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Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey is a plant pathogenic fungus that infects stone fruits such as peach, nectarine and plum, which are high demand cultivars found in Brazil. This pathogen may remain latent in the host, showing no apparent signs of disease, and consequently may spread to different countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of hydroalcoholic extract (HydE) obtained from Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Sf. Gray a mushroom, against M. fructicola phytopathogenic-induced mycelial growth. In addition, the purpose of this study was to examine phytotoxicity attributed to HydE using Brassica oleracea seeds, as well as cytotoxic analysis of this extract on cells of mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage cell line (J774A.1 cell line) (ATCC TIB-67). The L. deliciosus HydE inhibited fungal growth and reduced phytopathogen mycelial development at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml. Our results demonstrated that the extract exhibited phytotoxicity as evidenced by (1) interference on germination percentage and rate index, (2) decreased root and initial growth measures, and (3) lower fresh weight of seedlings but no cytotoxicity in Vero cell lines. Data suggest that the use of the L. deliciosus extracts may be beneficial for fungal control without any apparent adverse actions on mouse BALB/c monocyte macrophage cell line (J774A.1 cell line) viability.

New products, including natural extracts, have been evaluated for the control of phytopathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts from mushrooms, followed by an evaluation of allelopathic effects. Characterization of phenolic acids in Russula xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr., Crab Brittlegill. and Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel, Weeping Bolete extracts were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by assessment of their antibacterial potential, alone and combined, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The allelopathic effects of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) were measured in terms of germination and length parameters. The results demonstrated an additive profile of the combined extracts against P. aeruginosa. Both extracts caused a decrease in the percent germination of L. sativa and S. lycopersicum seeds at higher concentrations. Seeds were positively influenced when analyzing the allelopathic index. These results indicate the potential of these extracts for control of genus Pseudomonas phytopathogens, mainly because they do not cause phytotoxicity in terms of the evaluated parameters.

Rice bran is an agro-industrial by-product of low added value that can be used to complement human nutritional needs. In this work, the profile of minerals, fatty acids and amino acids in brown rice bran was determined, aiming to evaluate its potential to complement the nutritional needs of different age groups, according to recommendations of regulatory agencies. The brown rice bran was supplied by a rice processing industry located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Minerals were quantified using an emission spectrometer; the fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography and the amino acids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (HPLC-FL). The main minerals were phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) (2,933, 1,029, 211 and 56 mg / 100 g of rice bran). Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in rice bran were 22.4, 36.2 and 34.5% of lipid content, respectively. The polar, neutral and charged amino acids represented 8.8, 9.3 and 12.8% of the protein content, respectively. The composition of this co-product of rice supply chain is a good alternative to the new demand on plant-based food supplying the recommended daily intake (RDI) of national and international food polices.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of fermented and non-fermented whole rice bran for rotifer feeding, based on the effects on growth parameters, antioxidant and oxidative damage responses, and water quality. The study was based on three experiments, which compared the effect of different concentrations of non-fermented whole rice bran, the effect of different concentrations of fermented whole rice bran and the effect of the best concentrations of fermented and non-fermented whole rice bran, as well as the replacement of part of the baking yeast by rice bran. The results showed the best growth performances in treatments with 0.7 g yeast with 1.5 g fermented rice bran, 0.35 g yeast with 0.75 g whole rice bran, and 0.35 g yeast with 0.75 g fermented rice bran. Fermentation of rice bran for 6 hours did not induce oxidative stress in rotifers. This work revealed that the use of 1.5 g of fermented bran and replacement of 50% of yeast with fermented or non-fermented rice bran may be used for rotifer feeding, with the additional benefit of improving the environmental quality due to the lower amount of ammonia released in the water.

This review considers alternative protein sources through the analysis of food science literature and patents. Data collection was performed from scientific literature and patent documents using the Scopus and National Institute of Industrial Property databases, with a term combination "alternative protein source" and "source* AND protein* AND alternative*". A total of 945 documents were analyzed. The scientific prospection showed that agricultural and biological science was the main application area. The food industry area had the highest number of filed patents. The annual evaluation of published documents demonstrated that this area had been investigated since the 1970s, and the number of articles was twice than that of filled patents. Although protein products are available for sale, animal and vegetable sources replace conventional protein products. Presently, alternative protein sources are already a worldwide trend in the food industry, enabling the development of new products to facilitate their insertion into the consumer market.

The safety of chemical preservatives has been called into question due to their potential harmful effects on food. Natural compounds may serve as alternative food preservatives and offer a better safety profile. We investigated the cytotoxic, antifungal and anti-mycotoxic (Penicillium verrucosum CCT 7680) activities of phenolic compounds from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 and from rice bran biomass produced by Rhizopus oryzae in comparison with the chemical preservative calcium propionate. The phenolic compounds tested did not show cytotoxic activity in NIH/3T3 cells. Phenolic compounds from fermented rice bran and Spirulina sp. LEB-18 showed promising results, inhibiting fungal growth by 39.8% and 20.2%, respectively, and ochratoxin A by 40.2% and 29%, respectively. When the effects of phenolic compounds were compared with those of calcium propionate, the efficiency of the phenolic compounds from rice bran and Spirulina were 2.5 and 1.5 times higher, respectively.

Rice bran, a co-product from grain processing, is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. However, rice bran has some limitations for its application, such as the activity of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, median digestibility and antinutritional factors. However, fermentative processes are promising to minimize these effects efficiently. The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the advantages that fermentation has on the composition of nutrients and benefits of rice bran for human consumption. With recent studies in the literature, the benefits of fermentation are evident in increasing the bioavailability of nutrients, mitigating antinutritional factors, increasing digestibility making biomass a promising alternative in human nutrition.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of fermented and non-fermented whole rice bran for rotifer feeding, based on the effects on growth parameters, antioxidant and oxidative damage responses, and water quality. The study was based on three experiments, which compared the effect of different concentrations of non-fermented whole rice bran, the effect of different concentrations of fermented whole rice bran and the effect of the best concentrations of fermented and non-fermented whole rice bran, as well as the replacement of part of the baking yeast by rice bran. The results showed the best growth performances in treatments with 0.7 g yeast with 1.5 g fermented rice bran, 0.35 g yeast with 0.75 g whole rice bran, and 0.35 g yeast with 0.75 g fermented rice bran. Fermentation of rice bran for 6 hours did not induce oxidative stress in rotifers. This work revealed that the use of 1.5 g of fermented bran and replacement of 50% of yeast with fermented or non-fermented rice bran may be used for rotifer feeding, with the additional benefit of improving the environmental quality due to the lower amount of ammonia released in the water.

Contamination of food by fungi can result in changes in sensory characteristics, as well as rapid reduction in quality and consequently the infeasibility of using contaminated material. In addition, contamination can pose a danger to public health, as in addition to decreasing the availability of nutrients, some fungal species can produce toxic substances. Much research has explored the use of natural resources to prevent or mitigate microbial contamination. Recovery of chemicals from many families from plants and microorganisms has been evaluated. Phenolic compounds are the most studied class on the premise that they have the capacity to inhibit endogenous and exogenous biological degradation processes. In this manuscript, we intend to emphasize the biochemical and experimental evidence of the phenolic compounds present in natural resources from the South of Brazil that have potential to be used in strategies to mitigate the consequences of fungal contamination. The crude phenolic extracts from natural resources (plant portion and microorganisms) of the Southern Brazilian region should be better exploited, to propose strategies to scale up their application in food industries because they have demonstrated an ability to inhibit fungal development without promoting stress and consequent mycotoxin production.

The reduction of particle size can facilitate the extraction of phytochemical compounds. In this study was evaluated the effect of rice bran particles size in the yield and characteristics of γ-oryzanol compound. The γ-oryzanol extraction was realized with hexane and isopropanol solvents and quantification by spectrophotometric method. The γ-oryzanol extracts were characterized in relation of theirs majority components in HPLC-UV and the antioxidant capacity verified by the free radical DPPH ● consumption. The γ-oryzanol yield varied of 0.10–1.54 mg/g of bran, and the highest yield was obtained in particles smaller than 0.39 mm. The γ-oryzanol majority components presence (cycloartenyl ferulate, 2,4-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate e β-sitosteryl ferulate) in the extracts was confirmed and verified differences in the profile of this components in function of different particles sizes. The γ-oryzanol extract obtained from particle sizes between 0.73 and 1.67 mm demonstrated most specific inhibition of DPPH radical (6.7%) and IC 50 6.63 μg/mL. When the particle size is reduced, the access surface to the extraction solvent is increased resulting in more γ-oryzanol extraction, however the extract from larger particles was more efficient as antioxidant.

Rice bran is rich in protein, lipid and other nutrients. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rice flour and rice bran fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in gluten free cookies formulation, as well to characterize them for their physicochemical and antioxidant properties, sensory and microbiological. The formulations were elaborated with different levels of rice bran fermented (25 g, 50 g and 100 g, or 7.08%, 14.16% and 28.33%, respectively) besides rice flour, control (without it) and other ingredients. The proximate composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity, sensory analysis and shelf life were determined in formulations. The use of fermented-rice bran show to be a potential substitute for wheat flour in cookie making. All formulations presented higher protein level, phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity, and shelf life was 90 days. The cookies also presented good sensory attributes and acceptability by the consumer, highlighting the formulation of 25 g fermented-rice bran. The use of rice bran fermented by S. cerevisiae proved to be a potential alternative as an ingredient in the preparation of gluten-free cookies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the lipid fraction of rice bran after cultivation with Rhizopus oryzae. The content of lipids, phospholipids and fatty acid profile, besides the three phosphorus forms were regularly analyzed during the cultivation time. The total lipids from cultivated rice bran increased from 16.2% to 19.0% in the range between 0 h and 60 h of cultivation and phospholipid contents were increased 29% after 12 h of cultivation. In the control sample, linolelaidic, oleic and palmitic acids prevailed, with a decrease in oleic (15.5%) and increase in linolelaidic (11.9%) at 84 h of cultivation. In the same range the essential fatty acid (ω6 and ω3) increased from 44.5% to 50.4%. The inorganic phosphorus increased from 12 h cultivation and it reached content more than the organic with 36 h. This study showed that the cultivation with Rhizopus oryzae on rice bran can be applied to change the essential fatty acids profile and phospholipids.

A melhoria nas práticas de higiene e produção de alimentos é importante para a segurança alimentar, além da necessidade de aplicação de conservantes de tipos e níveis corretos. A pizza é um dos alimentos que sofre intensa manipulação durante o processamento o que contribui para sua contaminação, perda de qualidade e um intervalo restrito de vida útil. Em vista disto, o objetivo do trabalho foi aplicar em pizzas compostos fenólicos extraídos do farelo de arroz fermentado pelo fungo Rhizopus oryzae e da microalga Spirulina sp. LEB-18 como conservantes. As soluções etanólicas de compostos fenólicos extraídos das matrizes borrifados nas pizzas estavam nas concentrações de 1,1 e 1,2 mg/gamostra, respectivamente, para o farelo de arroz fermentado e S. platensis LEB-18. Como controle foi empregado solução de água e etanol nas mesmas proporções. Os extratos fenólicos do farelo de arroz fermentado e da microalga Spirulina sp. LEB-18 foram eficientes inibidores frente a multiplicação fúngica nas massas de pizza comparados ao conservante químico e o controle.

The idea that associated agro-industrial by-products only with the production of animal feed has been gradually being replaced, as the scientific community is interested in these products, as low-cost nutrients for the composition of food and/or culture media in research biotechnological to increase or improve nutrients or characteristics inherent in the raw material. Thus, this work aims to characterize input for baking with claim of natural fortification from the fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For this, biomass was characterized in terms of its composition (ashes, fibers, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates) and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds. The results show an increase in nutrients such as ash, proteins and fibers, in addition the free and bound phenolic compounds present in the biomass showed antioxidant potential. Therefore, fermented rice bran is a potential input to be used in baking. La idea de que los subproductos agroindustriales asociados únicamente a la producción de alimentos para animales se ha ido sustituyendo paulatinamente, a medida que la comunidad científica se interesa por estos productos, como nutrientes de bajo costo para la composición de alimentos y / o medios de cultivo en investigación biotecnológica para incrementar o mejorar nutrientes o características inherentes a la materia prima. Por ello, este trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar los insumos para panificación con pretensión de fortificación natural a partir de la fermentación por Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Para ello, se caracterizó la biomasa en cuanto a su composición (cenizas, fibras, lípidos, proteínas y carbohidratos) y actividad antioxidante de los compuestos fenólicos. Los resultados muestran un incremento en nutrientes como cenizas, proteínas y fibras, además los compuestos fenólicos libres y ligados presentes en la biomasa mostraron potencial antioxidante. Por lo tanto, el salvado de arroz fermentado es un insumo potencial para ser utilizado en la repostería. A ideia que associava coprodutos ou subprodutos agroindustriais somente à produção de ração animal vem gradativamente sendo substituída, à medida que a comunidade científica se interessa por estes produtos, como nutrientes de baixo custo para a composição de alimentos e/ou de meios de cultivo em pesquisas biotecnológicas para aumentar ou melhorar nutrientes ou características inerentes na matéria prima. Devido a isso, este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar insumo para panificação com alegação de fortificação natural a partir da fermentação por Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Para isso, a biomassa foi caracterizada quanto a sua composição (cinzas, fibras, lipídios, proteínas e carboidratos) e atividade antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos. Os resultados mostram o aumento de nutrientes como cinzas, proteínas e fibras, além disso os compostos fenólicos ligados e livres presentes na biomassa mostraram potencial antioxidante. Portanto o farelo de arroz fermentado é um potencial insumo para ser utilizado na panificação.

This study evaluated the ability of the microorganisms Rhizopus oryzae (CCT7560) and Trichoderma reesei (QM9414), producers of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) enzymes, to reduce the level of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1. The variables considered to the screening were the initial number of spores in the inoculum and the culture time. The culture was conducted in contaminated 4 % potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and the residual mycotoxins were determined every 24 h by HPLC-FL. The fungus R. oryzae has reduced aflatoxins B1, B2, and G1 in the 96 h and aflatoxins M1 and G2 in the range of 120 h of culture by approximately 100 %. The fungus T. reesei has reduced aflatoxins B1, B2, and M1 in the 96 h and aflatoxin G1 in the range of 120 h of culture by approximately 100 %. The highest reduction occurred in the middle of R. oryzae culture.

The production of safe food has stimulated the search for natural substances that possess antifungal activity. The indirect methods of estimating fungal biomass are based on the measurement of glucosamine, ergosterol and protein - typical compounds produced during the development of biomass. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the phenolic extract from Spirulina platensis on the production of structural compounds in Aspergillus flavus, in order to identify its action on fungal inhibition. The Spirulina platensis methanolic extracts presented 1.15 mg phenolic compound/g Spirulina platensis, which showed an antifungal effect against Aspergillus flavus, inhibiting the glucosamine production up to 56%. Therefore, it may be employed as natural defense when food protection is necessary.A produção de alimentos seguros tem estimulado a busca por substâncias naturais que possuem atividade antifúngica. Os métodos indiretos de estimativa de biomassa fúngica são baseados na medição de glucosamina, ergosterol e proteína - compostos típicos produzidos durante o desenvolvimento da biomassa. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do extrato fenólico de Spirulina platensis na produção de componentes estruturais em Aspergillus flavus, a fim de identificar seu mecanismo de ação dos fenóis na inibição fúngica. O extrato metanólico de Spirulina platensis apresentou 1,15 mg de compostos fenólicos/g Spirulina platensis, apresentando um efeito antifúngico contra Aspergillus flavus, inibindo a produção de glucosamina em até 56%. Portanto, pode ser empregado como antifúngico natural quando for necessária a proteção de alimentos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of protein globulin-based films and with addition of phenolic compounds extracted from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in the conservation of tomatoes "Sweet Grape". For this, the tomatoes were immersed for one min in edible coatings, the first based on phenolic extracts derived from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 and ovalbumin (extracted from eggwhite), and the second based just on ovalbumin, beyond the control sample with only water immersion. Tests of pH, of titratable acidity, of color, of soluble solids, of mass loss and visual analysis were taken every 96 h during the 20 day period. The results show that the coating made with phenolic compounds increased the shelf life of tomatoes type "sweet grape".

The objective of this study was to apply a natural extract derived from the biomass of fermented rice bran as conservative, aiming to increase the shelf life of pizza doughs. The substrate, rice bran, was placed in tray bioreactors and inoculated with Rhizopus oryzae , whose initial concentration was 4 x 10 6 spores g -1 of bran fungus. The phenolic extracts, in average concentration of 2.47 mg g -1 , were applied on the pizzas doughts stored at room temperature. These pizza doughs treated increased by more than ten days life compared with those that were applied conventional conservatives. Thus, this extract phenolic derivative of rice bran showed to be promise as conservative, with results that indicate less fungal contamination as glucosamine, score of molds and yeasts, and invertase enzyme activity in 17.66 µg g -1 , 1.3 x 10 1 CFU g -1 and 0.04 mg min. proteins -1 , respectively.

Anelise Christ-Ribeiro, Tania Becker-Algeri, Carolina da Silva Graca, Lidiane Moreira Chiattoni, Eliana Badiale-Furlong, Leonor Almeida de Souza Soares.Compostos Fenolicos Extraidos do Farelo de Arroz Fermentado: Novos Conservantes Naturais. In: Anais do 12o Congresso Latinoamericano de Microbiologia e Higiene de Alimentos MICROAL 2014 [= Blucher Food Science Proceedings, num.1, vol.1]. Sao Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2014. DOI 10.5151/foodsci-microal-330 Compostos Fenolicos Extraidos do Farelo de Arroz Fermentado: Novos Conservantes Naturais

The aim of this study was to determine elemental constituent of microalgal biomass Spirulina platensis LEB-18 grown on the shores of Mangueira Lagoon, South of Brazil. The spread of inoculum was performed in standard Zarrouk medium. When the microalgae concentration reached 0.50 g L-1, the biomass was separated by filtration and dried in a tray dryer at 50°C for 5 h. The harvested biomass was then ground in a ball mill, sieved to achieve a particle size of 88 µm (~ 300 mg) in triplicate, digested with concentrated HNO3 and diluted with up to 5% HNO3 for subsequent quantification. Mineral content was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with axial view and other nutrients by standard methods. Among the macro minerals, in μg g-1 ± standard deviation, calcium (15.108±529), sodium (14.6552±485) and potassium (14.036±109) were found in the largest amount. The micro mineral present in greater quantity, in μg g-1 ± standard deviation, was the iron (956±9) and nutrients present in the following order: protein (58.5%), ash (12.0%), carbohydrate (7.5%), lipid (7.0%) and crude fiber (0.95%). Results were compared with the values of minerals for human consumption recommended by the Food and Drug Administration and also with the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) of minerals by Brazilian Legislation. The findings proved promising for the use of S. platensis strain LEB-18 as an alternative source of essential minerals and other nutrients for the human body. Key words: Cyanobacterium, chemical element, nutritional importance, optical emission spectrometry.

The production of safe food has stimulated the search for natural substances that possess antifungal activity. The indirect methods of estimating fungal biomass are based on the measurement of glucosamine, ergosterol and protein - typical compounds produced during the development of biomass. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the phenolic extract from Spirulina platensis on the production of structural compounds in Aspergillus flavus, in order to identify its action on fungal inhibition. The Spirulina platensis methanolic extracts presented 1.15 mg phenolic compound/g Spirulina platensis, which showed an antifungal effect against Aspergillus flavus, inhibiting the glucosamine production up to 56%. Therefore, it may be employed as natural defense when food protection is necessary. A produção de alimentos seguros tem estimulado a busca por substâncias naturais que possuem atividade antifúngica. Os métodos indiretos de estimativa de biomassa fúngica são baseados na medição de glucosamina, ergosterol e proteína - compostos típicos produzidos durante o desenvolvimento da biomassa. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do extrato fenólico de Spirulina platensis na produção de componentes estruturais em Aspergillus flavus, a fim de identificar seu mecanismo de ação dos fenóis na inibição fúngica. O extrato metanólico de Spirulina platensis apresentou 1,15 mg de compostos fenólicos/g Spirulina platensis, apresentando um efeito antifúngico contra Aspergillus flavus, inibindo a produção de glucosamina em até 56%. Portanto, pode ser empregado como antifúngico natural quando for necessária a proteção de alimentos.