratings are the more dependable measure of the actual personality of the ratees.

Objective: Patients with dementia in 2 German community psychiatric hospitals with different treatment settings were investigated prospectively and treatment variables compared. Method: In each of the hospitals, which differ in treatment settings (Gütersloh specialized vs. Detmold integrated), 50 patients with dementia consecutively admitted were screened and compared according to personal data, clinical instruments, medication, and diagnosis. Results: No relevant differences were found in the basic characteristics, average age was high (79 years), and patients were significantly restrained in functionality and cognitive functioning. Patients of Gütersloh were transferred to institutional care less frequently. Overall morbidity was high and little improvement in functioning at discharge was recorded. Conclusions: Data of this prospective study show that dementia patients were significantly restrained in cognitive and daily functioning along with high morbidity. Discharge to institutional care and discharge medication was reduced in patients of the special dementia care setting.

Vortrainings zur psychotherapeutischen Behandlung konnen sehr unterschiedlich gestaltet sein und erfullen zwei wesentliche Aufgaben: Zukunftige Patienten stimmen sie mit entsprechenden Informationen auf die bevorstehende Behandlung ein, und Therapeuten werden bei der Indikationsstellung und der Auswahl geeigneter Patienten unterstutzt. Angebote zur Vorbereitung auf die Gruppentherapie finden sich vor allem im angloamerikanischen Sprachraum. Empirische Arbeiten vermochten die vermuteten positiven Effekte der verschiedenen Vortrainings auf die spatere gruppenpsychotherapeutische Behandlung bislang allerdings nur in begrenztem Umfang nachzuweisen, zumal die Studien zum Teil gravierende methodologische Schwachen und Mangel bezuglich der Vortrainingskonzepte aufwiesen. Die beschriebene, an einer Universitatsklinik beheimatete „Therapie-Vorbereitungsgruppe“ gehort zu den in Deutschland hochst selten angebotenen Trainingsgruppen im Vorfeld stationarer Psychotherapie. Einmal wochentlich kommen Therapiebewerber mit Therapeuten der Psychotherapiestation zum Gesprach zusammen. Die Stationsmitarbeiter geben eine Einfuhrung in Behandlungskonzept und -setting und nehmen eine vertiefende Exploration der einzelnen Gruppenteilnehmer vor. Das Konzept bietet neben okonomischen auch klinisch-therapeutische Vorteile, zu denen auf Patientenseite u. a. ein realitatsgerechtes Bild von der Behandlung, der Aufbau einer Beziehung zu zukunftigen Mitpatienten und Therapeuten sowie die Uberbruckung der Wartezeit bis zur stationaren Aufnahme gehoren. Therapeuten dient die Gruppe als Basis fur die Entscheidung uber die Aufnahme. Das Konzept hat sich in der klinischen Praxis uber viele Jahre hinweg bewahrt. Der empirische Wirksamkeitsnachweis und ein Vergleich mit anderen, ahnlichen Konzepten stehen noch aus.