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Identity is a complex concept, as it is not solely a matter of an individual’s perception of oneself, but also influenced by how others perceive them. This is the view of Patrick Charaudeau, who defines identity as “a complex matter, as it is not only a matter of self, but also a matter of others, or more precisely, a matter of self through the eyes of others”. To gain insight into the construction of identity among football supporters, particularly those of the Polish National Team, this study aims to analyze the discourse of online football supporters during the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Specifically, the study focuses on the comments made by fans on the Facebook page Łączy nas piłka. The research will examine how a collective identity is formed through the comments made by supporters in a virtual cultural reality. The analysis will be based on the various comments made by online users, including judgments, encouragements, replies, insults, and internet mèmes. The comments section of Łączy nas piłka serves as the fertile ground for linguistic exchanges where the online football supporters express their discourse, marked by a diverse range of emotions and values that are commonly shared among the fans of the Polish National Team. Through this study, we aim to present the discourse of online football supporters, which reflects the manifestation of collective identity among football supporters. By examining the language used by these supporters in online discourse, we can gain insights into how collective identities are formed and expressed in the digital realm.

The objective of this article is to study the relations between a borrowing and its various native equivalents in the form of the explanatory text between them. The borrowing chosen for analysis is the term designating what is seen as a new threat to public health, i.e. binge drinking, which came to prominence in English-speaking countries. Typically, this is presented in the French, Polish and Czech corpus analyzed in various forms such as: binge drinking, which may be translated as [native equivalent]. It is shown that a whole range of presentations is possible, from the most specific to the most general and it is argued that the type of presentation is indicative of the degree of lexicalization of the native equivalent.

Notre article aborde la question des appellations non officielles des équipes de football, qui tout en existant à côté des appellations officielles de celles-ci, témoignent souvent des sentiments forts de leurs supporters et de leurs adversaires. Par exemple, à côté de la dénomination officielle, le Futbol Club Barcelona est souvent désigné par les médias au moyen des noms métonymiques évoquant les couleurs du club, Blaugranes ou Azulgranas, mais aussi par un nom plus affectif, Barça. Or, ce même club se voit parfois attribuer une dénomination dépréciative, culés, venant de cul ‘derrière’ en catalan, ou encore polacos ‘Polonais’ (nom péjoratif par lequel les Espagnols désignent les Catalans). Notre analyse des formes, du contenu et des rôles des appellations officieuses d’un certain nombre d’équipes de football (françaises, espagnoles et polonaises) permet de proposer une nette distinction entre les surnoms et les sobriquets, deux catégories de chrématonymes bien distinctes.

The main purpose of this paper is to present the methodology for calculating the electromagnetic behaviour of real integrated circuit (IC) parts using a no-mesh local Finite Differential Method (FDM). Furthermore, the comparison of computational results and measurements is presented. All considerations are based on typical long transmission lines (TLs) in modern ICs. The obtained results have been analysed in detail and compared with measured values. The measurement data are de-embedded using the test board model. This problem is illustrated in this paper based on a practical example of the Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines test structure whose electrical responses to various excitations are presented and analysed in detail.

La langue des jeunes est une variante de la langue « standard » qui est utilisée par des pairs et qui fait partie de la variation diastratique de la langue. L’utilisation d’un sociolecte propre aux jeunes locuteurs de la langue est un signe d’appartenance à un groupe dont l’âge est le facteur déterminant. Il est vrai que l’utilisation de certains lexèmes est conditionnée par la situation linguistique dans laquelle les gens se retrouvent (variation diaphasique), mais il n’est pas moins vrai que certaines formes lexicales sont plus utilisées par des jeunes, surtout dans des échanges au sein d’un groupe de pairs. Notre recherche aura comme objectif de présenter le vocabulaire dit « jeune » qui touche le domaine de la boisson (les noms des boissons, les types d’alcools, les verbes utilisés pour parler de l’action de boire). Notre corpus sera constitué à la base du lexique que nous retrouverons sur le site du parler jeune (www.miejski.pl ; langue universelle des jeunes). Les résultats obtenus seront classés selon les procédés lexicogéniques responsables de la création de nouvelles formes lexicales (de forme, de sens, emprunts). Dans notre analyse nous nous occuperons des formes lexicales néologiques contemporaines comme les mots wudżistu ‘vodka’ (mot-valise de wódka ‘vodka’ et jujutsu ‘ju-jitsu’), zibol ‘personne qui est en train de boire’ (onomatopée de zib ‘bruit produit pendant l’ingestion d’un liquide’), tankować ‘faire le plein d’essence’ (métaphore) ou sztela ‘gnôle’ (emprunt au parler de Silésie).

This paper presents the methodology of material parameters’ estimation for the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model at the nanoscale in modern integration circuit (IC) structures. The analyses and measurements performed were used in the unique dedicated micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) test structure. The electric and thermal domain of this structure was analysed. Finally, the silicon dioxide (SiO2) temperature time-lag estimation procedure is presented based on the scattering parameters measured by a vector network analyser for the considered MEMS structure together with the 2-omega method. The proposed methodology has the ability to estimate the time-lag parameter with high accuracy and is also suitable for the temperature time-lag estimation for other manufacturing process technologies of ICs and other insulation materials used for integrated circuits such as silicon nitride (Si3N4), titanium nitride (TiN), and hafnium dioxide (HfO2).

In recent years, the Internet has become a place where a new type of users, the “outraged”, have the opportunity to express themselves anonymously on any subject. They take advantage of it to propagate hate just for pleasure. This kind of verbal abuse, which we will consider as a new act of speech, already occupies an important place in the community of web users. This research will examine the hate speech of French football fans, in order to analyze their ways of expressing themselves. It seems that verbal hate is characteristic of younger people, the generation not shocked by the deviant “trolling” behaviors. Hate is expressed in most cases with insults, but it seems to us that it is not the lexemes and their semantic content that play the preponderant role, but above all the context and co-text of the utterances produced by Internet users. Arriving at the definition of the hate phenomenon will be one of the main objectives of this study. We will try to prove that this concept is not identical to those already well-defined, like insults, curses, valves, etc. The hate phenomenon will be illustrated with several examples taken from a corpus of French and Polish comments.

La guerre, cette lutte entre groupes sociaux aux convictions différentes, n’épargne pas internet qui était censé rapprocher les gens au lieu de les diviser. Dans la communication sur internet, nous retrouvons, souvent un discours particulier, relevant tant du hate speech qui est la manifestation de l’intolérance, du racisme, de la xénophobie et de l’ethnocentrisme que du trolling, c’est-à-dire de cette attitude visant à nuire à autrui en le ridiculisant et troubler la communication en brisant les bonnes moeurs. Afin de définir l’attitude des internautes qui commentent différents articles du monde politique sur internet, nous nous proposons d’utiliser un terme transitoire - hate qui est un emprunt au slang américain, fonctionnant cependant très bien aussi en Pologne. Ce terme englobe une attitude proche de la critique qui est toutefois caractéristique du persiflage des «rageux» sur la toile. Dans notre communication nous nous proposons d’analyser le discours des internautes présent dans les commentaires des articles politiques dans les deux plus grands quotidiens français et polonais dans leurs versions en ligne, respectivement Le Monde (lemonde.fr) et Gazeta Wyborcza (gazeta.pl). Il sera question d’exemples du phénomène hate tant au niveau de l’analyse du discours que de l’utilisation de formes lexicales souvent injurieuses, argotiques ou relevant de la créativité néologiques des internautes. Il sera aussi question de voir si le degré du hate varie selon les locuteurs de pays différents, ou si cela est une tendance générale pour la communauté linguistique des internautes et qui relève de la mondialisation.

Autonomous mobile vehicles need advanced systems to determine their exact position in a certain coordinate system. For this purpose, the GPS and the vision system are the most often used. These systems have some disadvantages, for example, the GPS signal is unavailable in rooms and may be inaccurate, while the vision system is strongly dependent on the intensity of the recorded light. This paper assumes that the primary system for determining the position of the vehicle is wheel odometry joined with an IMU (Internal Measurement Unit) sensor, which task is to calculate all changes in the robot orientations, such as yaw rate. However, using only the results coming from the wheels system provides additive measurement error, which is most often the result of the wheels slippage and the IMU sensor drift. In the presented work, this error is reduced by using a vision system that constantly measures vehicle distances to markers located in its space. Additionally, the paper describes the fusion of signals from the vision system and the wheels odometry. Studies related to the positioning accuracy of the vehicle with both the vision system turned on and off are presented. The laboratory averaged positioning accuracy result was reduced from 0.32 m to 0.13 m, with ensuring that the vehicle wheels did not experience slippage. The paper also describes the performance of the system during a real track driven, where the assumption was not to use the GPS geolocation system. In this case, the vision system assisted in the vehicle positioning and an accuracy of 0.2 m was achieved at the control points.

Objectives: Atmospheric pressure is the most objective weather factor because regardless of if outdoors or indoors it affects all objects in the same way. The majority of previous studies have used the average daily values of atmospheric pressure in a bioclimatic analysis and have found no correlation with blood pressure changes. The main objective of our research was to assess the relationship between atmospheric pressure recorded with a frequency of 1 measurement per minute and the results of 24-h blood pressure monitoring in patients with treated hypertension in different seasons in the moderate climate of the City of Łódź (Poland). Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 1662 patients, divided into 2 equal groups (due to a lower and higher average value of atmospheric pressure). Comparisons between blood pressure values in the 2 groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: We observed a significant difference in blood pressure recorded during the lower and higher range of atmospheric pressure: on the days of the spring months systolic (p = 0.043) and diastolic (p = 0.005) blood pressure, and at nights of the winter months systolic blood pressure (p = 0.013). Conclusions: A significant inverse relationship between atmospheric pressure and blood pressure during the spring days and, only for systolic blood pressure, during winter nights was observed. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(5):783–792

Ce travail est basé sur une enquête menée auprès des locuteurs de la langue polonaise, portant sur la connaissance des néologismes liés aux réseaux sociaux. Cette enquête avait pour but de montrer le degré d'assimilation des lexèmes anglais dans la langue polonaise chez des locuteurs d’âges, d’éducations et de niveaux sociaux différents. Les résultats fournis par l'enquête illustrent la situation des mots anglais qui s'intègrent dans la langue polonaise. Par le biais de mots connus du réseau social populaire Facebook, tels: like, post, featuring, hate, check, fake, nous avons pu fournir des conclusions intéressantes sur l'intégration des néologismes anglais dans la langue courante polonaise et sur leur utilisation par différents types de locuteurs.

Internet visitors, having found this instrument of global communication, have discovered a new field of verbal battles where they can release their emotions, expressing completely anonymously views. The Internet has changed the image of debate, and of polemic discussion, which earlier was an exchange of replies, and now thanks to forums and “reactions”, a “bath of opinions” has manifest, where everyone can add his two cents. The commentary we would like to present in this work are the reactions of the readers of the website www.lequipe.fr who after each article had the opportunity to express their arguments and their reactions to the article they had read.

The following paper describes architecture of the Wireless Vehicle Weight Measurement System (WVWMS). The challenge was to design a road scale system enabling multipoint vehicle weight with the single network sink. The proposed platform is capable of weight measurement based on electrical strain gauge weight pads and in-node data processing. Communication is wireless, with mesh networking. The developed vehicle weight measurement is one of subsystems applied in the TULCOEMPA project. It is required to cooperate with Structural Health Monitoring and Truck Recognition Systems. Due to the absence of mains line, all installations are powered by Hybrid Power System. The authors propose Energy Harvesting Controller cooperating with both solar panels and wind generators. The controller enables efficient energy harvesting from both power sources as well as monitoring of generated and consumed power levels. Next challenge was a design of vehicle weight data acquisition software architecture. The solution includes application of modern architectural concepts in software design, Representational State Transfer (REST), Model-View-View Model (MVVM) paradigm, and cloud computing. Communication between vehicle weight measurement modules and server application is described.

The theme of space in its geographical aspect is surely connected with the linguistic borrowing. This one is traditionally considered as phenomena of the standard variation of the languages. In my communication I will try to show how borrowings are also present in the popular speech and in different types of argot, including the argot of the young's. It will be interesting to analyze what are the causes of the borrowings in those codes (for ex. names for new technological and cultural inventions, mass culture influence, fashion or snobbism, wish to code). In the mean time, it appears that the motifs for borrowing, those anterior and today are not always the same. This communication will show also how did the borrowings assimilates and sometimes even evolves with the time in the language of the borrower. My analyze will considerate those argotic polish [i. e. Polish] lexemes witch are the result of the linguistic borrowing.

The main problems occurring during high power device modeling are discussed in this paper. Unipolar and bipolar device properties are compared and the problems concerning high time-constant values related to the diffusion phenomena in the large base are explained. Traditional and novel concepts of power device simulation are presented. In order to make accurate and modern semiconductor device models widely accessible, a website has been designed and made available to Internet users http://www.dmcs.p.lodz.pl/dmcs-spice, allowing them to perform simulations of electronic circuits containing high power semiconductor devices. In this software, a new distributed model of power diode has been included. Together with the existing VDMOS macromodel library, the presented approach can facilitate the design process of power circuits. In the future, distributed models of IGBT, BJT and thyristor will be added.