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Background: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common disorders characterized by chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, not related to structural or biochemical abnormalities Objective: To determine the frequency of FGIDs in children with complaints of recurrent abdominal pain. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at the outpatient department of pediatrics, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan from October 2022 to March 2023. Children of either gender aged 1-12 years with complaints of recurrent abdominal pain were analyzed. Socio-demographic characteristics along with presenting complaints and types of FGIDs were noted. Results: In a total of 188 children, the mean age was 7.22±1.96 years while 107 (56.9%) children were boys. The mean duration of symptoms was 2.7±1.8 months. The most frequent presenting complaints were pain during bowel movement, nausea, and epigastric pain reported by 88 (46.8%), 75 (39.9%), and 64 (34.0%) children respectively. Frequency distribution of functional GI disorders revealed that functional abdominal pain was the commonest noted in 72 (38.3%) children while irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia were found among 38 (20.2%) and 37 (19.7%) children respectively. Stratification of functional GI disorders showed a statistically significant relationship (p

Electric vehicles worldwide provide numerous key advantages in the energy sector. They are advantageous over fossil fuel vehicles in many aspects: for example, they consume no fuel, are economical, and only require charging the internal batteries, which power the motor for propulsion. Thus, due to their numerous advantages, research is necessary to improve the technological aspects that can enhance electric vehicles’ overall performance and efficiency. However, electric vehicle charging stations are the key hindrance to their adoption. Charging stations will affect grid stability and may lead to altering different parameters, e.g., power losses and voltage deviation when integrated randomly into the distribution system. The distributed generation, along with charging stations with the best location and size, can be a solution that mitigates the above concerns. Metaheuristic techniques can be used to find the optimal siting and sizing of distributed generations and electric vehicle charging stations. This review provides an exhaustive review of various methods and scientific research previously undertaken to optimize the placement and dimensions of electric vehicle charging stations and distributed generation. We summarize the previous work undertaken over the last five years on the multi-objective placement of distributed generations and electric vehicle charging stations. Key areas have focused on optimization techniques, technical parameters, IEEE networks, simulation tools, distributed generation types, and objective functions. Future development trends and current research have been extensively explored, along with potential future advancement and gaps in knowledge. Therefore, at the conclusion of this review, the optimization of electric vehicle charging stations and distributed generation presents both the practical and theoretical importance of implementing metaheuristic algorithms in real-world scenarios. In the same way, their practical integration will provide the transportation system with a robust and sustainable solution.

Abstract: Urogenital anomalies are common, correspond to 33% of all congenital anomalies and supernumerary kidney is one of the rarest entity; less than hundred cases have been reported in the past. The Supernumerary kidney is considered a third kidney in addition to the two already present independent kidneys and considered an infrequent developmental anomaly of the urinary tract. The accessory kidney most commonly located on left side caudal to the normal kidney. Because of uncommon occurrence and prevalence, it frequently causes diagnostic challenges in clinical practice. The supernumerary kidney must be differentiated from the more common congenital anomaly, duplex kidney, having two pelvicalcyceal systems that are connected with single or double ureters. The supernumerary kidney, in distinction, is thought to be an accessory organ with a separate arte rio-venous supply, collecting system and a different capsule. The case of a 33 years old male patient is depicted who presented a history of hypertension and was diagnosed as having left sided unilateral supernumerary kidney located cranial to normal renal parenchyma. Key Words: Urogenital Anomalies, Supernumerary Kidney, Accessory Kidney

Introduction: True unilateral condylar hyperplasia (CH) of mandible including its variants is an uncommon maxillofacial deformity. It represents unilateral abnormal growth of the mandible including its body and ramus. Discrepancy in the growth of the mandible causing vertical facial asymmetry, creating aesthetic problem resulting in malocclusion as well as psychological issues requiring bi-maxillary surgical correction. In this report we discuss the use of imaging in the diagnosis of these pathologies and investigate its variants. Key Words: Condylar Hyperplasia (CH), Condylar Hyperplasia Variants, Facial Asymmetry.

Pfeiffer syndrome (PS) is a form of acrocephalosyndactyly, a group of rare genetic syndromes, and is characterized by variable degrees of bicoronal craniosynostosis, variable hand and foot malformations and various other associated manifestations. Type I Pfeiffer syndrome is compatible with life. It is characterized by normal intelligence and a classic phenotype of craniosynostosis, broad thumbs, and syndactyly. Types II and III are sporadic in occurrence, with more severe involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) than in type I. Type II is associated with the classic cloverleaf-shaped skull. Neurologic compromise is common in both types II and III. Key Words: Autoimmune Pfeiffer Syndrome (PS), Acrocephalosyndactyly, Craniosynostosis.

Background: Thyroid nodules comprise a diagnostic challenge mainly because of the need to exclude thyroid malignancy. Approximately, 4% is an estimated prevalence of thyroid nodule on palpation with 15% lifetime risk of developing a thyroid nodule. Objective: To provide importance of sonographic and doppler criteria for differentiation between benign and malignant solid thyroid nodules and their correlation with Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or histopathology (HP). Methods: A prospective study of 103 patients (January 2012 to June 2013) selected from radiology department of Dr.Ziauddin Hospital Karachi who came for ultrasound (US) of thyroid with clinical diagnosis of thyroid nodule followed by FNAC. Presence of malignant features were taken as positive finding for malignancy. The results of US were compared with FNAC/HP and diagnostic accuracy was calculated. Results: Out of 103 cases, 80 were labeled as true positive because US and FNAC results were positive for malignancy while the 2 were false positive as US shows malignant features but FNAC results were negative. 8 patients were labeled as true negative because US and FNAC were negative for malignancy and 13 patients were false negative because US results were negative for malignancy but FNA results were positive. The overall sensitivity and specificity of US was 86.0% and 80.0% respectively. Similarly the positive predictive value (PPV) was 97.5%, negative predictive (NPV) was 38.0% and diagnostic accuracy was 85.43% when compared with FNAC/HP results. Conclusion: Although US is an important tool for prediction of thyroid nodule malignancy, it cannot substitute FNAC/HP for accurate detection for malignancy. However, it can reliably anticipate the suspicion lesions which need intervention on priority basis. Key Words: Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology, Nodule, Thyroid, Ultrasound.

Exponential deterioration in pavement caused by heavy loads, temperature variations, and heavy rainfall had led to pavement failure. To overcome those failures, bitumen properties needed to be enhanced in an economical and sustainable way. Researchers have used various modifiers to enhance the properties of virgin bitumen, but the end product still does not seem to be accepted by the asphalt industry at the required level. On the other hand, the construction cost has also increased due to the addition of modifiers, which have varying performance characteristics. To address such issues, waste materials such as crumb rubber obtained from waste tyres are used to enhance the properties of bitumen. The incorporation of crumb rubber has enhanced the properties of bitumen and has been well proven for decades. However, the product is still not widely accepted due to limitations such as consistency and uniformity during and after the production stages. In this research, crumb rubber was converted into pyrolyzed oil using a pyrolysis protocol and it was observed through the values of penetration and softening point test shows that optimum 2% pyrolyzed oil can be treated with bitumen to increase workability and flowability at low temperatures, such that additional crumb rubber in crumb form can be added homogenously. The results showed that an optimum quantity of 20% crumb rubber by mass of bitumen can be blended with pyrolyzed modified bitumen that is 5% crumb rubber more compared to untreated modified crumb rubber bitumen, which simultaneously increases the physical and mechanical properties of the mix. It enhances the softening point, viscosity, and storage stability while decreasing the penetration value.

AbstractThe main purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal system that highlights the role of performance appraisal reactions (i.e. performance appraisal fairness and performance appraisal satisfaction) in the relationship between leader-member exchange and effectiveness of performance appraisal. Fairness of performance appraisal reactions (i.e. distributive and procedural) mediates at step one and satisfaction with performance appraisal reaction mediates at step two, in a serial mediation model. The study was a cross-sectional quantitative study in which survey approach was used for data collection. The data were collected through a survey questionnaire, from 557 teachers, working in school education department of Punjab, Pakistan, using proportionate random sampling technique. The findings of this study showed the significant effect of the quality of the leader member exchange relationship on effectiveness of performance appraisal system. Further, in a serial mediation model, performance appraisal reactions, i.e. fairness of performance appraisal (distributive and procedural), were found as mediators at step one and satisfaction with performance appraisal as mediator at step two in the aforementioned relationship.

The fibre-reinforced soil-cement columns are used as remediation measure against earthquake induced soil-liquefaction associated large settlements in liquefiable loose surface layer of sand. This loose surface layer of sand was overlying on the non-liquefiable dense bottom layer of sand. 1-g physical modelling of shallow foundation was carried out using shaking table. There were four 1-g physical models constructed for testing and the two types of improvements were used such as adjacent and beneath the structure. First model was 1-g physical model constructed without improvement, and three models were constructed with the provision of polypropylene-reinforced soil-cement columns. In the first treated model the columns were installed in the wooden fixity plate and adjacent to the structure, the second treated model was improved with improvement installed upon the soil-cemented fixity plate and provided adjacent to the structure, and in the third treated model with improvement installed upon the wooden fixity plate and provided beneath the structure. The results obtained in case of untreated 1-g physical model concludes that the penetration of structure inside the soil and settlement of structure, both are up to unacceptable limits. The results of first treated 1-g physical model concludes that the penetration and settlement of structure both are unacceptable. The results of penetration and settlement of structure in the case of second treated 1-g physical model are achieved up-to acceptable limits. The most successful type of improvement against the liquefaction-induced penetration and settlement of structure was achieved in case of third treated 1-g physical model in which the values of settlement and penetration are negligible. It is concluded that the improvement installed upon wooden fixity plate and provided beneath the structure is relatively the most efficient remediation measure against the earthquake induced soil-liquefaction induced settlement of structure.

The Jamshoro soil is a weak and expansive soil. The construction of infrastructure on such soils has resulted severe damages and huge maintenance costs. Thus, it needs treatment to enhance its geotechnical properties. This research work investigates the effects of chemical stabilizers such as lime, fly ash, and silica fume on the compaction and consolidation characteristics of expansive soil of Jamshoro. The stabilizers were added individually in different proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) in the soil. The results show that maximum dry density decreased, while optimum moisture content increased with the increase of the stabilizers’ content in the soil. The compression index and swelling index of lime treated soil significantly decreased than that of soils treated with silica fume and fly ash. On the other side, the coefficient of consolidation and permeability of fly ash treated soil considerably increased than that of soils treated with silica fume and lime.

The increasing demand for electricity has put a strain on existing power transmission and distribution systems. As a result, utilities are often forced to overload their existing systems, which can lead to voltage instability, transmission line congestion, and even blackouts. To fix these problems, flexible AC transmission system controllers (FACTs) can be used. This paper deals with two objectives: minimizing voltage deviation and real power losses, and the minimization has been performed using the multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm (MOABC). UPFC has been optimally placed on the IEEE bus-39 system. The proposed work is implemented through MATLAB coding.

Background: The treatment of 21st Century XDR typhoid fever is potentially life-threatening and endemic in Pakistan, presents a therapeutic challenge as currently there is no universal treatment strategy whether to use monotherapy with meropenum or a combination of meropenum and azithromycin. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of both therapies in complicated XDR typhoid fever in children, regarding defervescence, bacterial clearance time, resolution of complications, hospital stay, and relapse. Methodology: This open-label randomized comparative trial was conducted over 18 months at the Department of Pediatrics, Kemari, Clifton and North Campuses, Ziauddin University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan, in which children (aged 6 months to 18 years) with positive blood culture for XDR enteric fever, were recruited into 2 parallel treatment groups (meropenum) and (meropenum+azithromycin combined). Primary outcome viz clinical improvement (resolution of defervescence, complications, and hospital stay) and lab improvement (negative repeat blood culture, 5 days post-treatment), as well as secondary outcome i.e. treatment failure, adverse drug reactions, and relapse of typhoid within 2 weeks post-treatment were monitored. Results: In the combination group, there was a quicker resolution of fever (5.40 ± 2.17 days vs 6.55 ± 2.77 days in the monotherapy group) as well as complications (3.42 ± 1.97 days vs 4.31 ± 2.71 days in the monotherapy group), resulting in shorter hospital stay (6.94 ± 2.63 days vs 8.08 ± 3.16 days in monotherapy group). 20% had treatment failure in the monotherapy group with a relative risk of 3.55 times more than that in the combination group. Conclusion: Combination therapy with meropenum and azithromycin is more efficacious in treating complicated XDR typhoid fever in children than meropenum alone.

Now-a-days, many researchers use priceless industrial or agricultural products as the main raw material for the construction industry. However, these wastes are inexpensive and easily available everywhere to utilize for commercial purpose and also helpful in reducing the environmental pollution. This experimental study aimed to evaluate fresh (workability) and mechanical properties (density, permeability and split tensile strength, compressive and flexural strength) of concrete with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of millet husk ash (MHA) and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of wheat straw ash (WSA) to replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and sand respectively at conditions: a) concrete with MHA; b) concrete with WSA; and c) concrete with MHA and WSA. 525 concrete specimens were prepared with 1:1:2 mix proportions with 0.55 water/cement ratio and cured at 28 days. The increase of combined MHA and WSA contents to produce concrete decreased the workability of fresh concrete and decreased density and permeability of hardened concrete. Compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength are increased with addition up to 15% of MHA and 30% of WSA combined. Same behavior is observed to compressive strength after chloride attack. Those results were better when compared to those of conditions a) and b). Therefore, it is possible to produce eco-friendly concrete with MHA replacing OPC and WSA replacing sand, individually or combined, which contributes to less environmental impact.

The construction industry is the largest manufacturing industry, which produces concrete and other related materials for construction of infrastructure around the world, after the food production industry. This industry requires a lot of natural resources like aggregates, limestone etc. to produce finished product such as concrete and cement. These natural resources are limited and have to deplete one day, so alternate to these resources are required. On the other hand, this industry produces a large amount of waste material that creates environmental pollution. Thus, recycling the waste as potential raw material and to produce a usable product is the need of present era for sustainable construction. This study presents the quantitative analysis of HSH (Human Scalp Hair) as fibers in cement concrete. This study aims to investigate the behaviour of concrete in terms of their mechanical properties when HSH are used as fibers. A detailed investigation on two types of concrete specimens i.e. cylindrical (150 mm diameter and 300 mm height) and prism (150 mm depth, width and 600 mm length) made with a different proportion of HSH as fibers and concrete mix ratios, was carried out. In this study, various proportions of HSH added in concrete that includes 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% by weight of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement). All specimens were cast at two concrete mix ratios i.e. 1:2:4 and 1:1.5:3 with 0.50 W/C (Water-Cement Ratio). Moreover, specimens were tested in UTM (Universal Testing Machine) at 28 days curing age, for splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete. It was observed from the experimental analysis that there is an improvement in mechanical properties of concrete at specific percentage of HSH and reduction of workability and density with increasing percentages of HSH.

The extensive use of Portland cement (PC) in the manufacturing of concrete is responsible for the depletion of natural resources that are part of cement production. Cement supply is permanently threatened by the ongoing depletion of natural materials, including sand, limestone, and clay. Concurrently, the incineration of agricultural residues presents a significant ecological problem. This study explores the substitution of cement in concrete with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% wheat straw ash as an environmentally friendly alternative. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat straw ash (WSA) for PC on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. A total of 75 concrete samples were made by cement or cement + WSA/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate ratio of 1:1, 5:3, and water-to-cement ratio was kept constant at 0.50. All of these specimens were cured and tested at 28 days. The properties tested in the paper were workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and permeability. The outcomes showed that the substitution of PC with WSA 10% resulted in the greatest concrete strength. In contrast, the mechanical properties and permeability of concrete were reduced when 20% WSA was substituted for PC at 28 days. In addition, the slump value dropped as increasing the content of WSA diminished the weight of PC in the concrete. This could be attributed to the fact that the water content in the WSA 20% concrete was not enough for mechanical strength. Other concretes with WSA showed similar properties to those of the WSA 10% concrete. It was concluded from the results that since the WSA 10% concrete showed the best properties, it can be recommended as the best recipe in this research work.

Nowadays, the incorporation of natural fiber, such as coir fiber, to high-strength concrete has sparked a lot of attention in the construction materials industry. This is because coir fibers are significantly cheaper and more widely accessible than synthetic fibers. Natural fibers such as bamboo, flax, hemp, and coir have distinct microstructures and chemical compositions from cement-based materials. The physical and mechanical properties of natural fiber, such as coir fiber, are significantly correlated with fiber concentration and cellulose component. However, coir fiber has high stretching to failure, while bamboo, flax, and hemp fibers are very resistant to stress and increase stiffness. Based on these distinctive fiber qualities, it is anticipated that coir fiber would facilitate the development of cement-based materials for advanced concrete building applications. In this paper, coir fiber-reinforced cement-based concretes were evaluated in terms of workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and permeability. The relationship between strength and fiber content was analyzed to understand the impact of coir fiber on the properties of coir fiber-reinforced cement-based concrete. Based on the results obtained, it is determined that 2% coir fiber modification offers the highest compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. Moreover, the modulus of elasticity is increased, and the permeability is plummeted by the volume fractions of coir fiber 1%, 2%, and 3% because the blending of coir fiber has a bridging and dispersing mechanism of the force-carrying capacity in concrete. In conclusion, coir fiber might be a viable choice for improving the strength and durability of concrete. Therefore, the sparing use of coir fiber presented in this research can be implemented for the manufacturing of concrete in the future.

The load–deformation relationship under the footing is essential for foundation design. Shallow foundations are subjected to changes in hydrological conditions such as rainfall and drought, affecting their saturation level and conditions. The actual load–settlement response for design and reconstructions is determined experimentally, numerically, or utilizing both approaches. Ssettlement computation is performed through large-scale physical modeling or extensive laboratory testing. It is expensive, labor intensive, and time consuming. This study is carried out to determine the effect of different saturation degrees and loading conditions on settlement shallow foundations using numerical modeling in Plaxis 2D, Bentley Systems, Exton, Pennsylvania, US. Plastic was used for dry soil calculation, while fully coupled flow deformation was used for partially saturated soil. Pore pressure and deformation changes were computed in fully coupled deformation. The Mohr–Columb model was used in the simulation, and model parameters were calculated from experimental results. The study results show that the degree of saturation is more critical to soil settlement than loading conditions. When a 200 KPa load was applied at the center of the footing, settlement was recored as 28.81 mm, which was less than 42.96 mm in the case of the full-depth shale layer; therefore, settlement was reduced by 30% in the underlying limestone rock layer. Regarding settlement under various degrees of saturation (DOS), settlment is increased by an increased degree of saturation, which increases pore pressure and decreases the shear strength of the soil. Settlement was observed as 0.69 mm at 0% saturation, 1.93 mm at 40% saturation, 2.21 mm at 50% saturation, 2.77 mm at 70% saturation, and 2.84 mm at 90% saturation of soil.

Numerical modelling can simulate the interaction between structural elements and the soil continuum in a piled-raft foundation. The present work utilized a two-dimensional finite element Plaxis 2D software to investigate the settlement, swelling, and structural behavior of foundations during the settlement and swelling of soil on various soil profiles under various load combinations and geometry conditions. The field and laboratory testing have been performed to determine the behavior soil parameters necessary for numerical modelling. The Mohr–Coulomb model is utilized to simulate the behavior of soil, as this model requires very few input parameters, which is important for the practical geotechnical behavior of soil. From this study, it was observed that, as soil is soft and has less stiffness, the un-piled raft was not sufficient to resists and higher loads and exceeds the limits of settlement. Piled raft increases the load carrying capacity of soil, and the lower soil layer has a higher stiffness where the pile rests, decreasing the significant settlement. Further, the effects of (L/d) and (s/d) of the pile and Krs on the settlement are also discussed, detailed numerically under different scenarios. The swelling of expansive soil was also simulated in Plaxis 2D with an application of positive volumetric strain. The above-mentioned parametric study was similarly implemented for the heaving of foundation on expansive soil.

This study investigates the relationship between work to family organizational support and employees’ performance, mediated by work to family enrichment. It analyses primary data, collected from the various commercial banks, operating in Sindh, Pakistan (N=401). A five point Likert type of survey questionnaire was distributed to respondents. The study applies the structural equation modeling approach (SEM) for data analysis purpose. Mediation analysis has been conducted following the procedure of Preacher and Hayes (2004, 2008) and Rucker, Preacher, Tormala, & Petty (2011). Results show the significant main effect of work to family organizational support and the indirect effect, through work to family enrichment on employees’ performance. Overall, this study establishes work to family enrichment as the missing link in the relationship between work to family organizational support and employees’ performance. The study contributes theoretically by incorporating the role of social exchange theory and work family enrichment theory. Empirical contribution of this study is to confirm the effect of work to family organizational support on employees’ performance and work to family enrichment as the mediator.

The use of synthetic fiber and natural fiber for concrete production has been continuously investigated. Most of the materials have become popular for their higher flexibility, durability, and strength. However, the current study explores the engineering properties of cement concrete reinforced with nylon and jute fibers together. Varying proportions and lengths of nylon and jute fibers were utilized in the concrete mixture. Hence, the combined effects of nylon and jute fibers on workability, density, water absorption, compressive, tensile, flexural strength, and drying shrinkage of concrete were investigated. Results showed that concrete with 1% of nylon and jute fibers together by the volume fraction showed a maximum enhancement of the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength by 11.71%, 14.10%, and 11.04%, respectively, compared to the control mix of concrete at 90 days. However, the water absorption of concrete increased with increasing nylon and jute fiber contents. The drying shrinkage of concrete decreased with the addition of nylon and jute fibers together after 90 days. Thus, the sparing application of both nylon and jute fiber as discussed in this study can be adopted for concrete production.

Subgrade is a most important part of a pavement structure, which should have a reasonable stiffness modulus and shear strength. CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test is performed to evaluate stiffness modulus and shear strength of subgrade soils. However, CBR test is laborious and time consuming, particularly when soil is highly plastic like Jamshoro soil. In order to overcome this limitation, it may be appropriate to correlate CBR value of soil with its index properties like grain size analysis, Atterberg limits, and compaction characteristics such as MDD (Maximum Dry Density) and OMC (Optimum Moisture Content). This paper expresses the correlations between CBR value of Jamshoro soil and its index properties. SLRA (Single Linear Regression Analysis) and MLRA(Multiple Linear Regression) based Models were utilized. It is seen that MLRA gave better correlations up to R2 of about 0.984. It is observed that the Soaked CBR value can be predicted with confidence from LL (Liquid Limit), PI (Plasticity Index) and percent finer while the un-soaked CBR value can be obtained from LL, plasticity index and MDD.

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a disorder that has improper function of renal acid-base regulation and is rarely encountered during pregnancy. Currently, there is no clear evidence on management and outcomes in patients with this condition. We report a case of a previously healthy 23-year-old female at 30 weeks of gestation who presented with proximal RTA and had spontaneous resolution of the condition shortly after delivery.

Fibre-reinforced cemented sands have many applications in improving the response of soils. In this paper, an experimental investigation for the analysis of fiber-reinforced cemented sand in the framework of isotropic compression is presented. The experimental investigations were carried out using a high pressure triaxial apparatus having the capacity of 64 MPa of confining pressure. Tests have been conducted on Portaway sand specimens reinforced with randomly oriented discrete polypropylene fibers with different percentages of fiber and cement contents. Results are presented in the form of e-logp` curves as well as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) micrographs. The effects of the addition of fibre in sand and cemented sand for different initial void ratios were investigated. The results demonstrate that the influence of fibre is not significant in both cemented and uncemented sand during the isotropic compression stage. Moreover, from the SEM micrographs it could be seen that there is breakage of sand particles and cement bonds. The fiber threads were seen pinched and found rarely broken in the specimen exhumed after isotropic compression.