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Abstract Biofilms are mucilaginous-organic layers produced by microbial activity including viruses. Growing biofilms form microbial mats which enhance sediment stability by binding particles with extracellular polymeric substances and promoting growth through nutrient cycling and organic matter accumulation. They preferentially develop at the sediment-water interface of both marine and non-marine environments, and upon the growing surfaces of modern tufa and travertine. In this context, however, little is known about the factors, environmental or anthropogenic, which affect viral communities in freshwater spring settings. To explore this issue, geochemical and metagenomic data were subjected to multidimensional analyses (Principal Component Analysis, Classical Multidimensional Scaling, Partial Least Squares analysis and cluster analysis based on beta-diversity), and these show that viral composition is specific and dependent on environment. Indeed, waters precipitating tufa and travertine do vary in their geochemistry with their viruses showing distinct variability between sites. These differences between virus groups allow the formulation of a viral proxy, based on the Caudoviricetes/Megaviricetes ratio established on the most abundant groups of viruses. This ratio may be potentially used in analysing ancient DNA preserved in carbonate formations as an additional source of information on the microbiological community during sedimentation.

Abstract This study shows how bacterial viruses (bacteriophages, phages) interact with calcium carbonate during precipitation from aqueous solution. Using electron microscopy, epifluorescence microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and image analysis, we demonstrate that bacteriophages can strongly influence the formation of the vaterite phase. Importantly, bacteriophages may selectively bind both amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and vaterite, and indirectly affect the formation of structural defects in calcite crystallites. Consequently, the surface properties of calcium carbonate phases precipitating in the presence of viruses may exhibit different characteristics. These findings may have significant implications in determining the role of bacterial viruses in modern microbially-rich carbonate sedimentary environments, as well as in biomedical technologies. Finally, the phage-vaterite system, as a biocompatible material, may serve as a basis for the development of promising drug delivery carriers.

Accessibility in today's reality is becoming an increasingly important issue as it affects every individual. We are observing the progressive ageing of the Polish population. By applying the principles of universal design, all needs related to mobility, vision, hearing, and other issues are met, thereby creating inclusive spaces that eliminate social exclusion and enhance the quality of life. This article aims to demonstrate the usefulness of BIM in building urban accessibility. For this purpose, a point cloud acquired from laser scanning of a single-family building was utilised. Based on this, a digital BIM model of the actual building was created in Revit and subsequently modernised. This modernisation aimed to remove barriers from the building, as stipulated in the relevant regulation. The paper refers to the theory of ageing in place, a response to the steady increase in average age. The BIM model is not merely a geometric representation of the building, but a digital reconstruction of the object using elements equivalent to those used in reality, allowing for efficient data management.

In this study, Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) of artificial Corner Reflectors (CRs) were validated in the area of fast and nonlinear deformation gradient caused by active coal longwall exploitation. Three Sentinel-1 datasets were processed using conventional DInSAR, Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), and Small BAseline Subset methods implemented in ENVI SARscape™. For evaluation, leveling and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements were used. Considering the challenge of snow cover, the removal of all winter images was not a successful strategy due to the long temporal baseline and strong movement, which cause phase unwrapping problems and underestimate the real deformation. The results indicate that only conventional DInSAR and SBAS with low network redundancy allow us to capture maximal deformation gradient and the root mean square error calculated between the CRs and the ground truth is on the level of 2–3 cm for the vertical and easting deformation component, respectively. For the small deformation gradient represented by the permanent GNSS station (4 cm/year), all SBAS techniques appeared to be more accurate than DInSAR, which corresponds to higher redundancy and better removal of the atmospheric signal. In contrast, DInSAR results allowed to capture information about two subsidence basins, which was not possible with SBAS and PSI approaches.

Abstract Travertines, which precipitate from high temperature water saturated with calcium carbonate, are generally considered to be dominated by physico-chemical and microbial precipitates. Here, as an additional influence on organomineral formation, metagenomic data and microscopic analyses clearly demonstrate that highly diverse viral, bacterial and archaeal communities occur in the biofilms associated with several modern classic travertine sites in Europe and Asia, along with virus-like particles. Metagenomic analysis reveals that bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) containing icosahedral capsids and belonging to the Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae families are the most abundant of all viral strains, although the bacteriophage distribution does vary across the sampling sites. Icosahedral shapes of capsids are also the most frequently observed under the microscope, occurring as non-mineralized through to mineralized viruses and virus-like particles. Viruses are initially mineralized by Ca-Si amorphous precipitates with subordinate Mg and Al contents; these then alter to nanospheroids composed of Ca carbonate with minor silicate 80–300 nm in diameter. Understanding the roles of bacteriophages in modern carbonate-saturated settings and related organomineralization processes is critical for their broader inclusion in the geological record and ecosystem models.

Bark beetles are a significant link in the chain of diseases that lead to the accelerated dying of firs (Abies alba Mill.), a key species in the cultivation of stable mixed-tree stands. The aim of this work was to evaluate biotic interactions in populations of bark beetles that colonised natural traps made from firs. The tested hypothesis was that the niche breadth of the species increases with the increasing density of the population. The research was carried out in near-natural forests containing fir, growing in the Suchedniów-Oblęgorek Landscape Park in central Poland. Data were collected from 30 traps trees and 30 windfalls in the years 2010–2023. Cryphalus piceae Ratz. prefers heavily weakened trees, as shown by the fact that it colonised all of the natural traps, which lack any defensive reactions. The sampling method used in the study proved effective, as confirmed by the segregation of the niches of all of the bark beetles. Using nonlinear regression (linearisable model and piecewise linear regression), models were constructed that describe the niche breadths of the bark beetles. The niche parameter is correlated with the density of colonisation. The derived models explain around 77–84% of the variation in the niche breadth of bark beetles on natural traps. The mean relative errors of estimation do not exceed 20%. The niche breadth parameter obtained from the derived regression equations may be used in models that describe—for example—the impact of observed climate change on the population dynamics of bark beetles.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were applied in many laboratories to visualize and image viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs). Two bacteriophages, P1 and Φ6, were chosen as model microorganisms known for their distinct structure, and viruses obtained from biofilms associated with modern travertines (Terme di Saturnia, Italy; Karahayıt “Kızılsu” and Pamukkale, Turkey) were also investigated. Three protocols, (1) full, (2) simplified, and (3) all at once were developed and tested for sample preparation and imaging. The full procedure enabled the observation of P1 bacteriophages, whereas the simplified protocol, successful in visualizing Φ6, did not yield satisfactory results for P1. The preservation state of the latter appeared to be compromised and led to less informative images in SEM and STEM. Viruses in biofilms exhibited various levels of mineralization and aggregation, complicating their characterization. In the all at once procedure, although effective in preserving bacteriophage tails, excessive coating and thickening of samples with heavy chemical reagents led to a reduction in overall image quality. Despite a final washing step, some residues of chemical reagents (OsO4 and uranyl acetate) remained, impacting the clarity of the images. Finally, the results obtained emphasize the critical role of sample preparation and imaging techniques in effectively visualizing and characterizing viruses and VLPs. The choice of analytical procedure significantly influences the resolution and preservation state of the observed bacteriophages and VLPs. It is suggested that the appropriate imaging technique is carefully selected based on the specific objectives of the project and the nature of the samples being investigated to obtain the best images of the viruses.

BIM is penetrating more and more areas of human activity. Currently, it is not only volume or infrastructure objects that are being digitised, but also public spaces such as parks. To achieve this, a number of BIM tools are used to build a LIM model. The LIM model can contain a quantum of information necessary for the park management process. A municipality, for example, can use the LIM model to perform ongoing maintenance or plan rearrangements of the park space. The model itself can serve as a database for the reconstruction of a park in the event of its destruction, e.g. by forces of nature. This paper presents the LIM model of Ołtarzew Park in Ożarów Mazowiecki (Poland), which can serve as a model for building similar models in other cases. In addition to the construction methodology, examples of analyses are presented and the benefits and advantages of using a LIM are described.

Computer methods in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) industry are constantly evolving, mainly towards BIM, and the design process itself within an investment project focuses mainly on documentation. Visualisation or animation are optional elements, mostly done for sales purposes. Photorealism and the quality of created visualisations influence the impressions of the recipient, and the emotions evoked can determine a purchase or investment. As a rule, designers pay great attention to the visualisations they create, but they are not always aware of the solutions available on the market in this respect. In recent decades, rendering engines based on so-called real-time rendering have developed rapidly. The aim of the study was to provide a deep review of existing 3D modelling and visualisation solutions in terms of their popularity, applicability and advantages and limitations. The focus is on applications working with BIM software, which is widely used in the AEC industry. The paper attempts to compare the applications, lists their advantages, disadvantages, benefits and limitations in their use. The conclusions, sometimes subjective, can be useful for the whole community of architects and engineers, related to space design. The results of the review indicate the increasing popularity of 'real-time' solutions, which are displacing 'offline' solutions.

Surface subsidence is a dominant component of the displacement vector triggered by underground mining. Over the last few decades, Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) has been used to efficiently monitor this phenomenon with great spatial and temporal coverage. More advanced multi-temporal DInSAR (MTInSAR) algorithms have been proposed to overcome some of the limitations of conventional DInSAR. However, advanced MTInSAR approaches are also not perfect in terms of measuring mining subsidence (e.g., temporal decorrelation, ambiguity, nonlinearity). For this reason, we propose a fusion of the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSInSAR) and DInSAR results. By combining these complementary techniques, the atmospheric errors in PSInSAR data are reduced and larger deformation rates could have been detected more accurately (thanks to DInSAR) than by an approach solely based on PS-InSAR. This allows to measure areas with fast-moving subsidence (1 m/year) due to ongoing underground coal exploitation. Data from ascending and descending orbits of Sentinel-1A\B were used to obtain the vertical deformation component. The resulting integrated vertical deformation map was compared with the results from levelling benchmarks. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculated based on this comparison was 22 mm. Moreover, the maximal vertical cumulative subsidence detected in the study area was 1.05 m/year.

The aim of the paper is to present the structure and research potential of the newly created measurement and information system for observing dynamic phenomena occurring in the Earth's crust in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland as a result of mining activities. The structure of the system is similar to the one developed for monitoring the movements of the European tectonic plate under the European Plate Observation System (EPOS) programme. The measurement part of the system consists of stationary devices and sensors working in monitoring mode, installed in various locations of the USCB, both on the surface and underground, as well as data sets from periodically performed measurements using land, air and satellite techniques. The IT part of the system will create a local data centre with specialized and dedicated processing and modelling software in which all measurement data will be archived and processed to a form which enables the analysis of the short and long-term impact of mining operations on the environment. As one of the elements of the system will be observations of the short and long-term gravity and morphology changes, the collected data will enable research in the field of the geodynamics of mining areas to be conducted. Keywords: Coal basin, Mining, Geodynamics, Geophysics, Monitoring systems

The summary of research activities concerning general theory and methodology performed in Poland in the period of 2015–2018 is presented as a national report for the 27th IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics) General Assembly. It contains the results of research on new or improved methods and variants of robust parameter estimation and their application, especially to control network analysis. Reliability analysis of the observation system and an integrated adjustment approach are also given. The identifiability (ID) index as a new measure for minimal detectable bias (MDB) in the observation system of a network, has been introduced. A new method of covariance function parameter estimation in the least squares collocation has been developed. The robustified version of the Shift-Msplit estimation, termed as Shift-M*split estimation, which enables estimation of parameter differences (robustly), without the need of prior estimation of the parameters, has been introduced. Results on the analysis of geodetic time series, particularly Earth orientation parameter time series, geocenter time series, permanent station coordinates and sea level variation time series are also provided in this review paper. The entire bibliography of related works is provided in the references.

The fully non-invasive method presented here can be used to evaluate Tomicus piniperda L. population sizes in areas subject to strict protection. Data were collected in 2021–2022 in forests containing P. sylvestris, with different stand structures, in the Suchedniowsko-Oblęgorski Landscape Park, Poland. Entomological analyses were carried out on natural traps made from live uncolonised trees. Stepwise regression was used to describe the size of T. piniperda populations. From a set of features representing stem colonisation parameters, stem traits and habitat, the following had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the total number of galleries of T. piniperda on stems: (1) the number of T. piniperda maternal tunnels in the sixth stem section covering 2.5% of the total length, (2) the length of the stem section with bark thickness greater than 7 mm, and (3) stand structure (homogeneous Scots pine stands). The model can explain 93% (Radj2=0.9333) of the variability in the total number of T. piniperda galleries on trap trees. The mean relative error of estimation is 20.1%. The proposed method is particularly valuable in a climate context. The data obtained enable the prediction of the direct effects of climate change on the population dynamics of T. piniperda in natural forests.

The aim of this study is to present an automatic approach for olive tree dendrometric parameter estimation from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The proposed method is based on a unique combination of the alpha-shape algorithm applied to normalized point cloud and principal component analysis. A key issue of the alpha-shape algorithm is to define the α parameter, as it directly affects the crown delineation results. We propose to adjust this parameter based on a group of representative trees in an orchard for which the classical field measurements were performed. The best value of the α parameter is one whose correlation coefficient of dendrometric parameters between field measurements and estimated values is the highest. We determined crown diameters as principal components of ALS points representing a delineated crown. The method was applied to a test area of an olive orchard in Spain. The tree dendrometric parameters estimated from ALS data were compared with field measurements to assess the quality of the developed approach. We found the method to be equally good or even superior to previously investigated semi-automatic methods. The average error is 19% for tree height, 53% for crown base height, and 13% and 9% for the length of the longer diameter and perpendicular diameter, respectively.

Uchwały Wszechprawosławnego Synodu kładą podwaliny pod dialog ekumeniczny, podkreślając potrzebę dialogu przede wszystkim ze względu na głoszenie światu „prawosławnego świadectwa” wśród innych Kościołów chrześcijańskich i wyznań. Wypracowano stanowisko Kościoła prawosławnego odnośnie zasad i form uczestnictwa w dialogach teologicznych i w ruchu ekumenicznym oraz przyjęto nowe uchwały, potwierdzające wszechprawosławne stanowisko. Dialog w Kościele prawosławnym zawsze był i pozostaje istotnym i niezbywalnym elementem jego misji soteriologicznej. Przyświeca Jemu chwalebny cel powrotu skruszonych na Jego łono, jak również duszpasterskiej odpowiedzialności, gdyż niezachwianie wyznaje i głosi iż w swej samoświadomości Kościół prawosławny stanowi miarodajną kontynuacje Jednego, Świętego, Powszechnego i Apostolskiego Kościoła oraz arkę zbawienia dla tych w pobliżu i tych z oddala.

Many automatic landslide detection algorithms are based on supervised classification of various remote sensing (RS) data, particularly satellite images and digital elevation models (DEMs) delivered by Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Machine learning methods require the collection of both training and testing data to produce and evaluate the classification results. The collection of good quality landslide ground truths to train classifiers and detect landslides in other regions is a challenge, with a significant impact on classification accuracy. Taking this into account, the following research question arises: What is the appropriate training–testing dataset split ratio in supervised classification to effectively detect landslides in a testing area based on DEMs? We investigated this issue for both the pixel-based approach (PBA) and object-based image analysis (OBIA). In both approaches, the random forest (RF) classification was implemented. The experiments were performed in the most landslide-affected area in Poland in the Outer Carpathians-Rożnów Lake vicinity. Based on the accuracy assessment, we found that the training area should be of a similar size to the testing area. We also found that the OBIA approach performs slightly better than PBA when the quantity of training samples is significantly lower than the testing samples. To increase detection performance, the intersection of the OBIA and PBA results together with median filtering and the removal of small elongated objects were performed. This allowed an overall accuracy (OA) = 80% and F1 Score = 0.50 to be achieved. The achieved results are compared and discussed with other landslide detection-related studies.

The effect of dietary level of two types of inulin on amine concentration, redox status and DNA glycosylase activity in the colon of piglets was investigated. Seven groups of piglets were fed diets without inulin addition (control) or with 1%, 2% or 3% inulin with an average degree of polymerisation of 10 (IN10) or 23 (IN23) for 40 days. The 2% and 3% IN10 diets increased tryptamine concentration in the proximal colon, while methylamine concentration in the distal colon was increased by the 1% and 3% IN10 diets. The 1% and 2% IN23 diets increased phenylethylamine and methylamine concentration in the proximal colon, respectively, while 1,7-diaminoheptane content was increased by both diets. Its concentration in the middle and distal colon was increased by the 1% and 2% IN23 diet, respectively. There was no improvement in the oxidant-antioxidant balance in colonic digesta of piglets fed IN10 and IN23 diets. Piglets fed IN10 diets had lower 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine excision activity in each colon segment, as compared with the control group. It was also reduced by the 2% and 3% IN23 diets in the proximal colon, while in the middle and distal colon by all IN23 diets. Feeding all IN10 and IN23 diets reduced 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine excision activities in each colon segment. Feeding IN10 and IN23 diets neither decreased amine concentrations nor improved the oxidant-antioxidant balance in colonic digesta of piglets. However, both types of inulin efficiently reduced the activity of DNA repair enzymes.

Starzec Emilian określa modlitwę charyzmą, niebiańskim radosnym spotkaniem i komunią Boga z człowiekiem. Sztuka modlitwy w doświadczeniu filokalistycznym starca jest uzależniona od stanu naszego umysłu, który powinien być czysty, pozbawiony wszelkiej obcej treści w oczekiwaniu przyjścia Boga. Prawdziwa modlitwa odrzuca wszelki smutek i małoduszność, zaś ramki prawa w których może zaistnieć są określane przez pokój, ciszę, spokój ducha, absolutne wyciszenie i milczenie. W rzeczywistości modlitwa nie jest czymś, co czyni sam człowiek, jedynie to rozpoczyna, tego pragnie, ale wypełnia ją Duch Święty. Modlitwa jest naszą powszednią powinnością życiową. O sukcesie podczas modlitwy możemy mówić wówczas, gdy stanie się naszym miejscem schronienia. W swym nauczaniu starzec rozróżnia czynniki wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne, które mają wpływ na modlitwę. Do pierwszych zalicza stan naszego ducha i jego związek z Bogiem, zaś modlitwę określa mianem homilii umysłu, oddechem ducha, pokłonem oddawanym Bogu. Do drugich zalicza wiedzę o różnych sposobach modlitwy, niezbędną do mistycznego natchnienia przez Ducha Świętego. Takimi są uczestnictwo w liturgii Bożej, modlitwa nieustanna, jezusowa i własna, reguła modlitewna, rozważania w skupieniu i wyciszeniu. Modlitwa nie izoluje się sama w sobie, ale pozostaje w ścisłym związku z uczestnictwem w nabożeństwach, dziękczynieniem, czuwaniem, w celu pokonania cielesnych namiętności. Starzec przestrzega przy tym, aby modlitwa nie stała się powodem odizolowania, ponieważ wówczas stanie się kłamliwą i nieszczerą. Modlitwa nie jest pracą umysłową która męczy, ale jest pełnią dynamizmu nakierowanego na Boga.

Technologia BIM staje się coraz bardziej popularna w procesie projektowania budynków i budowli. Większość modeli powstaje na mapach do celów projektowych przekazywanych projektantom przez geodetów. Jednak projektowane zmiany, w tym wprowadzenie Kodeksu Urbanistyczno-Budowlanego (KUB), mają dopuścić możliwość projektowania na mapie zasadniczej. W ramach likwidacji barier przy wykonywaniu prac geodezyjnych w określonych przypadkach dozwolone ma być projektowanie na mapach zasadniczych. W artykule przedstawiono możliwość zaimportowania mapy wektorowej wykonanej w technologii CAD do modelu BIM. Prawidłowo zaimportowany podkład geodezyjny jest podstawą do dalszego projektowania w technologii BIM.

Investigations of bacterial communities and characterization of mineralogy of the environment in the Złoty Stok As-Au deposit werecarried out. PXRD analysis revealed the presence of picropharmacolite as the most common secondary arsenic mineral in the mine. Total DNA was extracted from slime streams or slime biofilms samples to investigate the bacterial communities. PCR amplification of 16S rDNA was performed followed by subcloning of its products. Over 170 clones were analyzed by means of RFLP method. Eight group of clones representing different restriction patterns were identified. The nucleotide sequences of their inserts suggest that bacteria present in the mine environment belong to: Flavobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, Mollicutes and Firmicutes. The metagenomic approach allows to demonstrate a higher diversity of microbiota than classical microbiological studies of cultivable isolates.

Underground coal exploitation often results in land-surface subsidence, the rate of which depends on geological characteristics, the mechanical properties of the rocks, and the applied extraction technology. Since mining-related subsidence is characterized by “fast” displacement and high nonlinearity, monitoring this process by using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is very challenging. The Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach needs to predefine an a priori deformation model to properly estimate an interferometric component related to displacements. As a consequence, there is a lack of distributed scatterers (DS) when the selected a priori deformation model deviates from the real deformation. The conventional differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) approach does not have this limitation, since it does not need any deformation model. However, the accuracy of this technique is limited by factors related to spatial and temporal decorrelation, signal delays due to the atmospheric artifacts, and orbital or topographic errors. Therefore, this study presents the integration of DInSAR and SBAS techniques in order to leverage the advantages and overcome the disadvantages of both methods and to retrieve the complete deformation pattern over the investigated study area. The obtained results were evaluated internally and externally with leveling data. Results indicated that the Kriging-based integration method of DInSAR and SBAS can be effectively applied to monitor mining-related subsidence. The root-mean-square Error (RMSE) between modeled and measured deformation by InSAR was found to be 11 and 13 mm for vertical and horizontal displacements, respectively. Moreover, DInSAR technique as a cost-effective and complementary method to conventional geodetic techniques can be applied for effective monitoring fast mining subsidence. The minimum and maximum RMSE between DInSAR displacement and specific leveling profiles were found to be 0.9 and 3.2 cm, respectively. Since the SBAS processing failed in subsidence estimation in the area of maximum deformation rate, the deformation estimates outside the maximum rate could only be compared. In these areas, the good agreement between SBAS and DInSAR indicates that the SBAS technique could be reliable for monitoring the residual subsidence that surrounds the subsidence trough. Using the proposed approach, we detected subsidence of up to −1 m and planar displacements (east−west) of up to 0.24 m.

Landslide identification is a fundamental step enabling the assessment of landslide susceptibility and determining the associated risks. Landslide identification by conventional methods is often time-consuming, therefore alternative techniques, including automatic approaches based on remote sensing data, have captured the interest among researchers in recent decades. By providing a highly detailed digital elevation model (DEM), airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) allows effective landslide identification, especially in forested areas. In the present study, object-based image analysis (OBIA) was applied to landslide detection by utilizing LiDAR-derived data. In contrast to previous investigations, our analysis was performed on forested and agricultural areas, where cultivation pressure has degraded specific landslide geomorphology. A diverse variety of aspects that influence OBIA accuracy in landslide detection have been considered: DEM resolution, segmentation scale, and feature selection. Finally, using DEM delivered layers and OBIA, landslide was identified with an overall accuracy (OA) of 85% and a kappa index (KIA) equal to 0.60, which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In the end, a field investigation was performed in order to evaluate the results achieved by applying an automatic OBIA approach. The advantages and challenges of automatic approaches for landslide identification for various land use were also discussed. Final remarks underline that effective landslide detection in forested areas could be achieved while this is still challenging in agricultural areas.

The Sentinel-1 constellation provides an effective new radar instrument with a short revisit time of six days for the monitoring of intensive mining surface deformations. Our goal is to investigate in detail and to bring new comprehension of the mine life cycle. The dynamics of mining, especially in the case of horizontally evolving longwall technology, exhibit rapid surface changes. We use the classical approach of differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) with short temporal baselines (six days), which results in deformation maps with a low decorrelation between the satellite images. For the same time intervals, we compare the radar results with prediction models based on the Knothe–Budryk theory for mining subsidence. The validation of the results with ground levelling measurements reveals a high level of resemblance of the DInSAR subsidence maps (−0.04 m bias with respect to the levelling). On the other hand, aside from the explicable exaggeration, the location of the subsidence trough needs improvement in the forecasted deformations (0.2 km shift in location, a deformation velocity four times higher than in DInSAR). In addition, a time lag between DInSAR (compatible with extraction) and prediction is revealed. The model improvement can be achieved by including the DInSAR results in the elaboration of the model parameters.

The text refers to reception of literary and cultural texts in the perspective of humanistic self-knowledge category. The author's intention is to show the role of oneself in the reception of literary and cultural texts. It is also important to show that this category can help you understand the meaning of human creativity. Hermeneutic lessons require repetition especially today. Both Ricoeur and Gadamer showed that the reception and the understanding of the text is an important problem for hermeneutics in general. The interpretation of the literary work focuses on the reader. These two scholars pointed out that reading of the texts is existential and deeply symbolic.

Among the topics submitted, but finally not elaborated and discussed at the Pan-Orthodox Synod, is found the manner of granting autocephaly. Calling the Great Synod signifies a revival of the institution of conciliarity’s activity at the Pan-Orthodox level in a similar manner as at the Great Ecumenical Councils. Unfortunately, the issue of autocephaly was not approved at the Fifth Pre-Conciliar Pan-Orthodox Conference. The topic of autocephaly and the means by which it is proclaimed did not receive the required unanimous voting (consensus) despite the in-depth discussion at the Inter-Orthodox Preparatory Commission and the Pre-Conciliar Pan-Orthodox Conference meetings. The resolutions of the abovementioned meetings and lively discussion provoked by the topic, gave the question of autocephaly a new dimension and produced new elements and theories. The manner of granting autocephalous status in the Orthodox Church is an extremely important question today and is awaiting a solution by establishing commonly accepted canons which guarantee the preservation of Orthodox unity. The difficulties experienced in the discussion are caused a the lack of specific and clear canonical resolutions regarding the meaning of autocephaly, the conditions of granting it, who is the responsible organ for its granting or deprivation, and also concerning the internal relations of daughter Churches with their Mother Churches and their relations with the remaining Autocephalous Churches.

Św. Paweł naucza, że życie rodzinne opiera się na związku mężczyzny i kobiety, które symbolizuje związek między Chrystusem i Jego Cerkwią. Drugą wskazówką życia rodzinnego jest edukacja i wychowanie dzieci „w Chrystusie”. Apostoł Paweł w swoich listach udziela rodzicom rad, w jaki sposób należy wychowywać swoje dzieci, a dzieciom, jak powinni się zachowywać wobec swoich rodziców. W tych zaleceniach można wyróżnić podstawowe elementy edukacji chrześcijańskiej dzieci. Dla apostoła Pawła zachowanie zdrowych relacji jest niezbędne nie tylko w stosunkach między małżonkami, ale także w relacjach między rodzicami i dziećmi. Rodzice ponoszą główną odpowiedzialność za tworzenie pedagogicznych relacji z dziećmi i mogą przyczynić się do ich edukacji, poprzez dostarczanie im właściwych bodźców społecznych. Instytucja rodziny od dawna przyciąga zainteresowanie uczonych bizantyjskich. Pod wpływem - między innymi - nauk społecznych, w ostatnich latach położono szczególny nacisk na funkcję rodziny jako jednostki społecznej i ekonomicznej w społeczeństwie bizantyńskim. Ponieważ małżeństwo jest podstawą do tworzenia rodziny, omawiany obszar badawczy obejmuje przepisy regulujące zawieranie małżeństw (wiek, kryteria wyboru małżonka), zaręczyn, przeszkód do zawarcia małżeństwa, instytucji posagu, statusu żony i dzieci, rozwodów, itd. U Rzymian, małżeństwo było aktem cywilnym. W miarę rozprzestrzeniania się chrześcijaństwa, Cerkiew stopniowo zajmowała stanowisko odnośnie tej instytucji. Celem małżeństwa jest prokreacja i utrwalenie rasy ludzkiej, pod tym względem jest przedmiotem zainteresowania zarówno Cerkwi i państwa. Istotny punkt zwrotny został osiągnięty przez Leona VI Mądrego (886-912), który uznał małżeństwo pobłogosławione przez Cerkiew za jedyne legalne. Później, poczynając od Tomosu (997) patriarchy Sysaniusza, skodyfikowano przeszkody do zawarcia małżeństwa z powodu pokrewieństwa lub powinowactwa. Ważnymi źródłami do badań nad rodziną i stosunkami prawnymi wynikającymi z małżeństwa są decyzje i opinie sądów cerkiewnych Despotatu Epiru, a zwłaszcza te należące do biskupów Jana Apokaukosa i Demetriosa Chomatenosa.

This paper presents the interactions of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas putida) bacteria with ceramic materials obtained by combustion synthesis. These studies were conducted based on an analysis of the adsorption of bacteria onto aggregates of ceramic materials in an aqueous suspension. The materials used in the studies were of a nanostructured nature and consisted mainly of carbides: silicon carbide (SiC) in the form of nanofibers (NFs) and nanorods (NRs), titanium carbide, and graphite, which can also be formed by combustion synthesis. Micrometric SiC was used as a reference material. Gram-positive bacteria adsorbed more strongly to these materials. It seems that both the point of zero charge value and the texture of the ceramic material affected the bacterial adsorption process. Additionally, the viability of bacteria adsorbed onto aggregates of the materials decreased. Generally, P. putida cells were more sensitive to the nanomaterials than S. aureus cells. The maximum loss of viability was noted in the case of bacteria adsorbed onto NRSiC and NFSiC aggregates.

Objectives: Assessment of perception of urinary incontinence (UI) among women in Poland.Materials and methods: The Centre for Public Opinion Research TNS OBOP conducted a multisubjectthematic, face-to-face interview, in the homes of respondents. Questioning about the quality of life was carriedon in two successive editions of the survey from 4 to 7 and from 11 to 14 February 2010. The study was performedon a nationwide random sample of 855 women aged 35 and older.Results: The most troublesome consequences of UI are odour (44%), leaking of urine (43%), lack of controlover own body (31%), unexpected search for toilets (24%), feeling of moisture (22%) and fear of the reaction ofothers (15%). Most frequently indicated ways to improve the quality of life for women with UI are a visitto the doctor (57%), the use of anatomical inserts (33%) and pelvic floor muscle exercise (21%). Sense ofattractiveness is retained for 53% of Polish women with UI, 25% do not feel attractive as a woman and 22%have no opinion on this subject.Conclusion: The problem of UI is common and is associated with reduction in quality of life. However, thosewho benefit from medical consultations, hygiene products (anatomical pads) or pelvic floor muscle exercisesoften retain a sense of attractiveness.

Historia monasteru poczajowskiego związana jest z wizytą greckiego metropolity Neofita u szlachcianki o imieniu Anna Gojska z Orli, miejscowości położonej kilka mil od Poczajowa. Hierarcha podarował Annie przywiezioną z Konstantynopola ikonę, która została umieszczona w jej prywatnej kaplicy na około 30 lat. W 1597 Anna przekazała ikonę do monasteru na górze poczajowskiej. Podarowała jemu także grunta i fundusze. Dzięki hojnym ofiarom szlachcianki mnisi wznieśli nową kamienną Cerkiew, do której przenieśli ikonę. W 1604 r. do wspólnoty monastycznej dołączył Iwan Zalizo. Otrzymał imię mnisze Hioba i został wybrany igumenem monasteru. Hiob wprowadził surową regułę, dyscyplinę i inne reformy życia monastycznego. Po śmierci Anny, górę, na której był położony monaster odziedziczył wnuk Anny Andrzej Firlej, starosta sandomierski i kasztelan bielski, po konwersji do Kościoła luterańskiego nastawiony nieprzychylnie do prawosławia. W 1623 r. Firlej najechał zbrojnie monaster, rabując cudowną ikonę oraz wiele kosztowności. Hiob był inicjatorem procesów sądowych monasteru poczajowskiego z kasztelan bielski. Dzięki jego staraniom Trybunał Lubelski polecił zwrot wizerunku, co faktycznie nastąpiło. Decyzją sądu Andrzej Firlej ostatecznie zwrócił ikonę mnichom w 1644 r. Hiob Poczajowski zmarł 25 października 1651.

The ionosphere is still considered one of the most significant error sources in precise Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning. On the other hand, new satellite signals and data processing methods allow for a continuous increase in the accuracy of the available ionosphere models derived from GNSS observables. Therefore, many research groups around the world are conducting research on the development of precise ionosphere products. This is also reflected in the establishment of several ionosphere-related working groups by the International Association of Geodesy. Whilst a number of available global ionosphere maps exist today, dense regional GNSS networks often offer the possibility of higher accuracy regional solutions. In this contribution, we propose an approach for regional ionosphere modelling based on un-differenced multi-GNSS carrier phase data for total electron content (TEC) estimation, and thin plate splines for TEC interpolation. In addition, we propose a methodology for ionospheric products self-consistency analysis based on calibrated slant TEC. The results of the presented approach are compared to well-established global ionosphere maps during varied ionospheric conditions. The initial results show that the accuracy of our regional ionospheric vertical TEC maps is well below 1 TEC unit, and that it is at least a factor of 2 better than the global products.

Góra poczajowska zasłynęła na Rusi po cudownym objawieniu się tam Matki Bożej. Przypuszczalnie, już w 1240 r. uciekający przed hordami tatarskimi mnisi z Kijowa znaleźli schronienie w pobliskich pieczarach. W 1559 r. właścicielka tych ziem Anna Hojska ufundowała dla żyjących w pieczarach mnichów monaster prawosławny oraz przekazała cudowną ikonę Matki Bożej. Najwybitniejszym ihumenem monasteru poczajowskiego był św. Hiob Zalizo. Po raz pierwszy został wybrany wyłącznie przez mnichów na nowego przełożonego monasteru, czwartego od czasu wprowadzenia w monasterze reguły cenobitycznej. Drugimi wybitnymi fundatorami monasteru poczajowskiego stali się małżonkowie Domaszewscy. Swymi wysiłkami włożonymi w wzniesienie kamiennej cerkwi, znacznymi nadaniami pieniężnymi i ziemskimi przeznaczonymi na jej upiększenie i utrzymanie samego monasteru, pragnęli wynagrodzić straty i zniszczenia naniesione przez możnowładcę Firleja oraz powstanie kozackie, i tym samym nie dopuścić do całkowitego upadku i ustania życia monastycznego na Górze Poczajowskiej. Z tego względu ich imiona zostały tak mocno podkreślone w dziejach głównego ośrodka duchowego na Wołyniu.

We describe the synthesis of nanocomposites, based on nanofibers of silicon carbide, silver nanoparticles, and cellulose. Silver nanoparticle synthesis was achieved with chemical reduction using hydrazine by adding two different surfactants to obtain a nanocomposite with silver nanoparticles of different diameters. Determination of antibacterial activity was based on respiration tests. Enzymatic analysis indicates oxidative stress, and viability testing was conducted using an epifluorescence microscope. Strong bactericidal activity of nanocomposites was found against bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, which were used in the study as typical Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. It is assumed that reactive oxygen species generation was responsible for the observed antibacterial effect of the investigated materials. Due to the properties of silicon carbide nanofiber, the obtained nanocomposite may have potential use in technology related to water and air purification. Cellulose addition prevented silver nanoparticle release and probably enhanced bacterial adsorption onto aggregates of the nanocomposite material.