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Background: Local anaesthesia in dental procedures is generally safe, although the occurrence of transient bradycardia (TB) has occasionally been reported. TB is often associated with two reflexes, the trigeminal cardiac reflex (TCR) and the vasovagal reflex (VVR) and is characterised by a rapid decrease in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). The prevalence of TCR is considered low, and its predictors have not been thoroughly investigated, although an association with the gag reflex has been suggested in recent years., Methods: This prospective study assessed TB occurrence during local anaesthesia and its potential associated factors. A comprehensive questionnaire was used to categorise discomforts during dental treatment, and various anxiety scales were used to measure patients' anxiety levels. We investigated HR variability during local anaesthesia administration under sedation and the association between the incidence of TB and gag reflex. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was performed to assess factors associated with TB occurrence., Results: The prospective analysis included 188 patients of 234 initial patients. The analysis revealed a high TB incidence rate of 41% during local anaesthesia administration under sedation. No severe hypotensive events occurred, indicating a relatively benign nature of TB during local anaesthesia. TB occurrence was significantly higher in the group of patients with the gag reflex. Further analysis revealed that both gag reflex and trait anxiety were significantly associated with TB occurrence, whereas dental phobia did not directly correlate with TB., Conclusion: This study highlights the prominent occurrence of TB during local anaesthesia in dental treatment, which is primarily attributed to TCR activation. The identification of gag reflex and trait anxiety as independent factors associated with TB development may pave the way for TB prevention measures. Further research is required to clarify the mechanisms of TCR and perform safer dental procedures under sedation. Future studies should also aim to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying TB during local anaesthesia through direct measurements of neural activity. A better understanding of TB in dentistry is crucial for improving patient safety and optimising dental practice protocols., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Objective: To report non-infectious adverse events associated with transperineal prostate biopsy (TPBx) performed under local anaesthesia (LA) in an outpatient setting., Patients and Methods: This study reports secondary outcomes from the Norwegian arm of the prospective NORAPP study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04146142) and included all patients referred for prostate biopsy from November 2019 to February 2021. Transperineal magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasonography fusion TPBx were taken using 40 mL 1% lidocaine with 4 mL of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate placed in the perineal skin, under the prostatic apex, in the m. levator ani bilaterally, and along the path of the needle. Follow-up using patient-reported questionnaires was done immediately after TPBx, and after 2 weeks and 2 months. Pain was reported using a visual analogue scale (VAS) during placement of the LA, and during and after TPBx. Haematuria and acute urinary retention (AUR) rates were recorded., Results: We included 402 patients, and the response rate was 99.8% (401/402). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 69 (63-74) years, the prostate volume was 40 (27-58) mL, the prostate-specific antigen level was 7.0 (4.5-11) ng/mL, and the number of biopsy cores taken was 8 (6-10). The median (IQR) VAS pain score was 1 (1-2) during placement of LA, 1 (0-2) during TPBx, and 0 (0-0) after TPBx. Haematuria and AUR rates were 64% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60-69%) and 0.5% (95% CI 0.1-1.8%), respectively. No patients were hospitalised or required after the TPBx surgical intervention., Conclusion: Transperineal prostate biopsies can be performed under LA with limited discomfort to the patient and few post-TPBx adverse events., (© 2024 The Authors. BJU International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJU International.)

Background:  Surgically implanted Impella 5.5. delivers full cardiac support and left ventricular unloading for patients with heart failure. So far, the Impella device is implanted under general anesthesia (GA)., Material and Methods:  A total of n  = 3 critically ill patients presented with acute heart failure in need of cardiac support. All patients suffered cardiogenic shock of varying etiology. Due to hemodynamically unstable conditions, GA was avoided. All implantations were performed solely under local anesthesia (LAS) without any regional anesthesia., Results:  All implantations were performed successfully under LAS with 60 mL of mepivacaine of 2% solution and ropivacaine of 1% solution (50:50 ratio). All devices were placed from the right axillary artery. One patient needed hematoma evacuation several days after surgery. No other Impella-related complication was observed., Conclusion:  A surgical implantation of the Impella 5.5 device under LAS is feasible and safe. Despite the small number of cases, no disadvantage can be described at the present moment. Our series should encourage physicians to perform the procedure under LAS., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia is widely performed to diagnose malignancies and infectious diseases. However, few reports have described the use of this procedure for diagnosing and treating intrathoracic infections. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia for the management of intrathoracic infections., Results: Data from patients who underwent thoracoscopy procedures performed by chest physicians under local anaesthesia at our hospital between January 2018 and December 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. We analysed their demographic factors, reasons for the examinations, diseases targeted, examination lengths, anaesthetic methods used, diagnostic and treatment success rates, as well as any adverse events. Thirty patients were included. Of these, 12 (40%) had thoracoscopies to diagnose infections, and 18 (60%) had them to treat pyothorax. In terms of diagnosing pleurisy, the causative microorganism of origin was identified via thoracoscopy in only three of 12 (25.0%) patients. For diagnosing pyothorax, the causative microorganism was identified in 7 of 18 (38.9%) patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative microorganism identified. The treatment success rates were very high, ranging between 94.4 and 100%, whereas the identification rate of the causative microorganisms behind infections was low, ranging between 25.0 and 38.9%. The most frequent adverse events included perioperative hypoxaemia and pain. There were two (6.7%) serious adverse events of grade ≥ 3, but none resulted in death., Conclusions: The efficacy of managing intrathoracic infections through thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia is commendable. Nonetheless, the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure, regarding the precise identification of the causative microorganisms responsible for intrathoracic infections, persists at a notably low level, presenting a substantial clinical hurdle., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: Due to infectious complications of transrectal prostate biopsy (TRBx), the transperineal prostate biopsy (TPBx) technique is gaining popularity and is the first-line method in many institutions. We share our experience of the first 100 patients with TPBx, performed using the coaxial needle technique under local anesthesia., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of the first 100 patients who had undergone TPBx between December 2022 and September 2023. Complication rates, cancer detection rates, patient tolerance, and pain response to the TPBx under local anesthesia at different steps of the procedure were collected., Results: The mean age, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, and PSA density were 64.5±7.5 years, 8.82±12 ng/mL, 58.4±26.4 mL, and 0.17±0.18 ng/mL2. Prostate cancer (PCa) was detected at histopathological evaluation in 51 patients. The mean positive core number and percentage of cancer involvement per core in patients who have PCa were 5.4±3.2 and 68.5±29.1, respectively. The mean pain score during the entire procedure was 2.85±1.48. When the steps are evaluated separately, the mean pain score during the probe placement step, local anesthetic, and sampling steps were 3.35±1.65, 2.54±1.45, and 0.9±0.82, respectively., Conclusions: Transperineal prostate biopsy with coaxial needle technique under local anesthesia is a well-tolerated procedure with feasible complication rates and patient discomfort.

Background: Local anesthesia (LA) is sparsely used in endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) despite short-term benefit, likely secondary to concerns over patient movement preventing accurate endograft deployment. The objective of this study is to examine the association between anesthesia type and endoleak, sac regression, reintervention, and mortality., Methods: The Vascular Quality Initiative database was queried for all EVAR cases from 2014 to 2022. Patients were included if they underwent percutaneous elective EVAR with anatomical criteria within instructions for use of commercially approved endografts. Multivariable logistic regression with propensity score weighting was used to determine the association between anesthesia type on the risk of any endoleak noted by intraoperative completion angiogram and sac regression. Multivariable survival analysis with propensity score weighting was used to determine the association between anesthesia type and endoleak at 1 year, long-term reintervention, and mortality., Results: Thirteen thousand nine hundred thirty two EVARs met inclusion criteria: 1,075 (8%) LA and 12,857 (92%) general anesthesia (GA). On completion angiogram, LA was associated with fewer rates of any endoleaks overall (16% vs. 24%, P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis with propensity score weighting, LA was associated with similar adjusted odds of any endoleak on intraoperative completion angiogram (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.68) as well as combined type 1a and type 1b endoleaks (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.47-1.09). Follow-up computed tomography imaging at 1 year was available for 4,892 patients, 377 (8%) LA and 4,515 (92%) GA. At 1 year, LA was associated with similar rate of freedom from any endoleaks compared to GA (0.66 [95% CI 0.63-0.69] vs. 0.71 [95% CI 0.70-0.72], P = 0.663) and increased rates of sac regression (50% vs. 45%, P = 0.040). On multivariable analysis with propensity score weighting, LA and GA were associated with similar adjusted odds of sac regression (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.97-1.55). LA and GA had similar rates of endoleak at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR] 0.14, 95% CI 0.63-1.07); however, LA was associated with decreased hazards of combined type 1a and 1b endoleaks at 1 year (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.96). LA and GA had similar adjusted long-term reintervention rate (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.44-1.38) and long-term mortality (HR 1.100, 95% CI 079-1.25)., Conclusions: LA is not associated with increased adjusted rates of any endoleak on completion angiogram or at 1-year follow-up compared to GA. LA is associated with decreased adjusted rates of type 1a and type 1b endoleak at 1 year, but similar rates of sac regression, long-term reintervention, and mortality. Concerns for accurate graft deployment should not preclude use of LA and LA should be increasingly considered when deciding on anesthetic type for standard elective EVAR., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: With an aging patient population, an increasing number of octogenarians are undergoing elective endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) in the United States. Multiple studies have shown that, for the general population, use of local anesthetic (LA) for EVAR is associated with improved short-term and long-term outcomes as compared with performing these operations under general anesthesia (GA). Therefore, this study aimed to study the association of LA for elective EVARs with perioperative outcomes, among octogenarians., Methods: The Vascular Quality Initiative database (2003-2021) was used to conduct this study. Octogenarians (Aged ≥80 years) were selected and sorted into two study groups: LA (Group I) and GA (Group II). Our primary outcomes were length of stay and mortality. Secondary outcomes included operative time, estimated blood loss, return to operating room, cardiopulmonary complications, and discharge location., Results: Of the 16,398 selected patients, 1197 patients (7.3%) were included in Group I, and 15,201 patients (92.7%) were in Group II. Procedural time was significantly shorter for the LA group (114.6 vs 134.6; P < .001), as was estimated blood loss (152 vs 222 cc; P < .001). Length of stay was significantly shorter (1.8 vs 2.6 days; P < .001), and patients were more likely to be discharged home (LA 88.8% vs GA 86.9%; P = .036) in the LA group. Group I also experienced fewer pulmonary complications; only 0.17% experienced pneumonia and 0.42% required ventilator support compared with 0.64% and 1.02% in Group II, respectively. This finding corresponded to fewer days in the intensive care unit for Group I (0.41 vs 0.69 days; P < .001). No significant difference was seen in 30-day mortality cardiac, renal, or access site-related complications. Return to operating room was also equivocal between the two groups. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed GA was associated with a significantly longer length of stay and significantly higher rates of non-home discharge (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.59; P < .001 and AOR, 1.40; P = .025, respectively). When stratified by the New York Heart Association classification system, classes I, II, III, and IV (1.55; P < .001; 1.26; P = .029; 2.03; P < .001; 4.07; P < .001, respectively) were associated with significantly longer hospital stays., Conclusions: The use of LA for EVARs in octogenarians is associated with shorter lengths of stay, fewer respiratory complications, and home discharge. These patients also experienced shorter procedure times and less blood loss. There was no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality, return to operating room, or access-related complications. LA for octogenarians undergoing EVAR should be considered more frequently to shorten hospital stays and decrease complication rates., Competing Interests: Disclosures None., (Copyright © 2023 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To report the development of transient Horner's syndrome in horses following local anesthesia of the cervical plexus., Animals: A total of 37 horses., Study Design: Observational retrospective short case series., Methods: Medical records of cases undergoing ultrasound-guided cervical plexus anesthesia for standing prosthetic laryngoplasty at a single referral institution were evaluated (2019-2020)., Results: Five of 37 horses (14%) developed transient signs of Horner's syndrome postoperatively. Obvious clinical signs began 2 to 5 h following local anesthesia and persisted for two to 4 h. Profuse unilateral sweating of the head and upper neck was the most apparent clinical sign., Conclusion: Transient clinical signs of Horner's syndrome were seen following unilateral local anesthesia of the cervical plexus. Long-term adverse sequelae were not observed., (© 2023 The Authors. Veterinary Surgery published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Objective: To compare the early analgesic effects and the impact on knee joint function recovery after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) between single adductor canal block (SACB) and continuous adductor canal block (CACB) combined with local infiltration anesthesia (LIA) using a prospective study., Methods: The patients with knee osteoarthritis admitted between April 2022 and December 2023 were enrolled as a subject. Among them, 60 patients met the selection criteria and were enrolled in the study. They were randomly assigned to the SACB group or CACB group in a ratio of 1:1 using a random number table method. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P >0.05) in terms of age, gender, height, body mass, body mass index, affected side, and preoperative resting visual analogue scale (VAS) score and active VAS score, Oxford knee score (OKS), and American Hospital of Special Surgery (HSS) score. All patients received multimodal analgesia management using LIA combined with SACB or CACB. The operation time, pain related indicators (resting and activity VAS scores, number and timing of breakthrough pain, opioid consumption), joint function related indicators (quadriceps muscle strength, knee range of motion, OKS score, and HSS score), as well as postoperative block complications and adverse events were recorded and compared between the two groups., Results: There was no significant difference in the operation time between the two groups ( P <0.05). All patients in the two groups were followed up with a follow-up time of (9.70±4.93) months in the SACB group and (12.23±5.05) months in the CACB group, and the difference was not significant ( P >0.05). The CACB group had a significant lower resting VAS score at 24 hours after operation compared to the SACB group ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference in resting and active VAS scores between the two groups at other time points ( P >0.05). The CACB group had a significantly lower incidence of breakthrough pain compared to the SACB group [9 cases (30.00%) vs . 17 cases (56.67%); P <0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the timing of breakthrough pain occurrence and opioid consumption between the two groups ( P >0.05). Four cases in the SACB group and 7 cases in the CACB group experienced adverse events, with no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups ( P >0.05). The CACB group had significantly better knee joint mobility than the SACB group at 1 and 2 days after operation ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in knee joint mobility on 0 day after operation and quadriceps muscle strength and OKS and HSS scores at different time points ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: In UKA, the analgesic effects and knee joint function recovery are similar when compared between LIA combined with SACB and LIA combined with CACB. However, SACB is simpler to perform and can avoid adverse events such as catheter displacement and dislocation. Therefore, SACB may be a better choice.

Background: To estimate the impact of anesthetic conduct, alone and in combination with the type of femoral access, on early results after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)., Methods: A retrospective multicenter analysis on patients undergoing elective standard EVAR at four academic centers was performed. Patients undergoing the procedure through either local or general anesthesia were compared. Comparative subanalyses of the two groups were performed for the type of femoral access to evaluate further impact on outcomes., Results: Five hundred twenty-four patients underwent elective standard EVAR, of which 207 (39.5%) under general anesthesia and 317 (60.5%) under local anesthesia. Patients who underwent general anesthesia had higher 30-day mortality rates (3.4% vs. 0.3%, P=0.005), as well as slightly worse 30-day major systemic complication rates (8.2% vs. 5.4%, P=0.195). There were no differences in terms of reinterventions (2.1% vs. 2.5%, P=0.768) and aneurysm-related mortality (0% vs. 0.4%, P=0.422) at one year. Total intervention times were significantly longer in the general anesthesia group (126 vs. 89 minutes, P=0.001), as well as the total length of hospital stay (7.6 vs. 5.3 days, P=0.007). At subanalyses, the combination of local anesthesia with bilateral percutaneous femoral access further improved 30-day outcomes and determined an additional reduction in total intervention times and ICU stays., Conclusions: EVAR performed under local anesthesia has a significantly better impact on early results when compared to general anesthesia. Combining percutaneous bilateral femoral access to local anesthesia reduced procedural times, ICU stays and consequently improved early results.

Two recent cases of central retinal artery occlusion under otherwise uncomplicated sub-Tenon's block that resulted in significant visual loss after cataract surgery prompted us to undertake a literature review of such cases. We identified 97 cases of retinal artery occlusion after ophthalmic surgery under regional anaesthesia that had no immediate signs of block-related complications. These occurred after various intraocular (87%) and extraocular (13%) operations, across a wide range of ages (19-89 years) on patients with (59%) or without (39%) known risk factors. The anaesthetic techniques included 40 retrobulbar blocks, 36 peribulbar blocks, 19 sub-Tenon's blocks, one topical anaesthetic and one unspecified local anaesthetic. Different strengths of lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine and ropivacaine, either alone or in various combinations, were used. The details of the anaesthetic techniques were often incomplete in the reports, which made comparison and analysis difficult. Only nine cases had their cause (optic nerve sheath injury) identified, while the mechanism of injury was unclear in the remaining patients. Various mechanisms were postulated; however, the cause was likely to be multifactorial due to patient, surgical and anaesthetic risk factors, especially in those with compromised retinal circulation. As there were no definite risk factors identified, no specific recommendations could be made to avoid this devastating outcome. We have provided rationales for some general considerations, which may reduce this risk, and propose anaesthetic options for ophthalmic surgery on the fellow eye if required, based both on our literature review and our personal experience., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Background: This study investigates the impact of general anesthesia (GA) versus conscious sedation/local anesthesia (CS/LA) on the outcome of patients with minor stroke and isolated M2 occlusion undergoing immediate mechanical thrombectomy (iMT)., Methods: The databases of 16 comprehensive stroke centers were retrospectively screened for consecutive patients with isolated M2 occlusion and a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤5 who received iMT. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the effect of GA versus CS/LA on clinical outcomes and procedure-related adverse events. The primary outcome measure was a 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-1. Secondary outcome measures were a 90-day mRS score of 0-2 and all-cause mortality, successful reperfusion, procedural-related symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraprocedural dissections, and new territory embolism., Results: Of the 172 patients who were selected, 55 received GA and 117 CS/LA. After propensity score matching, 47 pairs of patients were available for analysis. We found no significant differences in clinical outcome, rates of efficient reperfusion, and procedural-related complications between patients receiving GA or LA/CS (mRS score 0-1, P = 0.815; mRS score 0-2, P = 0.401; all-cause mortality, P = 0.408; modified Treatment in Cerebral Infarction score 2b-3, P = 0.374; symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, P = 0.082; intraprocedural dissection, P = 0.408; new territory embolism, P = 0.462)., Conclusions: In patients with minor stroke and isolated M2 occlusion undergoing iMT, the type of anesthesia does not affect clinical outcome or the rate of procedural-related complications. Our results agree with recent data showing no benefit of one specific anesthesiologic procedure over the other and confirm their generalizability also to patients with minor baseline symptoms., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: While micro-plasma radiofrequency (MPR) treatment has a significant impact on hypertrophic scars, patients often require anesthesia to alleviate substantial discomfort. Currently, patients with similar degrees of scarring may choose surface anesthesia or general anesthesia based on their personal preferences. Nevertheless, the effectiveness and safety of different anesthesia modalities remain uncertain., Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of both general and surface anesthesia in MPR treatment for hypertrophic scars., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 101 patients diagnosed with hypertrophic scars who underwent MPR with different anesthesia methods. The primary measures of efficacy included the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) scores assessed before the first treatment and six months after the final treatment. Pain relief was evaluated using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores. Safety was assessed by comparing the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups., Results: Patients in the general anesthesia group showed a significant difference in scar pigmentation 6 months after the treatment and lower pain level than those in the surface anesthesia group in the treatment of MPR. The difference in safety was not statistically significant. After adjusting for confounding factors and propensity score matching, the outcome of VSS and VAS scores was stable., Conclusion: General anesthesia, as opposed to surface anesthesia, appears to enhance both the effectiveness and safety of MPR while reducing postoperative pain in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. For patients with heightened pain sensitivity, general anesthesia may be the preferred treatment option., Level of Evidence Ii: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 ., (© 2023. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

Adverse reactions to dental local anaesthetics are fortunately rare. However, when they occur, they can be severe and debilitating to the patient. Adverse reactions may be either prolonged anaesthesia, with or without dysaesthesia, or systemic reactions. Although these systemic reactions are commonly thought to be allergies, this is rarely the case. Much more commonly, these adverse systemic reactions are either cardiovascular or from the central nervous system. This paper describes two contrasting cases of functional neurologic disorder which illustrates the consequences and appropriate management. The responsibilities of the dentist who injected the local anaesthetic are outlined., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the British Dental Association.)

Introduction: The best anesthetic choice for patients with acute posterior circulation stroke during endovascular treatment (EVT) remains uncertain., Method: We searched five databases to identify studies that met the inclusion criteria. Our primary outcome measure was functional independence (FI). Secondary outcomes were 3-month mortality, any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), symptomatic ICH (sICH), successful reperfusion, and procedure- and ventilator-associated complications., Results: A total of 10 studies were included in our meta-analysis. No significant differences were detected between the general anesthesia (GA) and conscious sedation and local anesthesia (CS/LA) groups in 3-month FI (nine studies; OR=0.69; 95% CI 0.45-1.06; P=0.083; I 2 =66%;), 3-month mortality (nine studies; OR=1.41; 95% CI 0.94-2.11; P=0.096; I 2 =61.2%;), any ICH (three studies; OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.44-1.25; P=0.269; I 2 =0%;), or sICH (six studies; OR=0.64; 95% CI 0.40-1.04; P=0.073; I 2 =0%;). No significant differences were observed for successful reperfusion (10 studies; OR=1.17; 95% CI 0.91-1.49; P=0.219; I2=0%;), procedure-related complications (four studies; OR=1.14; 95% CI 0.70-1.87; P=0.603; I 2 =7.9%;), or respiratory complications (four studies; OR=1.19; 95% CI 0.61-2.32; P=0.616; I 2 =64.9%;) between the two groups., Conclusions: Our study showed no differences in 3-month FI, 3-month mortality, and successful reperfusion between patients treated with GA and those treated with CS/LA. Additionally, no increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation or pulmonary infection was observed in the CS/LA group. These results indicate that CS/LA may be an EVT option for acute posterior circulation stroke patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Local anesthetics with adrenaline are widely used in routine practice and have long proven their benefits and safety. The rare complications due to their use mainly concern immuno-allergic and vascular mechanisms., Description: In this article, we present four similar cases of early transfixing skin necrosis occurring after radioguided breast biopsy under local anesthesia using epinephrine local anesthetics in the context of a diagnostic approach to breast cancer., Discussion: Although the literature is comforting about the use of local anesthetics, even on the extremities, severe skin complications continue to be reported sporadically. The analysis and understanding of these phenomena would allow, in the long run, to avoid them and to reduce their importance., Conclusion: The occurrence of skin necrosis after breast biopsy under radiographic control is rare and seems to be related to the local anesthetic procedure. Although similar cases have been reported in the literature, it does not seem possible today to conclude on the exact physiopathology of these complications. A better knowledge of the pathophysiology of these complications would help to avoid their occurrence in the future., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Since the introduction of Fascial Plane Blocks in 2007 there has been an enormous interest and application of Fascial Plane Blocks, evidenced by substantially more than 1000 PubMed items. Despite this gigantic number of publications, also including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses in children, there is still no clear-cut insight into how much of the purported effect is in fact due to the blockade of nerve structures and how much is merely adding the well-known analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the plasma levels of local anesthetics that are achieved with these techniques. Furthermore, Fascial Plane Blocks appear useful only if compared to conventional multi-modal analgesia (no block or placebo) and Fascial Plane Blocks lack the potency to provide surgical anesthesia on their own and appear only to be of value when used for minor-moderate surgery. Despite the huge literature, there has so far not emerged any clinical situations where Fascial Plane Blocks have definitively been shown to be the block of choice, being decisively more effective than other established regional blocks. Lastly, Fascial Plane Blocks may appear as virtually free of complications, but case reports are emerging that point to a real risk for causing local anesthetic systemic toxicity when using Fascial Plane Blocks. This text aims to synthesize the current knowledge base regarding the Fascial Plane Blocks that are relevant to use in the pediatric context. In summary, there does currently not exist any convincing scientific evidence for the continued support for the use of Fascial Plane Blocks in children, except for the rectus sheath block and possibly also the transmuscular quadratus lumborum block., (© 2023 The Authors. Pediatric Anesthesia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To describe variation in local anesthesia techniques and complications over a 10-year period for cataract surgery in the United Kingdom., Setting: Reporting centers to the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) National Ophthalmology Database (NOD)., Design: Retrospective cross-sectional register-based study., Methods: Data from the RCOphth NOD were used. Eligible for analysis were 1 195 882 cataract operations performed using local anesthesia between April 1, 2010, and March 31, 2020, in 80 centers., Results: Overall, topical anesthesia alone was used in 152 321 operations (12.7%), combined topical and intracameral in 522 849 (43.7%), sub-Tenon in 461 175 (38.6%), and peribulbar/retrobulbar in 59 537 (5.0%). In National Health Service (NHS) institutions, 48.3% of operations were topical with/without intracameral vs 88.7% in independent sector treatment centers (ISTCs). 45.9% were sub-Tenon in NHS vs 9.6% in ISTCs. 5.8% were peribulbar/retrobulbar in NHS vs 1.7% in ISTCs. Anesthetic complication rates decreased from 2.7% in the 2010 NHS year to 1.5% in the 2019 NHS year (overall, 2.1% for NHS; 0.2% for ISTCs). Overall anesthetic complication rates were 0.3%, 0.3%, 3.5%, and 3.1% for topical alone, combined topical/intracameral, sub-Tenon, and peribulbar/retrobulbar, respectively. Complication rates were higher for sharp-needle anesthesia (peribulbar/retrobulbar) in patients taking warfarin rather than direct oral anticoagulants (4.8% vs 3.1%; P = .024). Considerable variation was observed between centers on anesthetic choices and anesthetic complication rates., Conclusions: Combined topical and intracameral is the most common choice of anesthesia for cataract surgery in the United Kingdom and is associated with lower anesthetic-related complication rates than sub-Tenon and peribulbar/retrobulbar anesthesia. Variation in the anesthetic choice exists between centers and between NHS and ISTC sectors., (Copyright © 2023 Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS.)

Background: Cricopharyngeal myotomy and laryngeal framework surgery can improve swallowing function in patients with severe dysphagia. We developed a novel surgical technique for severe dysphagia associated with pharyngolaryngeal paralysis and cricopharyngeal dysfunction, performed under local anesthesia, and investigated its effectiveness., Methods: We included nine patients who underwent cricopharyngeal muscle-origin transection with laryngeal framework surgery through a horizontal skin incision under local anesthesia., Conclusions: All patients demonstrated significant improvement in the Food Intake LEVEL Scale without complications. Thus, this surgical technique may serve as a useful and less invasive treatment option for patients with severe dysphagia., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Proximal femur fractures have high rates of morbidity, mortality, and perioperative complications. Limiting anesthesia, especially in the elderly population, is a priority from a medical perspective. The goal of the current study is to present a technique of using local anesthetic with monitored anesthesia care (MAC) for the fixation of intertrochanteric (IT) femur fractures with cephalomedullary nailing (CMN), provide early clinical results in a small series of patients, and evaluate the safety, efficiency, and anesthetic efficacy of our technique., Hypothesis: The use of only local anesthetic with MAC for the fixation of IT fractures is safe and leads to decreased operative times when compared to spinal and general anesthesia., Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing cephalomedullary nailing (CMN) with a long nail for IT femur fractures by a single surgeon from January 2020 to June 2021 were identified retrospectively from a prospectively-collected patient registry. Patient demographics, operative time, length of hospital stay, perioperative medication use, and complications were collected. Analysis of variance, Chi 2 , linear regression, and two-sampled T-tests were performed to analyze potential differences between the local anesthesia group and the general or spinal anesthesia group., Results: Thirty-seven patients were identified. Eleven patients underwent CMN using local anesthesia with MAC, 11 using spinal anesthesia, and 15 using general anesthesia. The local anesthesia group demonstrated significantly lower operating room times and anesthesia induction to incision time compared to other anesthesia techniques. The local anesthesia group also trended towards less need for vasopressors during surgery and less postoperative delirium. No differences were identified in intraoperative narcotic use, complications, patient mortality, or hospital readmissions., Conclusions: Local anesthesia with MAC for the treatment of IT fractures with CMN was associated with decreased operating room times and had similar complication rates including blood transfusions, readmissions, and mortalities, when compared to spinal and general anesthesia., Level of Evidence: III, therapeutic., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Most pain experienced by patients during Mohs micrographic surgery is associated with the initial injection. Previous studies have shown that a smaller gauge needle (33-gauge vs 30-gauge) is associated with less patient-reported pain., Objectives: To evaluate patient-reported pain levels following injection with a 33-gauge versus a 34-gauge needle.&nbsp; Methods: During this prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blinded study, 480 patients were randomized into a 33-gauge versus a 34-gauge needle group. Pain levels following needle insertion were recorded using the validated numerical rating scale (VNRS)-11 scale.&nbsp; Results: Injection of local anesthetic with a 34-gauge needle is associated with significantly less pain compared to a 33-gauge needle across all subgroups (P=0.007, average pain level 0.49 [34-gauge group] vs 0.79 [33-gauge group] rated on a 0-10 pain scale). Females, first-time Mohs patients, patients under age 65, patients with basal cell carcinoma, and those with tumor locations on the nose experienced the most pain reduction with the use of a 34-gauge needle.&nbsp; Limitations: This was a single-blinded study; thus, the injector was able to see which needle was being used. This knowledge could have subconsciously affected the angle, speed, or force used to insert the needle., Conclusions: Injections with a 33-gauge and a 34-gauge needle are both tolerated well and associated with minimal pain. While the pain reduction associated with using a 34-gauge needle is statistically significant, the use of a 34-gauge needle may be most clinically relevant for certain patient subgroups.&nbsp;J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(11): doi:10.36849/JDD.7689.

Background: APROPOS was a multicentre, randomized, blinded trial focus on investigating the perineal nerve block versus the periprostatic block in pain control for men undergoing a transperineal prostate biopsy. In the analysis reported here, the authors aimed to evaluate the association of biopsy core count and location with pain outcomes in patients undergoing a transperineal prostate biopsy under local anesthesia., Methods: APROPOS was performed at six medical centers in China. Patients with suspected prostate cancer were randomized to receive either a perineal nerve block or a periprostatic block (1:1), followed by a transperineal prostate biopsy. The secondary analysis outcomes were the worst pain experienced during the prostate biopsy and postbiopsy pain at 1,6, and 24 h., Results: Between 12 August 2020 and 20 July 2022, a total of 192 patients were randomized in the original trial, and 188 were involved in this analysis, with 94 patients per group. Participants had a median (IQR) age of 68 (63-72) and a median (IQR) prostate volume of 42.51 (30.04-62.84). The patient population had a median (IQR) number of biopsy cores of 15 (12-17.50), and 26.06% of patients had a biopsy cores count of more than 15. After adjusting the baseline characteristics, the number of biopsy cores was associated with the worst pain during the biopsy procedure in both the perineal nerve block group ( β 0.19, 95% CI: 0.12-0.26, P <0.001) and the periprostatic block group ( β 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07-0.24, P <0.001). A similar association was also evident for the postbiopsy pain at 1, 6, and 24 h. A lesser degree of pain in both groups at any time (r range -0.57 to -0.01 for both groups) was associated with biopsy cores from the peripheral zone of the middle gland, while other locations were associated with a higher degree of pain. In addition, the location of the biopsy core had less of an effect on pain during the biopsy (r range -0.01-0.25 for both groups) than it did on postbiopsy pain (r range -0.57-0.60 for both groups)., Conclusions: In this secondary analysis of a randomized trial, biopsy core count and location were associated with pain in patients undergoing a transperineal prostate biopsy under local anesthesia. These results may be helpful for making clinical decisions about the anesthetic approach for scheduled transperineal prostate biopsies., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Hyperhidrosis, causing excessive sweat, can be treated with Botulinum neurotoxin injection. Botulinum toxin, an effective and safe treatment for hyperhidrosis, unfortunately involves significant pain due to multiple injections. This study aims to propose a more efficient and less painful approach to nerve blocks for relief, by identifying optimal injection points to block the median nerve, thereby enhancing palmar hyperhidrosis treatment., Methods: This study, involving 52 Korean cadaver arms (mean age 73.5 years), measured the location of the median nerve relative to the transverse line at the pisiform level to establish better nerve block injection sites., Results: In between the extensor carpi radialis and palmaris longus, the median nerve was located at an average distance of 47.39 ± 6.43 mm and 29.39 ± 6.43 mm from the transverse line at the pisiform level., Discussion: To minimize discomfort preceding the botulinum neurotoxin injection, we recommend the optimal injection site for local anesthesia to be located 4 cm distal to the transverse line of the pisiform, within the tendons of the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

A total of 130 patients who underwent percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration from March 2021 to February 2023 were randomly divided into a Dezocine group and a control group. The Dezocine group received a muscle injection of 0.05mg/kg Dezocine 30 minutes before surgery, while the control group received a muscle injection of 0.01ml/kg normal saline. Both groups received 3ml of 2% lidocaine for spermatic cord block anesthesia. The anesthesia onset time, anesthesia duration, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, anesthesia satisfaction rate and incidence of adverse reactions were recorded and compared between the two groups. The statistical results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of anesthesia onset time, anesthesia duration, anesthesia satisfaction rate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use within 24 hours after surgery and NRS scores at 15 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours after surgery. The incidence of adverse reactions in the Dezocine group was lower than that in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The combination of Dezocine and lidocaine for spermatic cord block anesthesia during percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration is safe, effective and associated with fewer adverse reactions. It is suitable for clinical application and promotion in reproductive medicine outpatient surgery.

Objectives: An increasing number of urologists is switching from transrectal (TR) to transperineal (TP) biopsy procedures for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Local anesthesia (LA) might be advantageous in terms of patient management, risks and costs. We aimed to evaluate the tolerability and complication rates of TP prostate biopsy performed under LA., Methods: This is a monocentric, prospective, comparative, observational cohort study. Between July 2020 and July 2021 we included 128 consecutive patients (TR, n = 61; TP, n = 67), with a suspicion of prostate cancer. Transrectal vs. transperineal prostate biopsies were both performed under LA. To evaluate the tolerability we administered a validated visual analog pain score (VAS) during the different steps of the biopsy procedure as well as at 12-, 24- and 48-hours post procedure. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire was administered before the procedure and at the same time intervals. The presence of hematuria, hematospermia, rectal blood loss, acute retention and febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) were also monitored., Results: There were no significant differences in pain or IPSS between groups, except for a significantly higher pain score during the LA of the prostate in the TP group. In general, complication rates were similar, only the prevalence of hematuria at 24 hours was significantly higher in the TP group, as was rectal blood loss at 12 hours postprocedure in the TR group., Conclusions: In conclusion, our study showed that transperineal prostate biopsy under local anesthesia could be performed with similar pain scores and complication rates, compared to the transrectal procedure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to clarify or determine any possible association between pain reports with a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a figures based scale. This research was a preliminary study aimed at developing a new pain scale without any verbal description. Healthy Japanese patients aged 20 to 39 years who received anesthetic injections for mandibular third molar extraction at our department were enrolled. Regarding pain from dental local anesthetic injections, we recorded figures selected by participants (among options of a circle, triangle, square, bar, and cross), and VAS scores. Overall, 29 men and 31 women participated in the study. Pain caused by local dental anesthesia tended to remind both men and women of the triangle among the suggested figures. Furthermore, patients who chose a cross also reported higher VAS scores than those who chose other figures. Acute pain caused by local dental anesthesia was associated with triangles, and patients who selected a cross were associated with higher VAS scores. The results of this study provide clinicians with important information for dental practice, and could prove useful in developing new pain scales., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Decreased organ function and poor physical compensatory capacity in elderly patients diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can make surgical treatment procedures challenging and risky. Minimally invasive puncture drainage (MIPD) combined with urokinase infusion therapy is a safe and feasible method of treating ICH. This study aimed to compare the treatment efficacy of MIPD conducted under local anesthesia using either 3DSlicer + Sina application or computer tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic localization of hematomas in elderly patients diagnosed with ICH., Methods: The study sample included 78 elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age) diagnosed with ICH for the first time. All patients exhibited stable vital signs and underwent surgical treatment. The study sample was randomly divided into two groups, either receiving 3DSlicer+Sina or CT-guided stereotactic assistance. The preoperative preparation time; hematoma localization accuracy rate; satisfactory hematoma puncture rate; hematoma clearance rate; postoperative rebleeding rate; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score after 7 days; and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups., Results: No significant differences in gender, age, preoperative GCS score, preoperative hematoma volume (HV), and surgical duration were observed between the two groups (all p-values > 0.05). However, the preoperative preparation time was shorter in the group receiving 3DSlicer + Sina assistance compared to that receiving CT-guided stereotactic assistance (p-value < 0.001). Both groups exhibited significant improvement in GCS scores and reduction in HV after surgery (all p-values < 0.001). The accuracy of hematoma localization and puncture was 100% in both groups. There were no significant differences in surgical duration, postoperative hematoma clearance rate, rebleeding rate, postoperative GCS and mRS scores between the two groups (all p-values > 0.05)., Conclusions: A combination of 3DSlicer and Sina is effective in accurately identifying hematomas in elderly patients with ICH exhibiting stable vital signs, thus simplifying MIPD surgeries conducted under local anesthesia. This procedure may also be preferred over CT-guided stereotactic localization in clinical practice due to its ease of use and accuracy in hematoma localization., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Unlike ordinary 30-gauge needles, insulin syringe needles are thinner and shorter and have a comparatively blunt tip. Therefore, insulin syringes may reduce injection discomfort, bleeding, and edema by minimizing tissue damage and vascular penetration. This study aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of using insulin syringes for local anesthesia in ptosis surgery., Methods: This randomized, fellow eye-controlled study included 60 patients (120 eyelids), conducted at a university-based hospital. An insulin syringe was used on one eyelid, and a conventional 30-gauge needle was used on the other. Patients were instructed to score pain in both eyelids using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain). Ten minutes after the injection, two observers scored degrees of hemorrhage and edema in both eyelids on five- and four-pointing grading scales (0-4 and 0-3) for each value, and the average score between the two observers was calculated and compared., Results: The VAS score was 5.17 in the insulin syringe group and 5.35 in the 30-gauge needle group (p = 0.282). Ten minutes after the anesthesia, the median hemorrhage scores were 1.00 and 1.75 (p = 0.010), and the median eyelid edema scores were 1.25 and 2.00 (p = 0.007) in the insulin syringe and 30-gauge needle groups, respectively (Fig. 1)., Conclusion: Injecting local anesthesia using an insulin syringe significantly reduces hemorrhage and eyelid edema, but not injection pain, before skin incision. Insulin syringes are useful in patients at high risk of bleeding because they can reduce the penetrative tissue damage caused by needle insertion., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare rapid onset autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy, most commonly characterized by inflammatory demyelination of peripheral nerves. Patients with GBS are considered higher risk for anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity caused by demyelination. In the present report, a case is described of a 56-year-old man with GBS who experienced mental and lingual nerve paresthesia following infiltration anesthesia for dental implant placement in the posterior mandible. The pareshesia lasted 5 months postoperatively and subsided spontaneously without any intervention. The patient was successfully restored with fixed partial dental prosthesis without any other complication. This is considered the first report of such complication in patient with GBS after local anesthesia in the oral and maxillofacial region. Possible pathogenic mechanism of the complication and clinical implications are discussed.

Objective: This study assessed the use of a topical anesthetic as a feasible approach to reduce pain during piglet castration using a minimal anesthesia protocol., Animals: 18 male piglets, aged 3-6 days, were included in this study., Methods: A minimal anesthetic state was induced with isoflurane administered by facemask, with anesthetic depth individually adjusted based on responses to interdigital pinch. To desensitize the scrotal skin, a vapocoolant was applied 3 times. Scrotal incisions were made subsequently and Tri-Solfen (TS) or Placebo (P) was administered in both incisional gaps. After 30 seconds, the spermatic cords were severed followed by a further application of TS/P to both incision edges. Nociception-related variables, such as mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and nocifensive movements, were assessed., Results: Significant differences in MAP changes were assessed between the TS (14 ± 4 mmHg) and the P group (36 ± 8 mmHg) for cutting the spermatic cords. Furthermore, significantly fewer nocifensive movement score points appeared in the TS than in the P group (0; IQR = 0 vs 5; IQR = 6)., Clinical Relevance: In this anesthesia model, the application of TS after skin incision significantly reduced MAP responses and nocifensive movements with spermatic cord transection compared with the application of P. However, the waiting period between TS-application and spermatic cord transection might limit the benefit of the method in conscious piglets, as pain during castration is reduced but additional stress is caused by the prolonged handling. Furthermore, using a vapocoolant did not provide anesthesia for skin incisions.

Dentists should be equipped to treat an allergic reaction in a dental office, and in this scenario, the potential allergic reaction is noted after administration of a common local anesthetic lidocaine with epinephrine. The allergic reaction quickly escalates to a full-blown anaphylaxis, and the management of such an episode is detailed in this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Long-term hemodialysis patients experience many hand diseases caused by dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA), with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) being the most common. For the patients with arteriovenous (AV) shunt, surgical decompression remains challenging because of the contraindications of a tourniquet. A technique called wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet (WALANT), in which epinephrine provides hemostasis instead of the tourniquet, can be a good option for hemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of CTS and related factors in hemodialysis patients, and to establish the efficacy and safety of WALANT on hemodialysis patients with AV shunt., Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 275 hemodialysis patients between March 2013 and July 2019. 43 patients were diagnosed with CTS, involving surgical treatment on 70 wrists. We performed mini-open carpal tunnel release using WALANT on the AV shunt arm (defined as the WALANT group), while using lidocaine and a tourniquet on the arm without an AV shunt (defined as the tourniquet group). The operative time, surgical field bleeding (blood loss and hemostasis score), surgical pain (injection pain and tourniquet pain), outcomes, complications, and satisfaction were compared between the two groups., Results: The incidence of CTS in hemodialysis patients was 15.6%. Longer dialysis durations were related to higher proportions of patients with CTS. There was no significant difference in blood loss (p=0.184) and hemostasis score (p=0.165) between the two groups. Clinical symptoms improved in all patients, and there were no severe complications. The WALANT group had a significantly longer preparation time of approximately 20minutes, but they had low injection pain and no tourniquet pain. There was also no significant difference in terms of satisfaction levels (p=0.212)., Discussion: CTS is a very common disease among hemodialysis patients. WALANT provided sufficient hemostasis without a tourniquet, despite the patients' high bleeding tendency. The technique also had the advantages of low injection pain, no tourniquet pain, and no major complications. In this respect, WALANT can be a good choice for hemodialysis patients with AV shunt., Level of Evidence: II., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To assess all available data and determine the success rates and tolerability of local anaesthetic myringoplasty in comparison with those undertaken under general anaesthetic myringoplasty., Materials and Methods: The study was designed following a PRISMA-P protocol and registered with the PROSPERO database. MEDLINE, Cochrane Library (CDSR/Central), EMBASE and CINHAL-were directly searched for studies, which met the inclusion criteria., Objectives: Primary objective was to compare perforation closure rates between patients undergoing myringoplasty under local anaesthetic and those under general anaesthetic from all available published data. Secondary outcomes include complications, such as 'any minor complications', infection rates in the first 6 month post-op, facial nerve weakness, dysgeusia and patient satisfaction., Results: 27 studies were included in the final analysis and found that myringoplasty had an overall perforation closure rate of 89%. The pooled proportion of closures after myringoplasty under local anesthesia was 87% and for myringoplasties under general anesthesia was 91%. Analysis of myringoplasty under local anaesthesia focusing on 'in-office' performed procedures only, found a closure rate of 88%., Conclusions: There is no significant difference in the success rate of myringoplasty surgery when performed under local or general anaesthetic as measured by perforation closure rates. However, there are other factors, which can drive choosing local anaesthetic surgery, such as minimising anaesthetic risks, reducing costs and reducing environmental impact., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Competing Interests: D. B. is a consultant and speaker for Novartis and Bayer, and a consultant for Alcon. S. S., D. R. M., T. H., A. B., M. R. J. W., S. A. Z., and F. B. declare no conflicts of interest related to the topic.

Background: Controversy exists regarding the timing of intervention for patients with critical coronary artery disease (CAD) awaiting coronary artery bypass and severe carotid artery stenosis (CAS). Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) is a minimally invasive revascularization alternative through direct transcervical carotid access that minimizes the chance of arch manipulation and consequent antegrade embolic stroke rate. While the TCAR procedure can be performed under local anesthesia (monitored anesthesia care [MAC]) versus general anesthesia, the hemodynamic benefits of local anesthesia in patients with severe CAD are significant. Patients receiving staged TCAR-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have high-risk cardiovascular disease and require accurate perioperative neurological and hemodynamic evaluation that can be safely provided with local anesthesia., Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 14 patients were systematically identified to have undergone staged TCAR prior to CABG surgery from December 2018 to October 2021. All patients underwent TCAR with local anesthesia and minimal sedation. Relevant patient demographics, medical and surgical history, preoperative covariates, and type of anesthesia administered were obtained from patients' charts. CAD was confirmed by either carotid duplex imaging or computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the head/neck., Results: Staged TCAR-CABG interventions were performed on 14 patients (64% male; mean age 65.0 years). No major adverse cardiac events were reported including transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), or TCAR-related death in the interval between their TCAR and CABG as well as in a 12-month follow-up period. One patient required to return to the operating room (OR) for evacuation of a neck hematoma., Conclusions: This study demonstrated high success rate of TCAR under local anesthesia prior to CABG (100%) with no incidence of perioperative stroke, MI, or death at 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up intervals. The authors support the use of staged TCAR-CABG with local anesthesia as a safe and promising treatment option for patients with high-grade cardiac disease, high risk of stroke, or multiple comorbidities that preclude a carotid endarterectomy (CEA)., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In today's society, there is growing interest in outpatient cosmetic procedures. Topical anesthetics are commonly used as anesthesia for these procedures. They can be used alone or part of a multi-pronged anesthetic approach. Topical anesthetics have many benefits, but they also have some negatives including risk of toxicity. For this paper, we focused on the role of topical anesthetics in cosmetic dermatology. We surveyed cosmetic dermatologists on the use of topical anesthetics in their practices. We found that the most popular topical anesthetic was benzocaine 20% / lidocaine 6% / tetracaine 4%. When asked for which procedures topical anesthetics are used for anesthesia, the most frequent responses were fractionally ablative lasers and fractionally non-ablative lasers. Though the majority of surveyed dermatologists have not had issues with the topical anesthetic, a portion had experienced adverse events in their patients. Topical anesthetics play an important role in cosmetic dermatology, allowing cosmetic procedures to take place in ways that are both comfortable for patients and allow patients to avoid more involved types of anesthesia. This is a growing area of cosmetic dermatology that requires additional research. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(3): doi:10.36849/JDD.6978.

Purpose: To assess the analgesic efficacy of the circumferential periosteal block (CPB) and compare it with the conventional fracture hematoma block (HB)., Methods: This study was a prospective single-center randomized controlled trial performed in a national orthopedic hospital. Fifty patients with displaced distal radius (with or without concomitant ulna) fractures requiring reduction were randomized to receive either CPB or HB prior to the reduction. Pain was sequentially measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) across three stages; before administration of local anesthesia (baseline), during administration (injection) and during manipulation and immobilization (manipulation). Further, the effect of demographic factors on the severity of pain was analyzed in multivariate regression. Finally, complications and end outcomes were compared across both techniques., Results: Patients receiving CPB experienced significantly less pain scores during manipulation (VAS = 0.64) compared with HB (VAS = 2.44) (p =  < 0.0001). There were no significant differences between groups at baseline (P = 0.55) and injection (P = 0.40) stages., Conclusion: The CPB provides a superior analgesic effect over the conventional HB with no documented complications in either technique., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: The benefit of local (LA) over general (GA) anaesthesia and the rationale of intra-operative imaging strategies during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is debated. This study analysed the associations between patient characteristics, LA, and intra-operative imaging strategies and the in hospital stroke and death rates in elective CEA over a 16 year period., Methods: All consecutive patients treated by elective CEA between January 2004 and December 2019 (n = 1 872; median age 71 years, 70% male, 37% symptomatic) were included. All patients were assessed neurologically before and within 48 hours after CEA. The primary outcome event was the combined rate of any in hospital stroke or death. Secondary outcome events were the combined rates of any in hospital major stroke (modified Rankin scale [mRS] 3 - 5) or death, stroke, minor stroke (mRS 0 - 2), major stroke, and death alone. To detect changes over time, four quartiles (2004 - 2007, 2008 - 2011, 2012 - 2015, and 2016 - 2019) of this cohort were analysed. Statistical analysis comprised trend tests, and uni- and multivariable logistic regression., Results: Median patient age increased from 68 to 73 years (p < .001). Over time, LA (from 28% to 91%) and intra-operative imaging (angiography 2.8 - 98.1%, duplex ultrasound 0 - 78.2%) was applied more frequently. Surgical techniques did not change. The in hospital stroke or death and major stroke or death rates decreased from 3.7% to 1.5% (p = .041) and from 2.8% to 0.9% (p = .014), respectively, corresponding to a relative risk of decline of 7% and 12% annually. Multivariable analysis revealed that LA (odds ratio [OR] 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1 - 0.62) and intra-operative angiography (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.10 - 0.81) were associated with lower in hospital major stroke and death rates., Conclusion: These data demonstrate a decline in the combined rates of any in hospital major stroke or death after non-emergency CEA over time. Locoregional anaesthesia and intra-operative quality control were associated with these improvements and might be worthwhile in elective CEA., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) surgery is generally performed for patients who under the risk of ischemic cerebral stroke due to the critical obstruction of the carotid artery. Ischemic complications may occur during the surgery. So, the awakeness of the patient is very important during the surgery. Regional anesthesia techniques may be performed instead of general anesthesia for shunt placement during CEA surgery. Herein, we aimed to share our successful US-guided carotid sheath block experience for anesthesia management during CEA surgery.

Background: Due to demographic change and increased UV exposure, the number of dermatosurgical procedures in the elderly is increasing. Data on the occurrence of systemic side effects during and after treatment with tumescent local anaesthesia are limited and do not refer to details such as volume and composition of local anaesthetics or epinephrine additive., Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of systemic side effects in elderly patients undergoing skin tumour surgery with tumescent local anaesthesia., Methods: Investigation of systemic complications in patients (≥75 years) who underwent head and neck skin tumour surgery under tumescent local anaesthesia at the Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Tübingen, between October 2018 and March 2020., Results: In total 782 patients (479 males, 303 females) with a mean age of 83.3 years (range: 75.1-102.2 years) could be included. A total of 2940 procedures were performed. Patients were assigned to two groups. The old-old group (≥75-84 years) included 491 patients and the oldest-old group (≥85 years) included 291 patients. The total inpatient stay and thus mean follow-up period was 4.9 days (range 1-28 days). 92.0% (719/782) suffered from pre-existing comorbidities. Systemic complications occurred in 10.2% (80/782; old-olds: 8.6%, oldest-olds: 13.1%). Hypertensive crisis (>180/120 mmHg) requiring intervention (6.7%) that occurred intraoperatively or during the inpatient stay was the most frequent systemic complication. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred postoperatively in 0.8% of cases. No life-threatening complications directly related to tumescent local anaesthesia were found., Conclusions: Skin tumour surgery in tumescent local anaesthesia for the elderly is safe, and complications caused by general anaesthesia can be avoided. Systemic complications can occur, but are usually mild, are caused by pre-existing diseases and perioperative excitement, and can be rapidly detected and well treated by monitoring. There is no direct correlation of complications to high-tumescent concentrations or volume quantities., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.)

Purpose: To determine the trends in anesthesia techniques for cataract surgery over the past decade and their relationship to surgical complications., Setting: Clinics affiliated with the European Registry of Quality Outcomes for Cataract and Refractive Surgery (EUREQUO)., Design: Retrospective cross-sectional register-based study., Methods: Variables include patient demographics, visual acuity, ocular comorbidities, surgery characteristics, intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications for the study period from January 2008, to December 2018. The anesthesia methods registered in the EUREQUO and included in the study are topical, combined topical and intracameral, sub-Tenon, regional, and general anesthesia. Multivariate logistic regression models for each complication were constructed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs., Results: Complete data were available of 1 354 036 cataract surgeries. Topical anesthesia increased significantly over time (from 30% to 76%, P < .001). Sub-Tenon and regional anesthesia decreased (from 27% and 38% to 16% and 6%, respectively, P < .001), and general and combined topical and intracameral anesthesia remained stable (around 2%). Sub-Tenon (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.91, P < .001), regional (0.74; 95% CI, 0.71-0.78, P < .001), general (0.53; 95% CI, 0.50-0.56, P < .001), and intracameral anesthesia (0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.90, P = .001) carried a significantly decreased risk of posterior capsule rupture (PCR), with and without dropped nucleus, compared with topical anesthesia. The risk of endophthalmitis was significantly lower with regional anesthesia compared with topical anesthesia (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44-0.82, P = .001)., Conclusions: The use of topical anesthesia for cataract surgery increased over time. Topical anesthesia is associated with an increased risk of PCR with and without dropped nucleus, and endophthalmitis., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS.)

The reduced use of antimicrobial drugs has been recommended worldwide, according to the global action for antimicrobial resistance published in 2015 by the World Health Organization. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the incidence of surgical site infection in consecutive patients with cataract surgeries at a single hospital in the 6-year process when prophylactic systemic antibiotics were reduced in a step-by-step manner. The entire study period from 2016 to 2022 was divided into five stages, based on the use of systemic antibiotics. In stage 1 with 649 cataract surgeries, an intravenous drip infusion of cefazolin 1 g was given at surgery, followed by oral cefdinir 100 mg in the evening on surgery day and three times for two postoperative days. In stage 2 with 541 cataract surgeries, oral cefdinir 100 mg was given in the late morning before surgery, in the evening, and three times (300 mg in total) for two postoperative days. In stage 3 with 103 cataract surgeries, oral levofloxacin 500 mg was given in the late morning before surgery and once in the morning for two postoperative days. In stage 4 with 545 cataract surgeries, oral levofloxacin 500 mg was given only in the late morning before surgery. In stage 5 with 311 cataract surgeries, no systemic antibiotics were given. As common procedures in all stages, moxifloxacin eye drops were given four times daily as topical antibiotics in the 3 days before surgery and about 2 weeks after surgery. At surgery, the ocular surface was frequently irrigated with saline-diluted povidone iodine at 0.5% working concentration. No postoperative infection was recorded in any stage. This study showed neither harm nor risk in reduced use and, consequently, no use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics in cataract surgery as far as local precautionary measures were secured.

Introduction and Objectives: Peyronie's disease produces penile curvature that leads, in certain cases, to difficulties in having satisfactory sexual relations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the functional and cost-effectiveness results obtained in the surgical treatment of penile curvature due to Peyronie's disease under local anesthesia, comparing them with those performed under a general-spinal anesthesia regimen., Material and Methods: Two groups of patients undergoing corporoplasty are compared according to the type of anesthesia used. Group 1 consists of 32 patients who underwent major outpatient surgery and under local anesthesia from June 2016 to June 2019. Their data are collected prospectively. Group 2 consists of 30 patients who underwent surgery under general/spinal anesthesia with hospital admission, from January 2013 to December 2015, with their data collected retrospectively. Anesthetic and surgical procedure, postoperative functional results, degree of satisfaction and hospital costs between both groups are analyzed, considering p≤0.05 as statistical significance and analyzing the results with the SPSS 20.0 program., Results: Of the 32 patients included in group 1, none required admission for intra or postoperative complications. In both groups, an improvement of the PDQ-test was observed without statistically significant differences, with the degree of global satisfaction above 95% in both groups. There were also no differences in the appearance of complications secondary to the anesthetic procedure or the hospital regime. We observed differences in hospital costs, being 44% lower for the group performed with local anesthesia., Conclusions: Surgical treatment of penile curvature under local anesthesia improves the cost-effectiveness ratio with the same quality of care, degree of satisfaction and postoperative functional results, maintaining a similar rate of intra/postoperative complications. For this reason, we consider that corporoplasty can be successfully performed under local anesthesia., (Copyright © 2022 Asociación Española de Andrología, Medicina Sexual y Reproductiva. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)