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Ulkus Diabetikum merupakan luka yang membutuhkan perawatan khusus, penatalaksanaan untuk mengatasi luka ulkus diabetik, yaitu dengan metode Modern Dressing. Luka kaki diabetes disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu neuropati, trauma, deformitas kaki, tekanan tinggi pada telapak tangan kaki dan penyakit vaskuler perifer. Pemeriksaan dan klasifikasi ulkus diabetes yang menyeluruh dan sistemik dapat membantu memberikan dan arahan perawatan yang adekuat. Tujuan pada penelitian ini untuk Mengetahui pengaruh perawatan luka menggunakan metode modern dressing terhadap derajat luka ulkus diabetikum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi-eksperimental dengan pendekatan pre-post test two group design yaitu suatu metode penelitian yang dilakukan dengan observasional. Hasil Penelitian didapatkan Rata-rata nilai perawatan luka dengan metode modern dressing yaitu nilai rata-rata sebelum yaitu (17.53) dan rata-rata sesudah intervensi (8.93). sehingga dikatakan Ada pengaruh modern dressing terhadap derajat luka ulkus diabetikum.

The case of the circulation of illegal goods, especially cigarettes without duty in Tanjung Balai City, is a case that is attracting serious attention, because there were a lot of catches by Teluk Nibung Customs and Excise officers during the 2021 to 2022 period, in the form of 2,313,172 cigarettes. With a total value of goods of Rp. 9,840,000,000.00 (nine billion eight hundred and forty million rupiah) with a total potential state loss of Rp. 3,913,000,000.00 (three billion nine hundred and thirteen million rupiah). This research aims to determine the factors causing the circulation of illegal cigarettes without duty in Tanjung Balai, law enforcement against the circulation of illegal cigarettes without duty in Tanjung Balai, as well as obstacles and efforts to enforce the law on the distribution of illegal cigarettes without duty.The nature of research in writing a thesis uses descriptive analysis, the type of research uses Normative law while the data collection method uses Library Research, and the type of data in this research uses Secondary Data. Criminal acts regarding fake excise stamps and the use of used BKC excise stamps are regulated in Article 55 of Law no. 39 of 2007 and factors that can hinder the Directorate General of Customs and Excise and related agencies from effectively monitoring and enforcing the law on the distribution of illegal tobacco in the city of Medan are the lack of public awareness of illegal tobacco, weak supervision and enforcement carried out by the relevant authorities. , there is still a lack of awareness of Tobacco producers in producing illegal Tobacco. The government is expected to increase State revenues from the excise sector along with efforts to safeguard State revenues and issue several strategic policies, namely by neutralizing the market for Illegal Tobacco products.

Humans undertake land management and care of landscapes to maintain safe, healthy, productive and predictable environments. Often, this is achieved through creating spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a way that leverages the natural world; both amplifying natural trends and, in some cases, driving shifts counter to natural processes. However, a persistent paradigm governing the understanding of proxy evidence of past human activity on the environment is that human agency is only recognized in proxy data when trends oppose what are expected to occur naturally. Framing research in such a way ignores the fact that people have, continue to, and will always leverage the environment in ways that both compliment and diverge from “natural” trends. Doing so masks, or erases, people from the histories of their territories and continues to perpetuate myths such as “wild” and “wilderness”, particularly in places that have in fact been shaped and maintained by people for long periods of time. Here, we synthesize geographical, dendrochronological, palaeoecological, archaeological and palaeoclimatic data to demonstrate how Palawa people (Tasmanian Aboriginal people) in Lutruwita (now known as Tasmania, southeast Australia) leveraged climatic change to convert unproductive forest vegetation to open forest and grassland to support higher occupation levels. The fine-scale heterogeneity we have identified reflects the diversity of ways in which, and the spatial scale that, the Palawa engage with their land. We caution against adopting coarse spatial scale (i.e., continental, regional, etc.) methodologies to reconstruct the influence of past societies over landscape evolution as they assume homogeneity of human cultures and of human influence on landscapes. We also reinforce calls for those researching past landscape change to abandon tropes of human agency acting only in opposition to the natural world. Such approaches are couched within a narrow cultural understanding of human-environment interactions and result in the erasure of Indigenous and local peoples' role in maintaining healthy, biodiverse and safe landscapes.

The purpose of this study is to identify a plan for sustaining and growing MNCTV news stations' share and rating. This television news station has been around for around 27 years and is still going strong. Despite the fact that the generation at this news station has shifted, this is inextricably linked to the outstanding program rating/share and has a tendency to remain steady. Descriptive qualitative research methodology is used to gather detailed information about the chief editor and three executives involved in news programs. The findings demonstrated that from pre-production to post-production, the editorial team holds regular meetings. Reporters with specialized knowledge of the issue being covered are provided access to all of the materials reviewed during the editorial meeting. Additionally, they stay up to date with technology advancements to improve the screen. To improve the on-screen presentation, news anchors are frequently swapped out for younger, more intelligent candidates. As the times change, news is also posted to official social media profiles on platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok.

Abstract Limited studies explore the use of AI for COVID-19 prognostication. This study investigates the relationship between AI-aided radiographic parameters, clinical and laboratory data, and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We conducted a multicentre retrospective study. The derivation and validation cohort comprised of 512 and 137 confirmed COVID-19 patients, respectively. Variable selection for constructing an in-hospital mortality scoring model was performed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, followed by logistic regression. The accuracy of the scoring model was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The final model included eight variables: anosmia (OR: 0.280; 95%CI 0.095–0.826), dyspnoea (OR: 1.684; 95%CI 1.049–2.705), loss of consciousness (OR: 4.593; 95%CI 1.702–12.396), mean arterial pressure (OR: 0.928; 95%CI 0.900–0.957), peripheral oxygen saturation (OR: 0.981; 95%CI 0.967–0.996), neutrophil % (OR: 1.034; 95%CI 1.013–1.055), serum urea (OR: 1.018; 95%CI 1.010–1.026), affected lung area score (OR: 1.026; 95%CI 1.014–1.038). The Integrated Inpatient Mortality Prediction Score for COVID-19 (IMPACT) demonstrated a predictive value of 0.815 (95% CI 0.774–0.856) in the derivation cohort. Internal validation resulted in an AUROC of 0.770 (95% CI 0.661–0.879). Our study provides valuable evidence of the real-world application of AI in clinical settings. However, it is imperative to conduct prospective validation of our findings, preferably utilizing a control group and extending the application to broader populations.

Background: Acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications of non-fatal drowning. Although respiratory societies’ guidelines endorse the role of systemic corticosteroids in ARDS, the evidence for systemic corticosteroid use in ARDS due to non-fatal drowning is limited. Methods: A search was conducted on Pubmed, OVID, and EuropePMC, assessing the clinical question using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected studies were critically appraised, and the results were summarized. Results: A total of six retrospective studies were selected and assessed, all studies showed poor validity and a high risk of bias. Out of six studies, only four informed us of steroid administration’s effect on outcomes. In two studies, mortality associated with corticosteroid administration seemed to be higher. On the contrary, one study found no mortality in the corticosteroid group, but 100% mortality was observed in the control group. In another study, steroid therapy seemed to not affect hospital length of stay or mechanical ventilation rates. Conclusion: Corticosteroid administration for non–fatal drowning and its impact on clinical outcomes remains equivocal. Routine administration of corticosteroids is not indicated and should be done on a case-by-case basis.

Information technology is now a two-eyed sword because, in addition to contributing to the advancement of human well-being, progress, and civilization, it is also an effective means of committing acts against the law. A new legal regime known as cyber law or telematics law has emerged in recent times. Cyber law is internationally used for legal terms related to the use of information and communication technology. Similarly, telematic law is an embodiment of the convergence of telecommunications law, media law, and computer law. Speaking of crime in information technology is not out of the rules governing the crime, then it was the basis of the birth of the Act No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions and now amended to the Law No. 1 of 2024 on Amendment of the Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transaction. The criminal offense of falsification of documents through the Internet belongs to the category of cybercrime, which can be committed by both individuals and organizations. Cybercrime is a term that refers to criminal activity, with a computer or computer network being the tool, target, or place of crime. Electronic Information Manipulation Crimes themselves are a frequent occurrence in Indonesia. There are many court rulings that judge electronic information manipulation crimes; one of them is the ruling of the Medan State Court with registration number 542/Pid.Sus/2022/PN Mdn, where the accused is named Angga Risnawan. The date of birth of the accused is 22 years of private employment. The accused was found guilty of committing “those who committed, ordered, and accompanied acts intentionally and without the right or against the law of manipulating, creating, altering, eroding, or corrupting electronic information and/or electronic documents with the aim of making the electronic information and/or electronic document considered authentic data

BackgroundThe artificial intelligence (AI) analysis of chest x-rays can increase the precision of binary COVID-19 diagnosis. However, it is unknown if AI-based chest x-rays can predict who will develop severe COVID-19, especially in low- and middle-income countries. ObjectiveThe study aims to compare the performance of human radiologist Brixia scores versus 2 AI scoring systems in predicting the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of 300 patients suspected with and with confirmed COVID-19 infection in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 2 AI scores were generated using CAD4COVID x-ray software. ResultsThe AI probability score had slightly lower discrimination (area under the curve [AUC] 0.787, 95% CI 0.722-0.852). The AI score for the affected lung area (AUC 0.857, 95% CI 0.809-0.905) was almost as good as the human Brixia score (AUC 0.863, 95% CI 0.818-0.908). ConclusionsThe AI score for the affected lung area and the human radiologist Brixia score had similar and good discrimination performance in predicting COVID-19 severity. Our study demonstrated that using AI-based diagnostic tools is possible, even in low-resource settings. However, before it is widely adopted in daily practice, more studies with a larger scale and that are prospective in nature are needed to confirm our findings.

This work considers numerical modeling of the stress-strain state of a homogeneous rectangular thin plate after a thermal shock. The presented solution is implemented in the finite element (FEM) package ANSYS Mechanical APDL 2020 R2. The task to be considered is a two-dimensional problem with the initial deflection of the plate. It is considered that the plate is cantilevered only at one end, but the other three edges are free. At the moment of a temperature shock, the plate acquires a curved shape. Within the framework of the heat conduction problem, two heat flows are taken into account. The first flow goes from the surface layer subjected to thermal shock deep into the plate. The second flow spreads parallel to its longitudinal axis. This axis is perpendicular to the plate embedding line. The dependencies of the temperature field of the plate are built. A comparative analysis was carried out with approximate analytical dependencies obtained in other works. The dependencies of the projections of the displacement vector of the plate points are obtained only in the case when the longitudinal displacement is small. There is also an analysis of the applicability of the results for practical purposes. For example, it is proposed to use the results obtained to assess the significance of the impact of thermal shock of solar panels on the motion of a small satellite.

Gender-based violence is a phenomenon that is still encountered in academic environments, including at Semarang State University (UNNES). This study aims to analyze gender-based violence at UNNES from the point of view of international law, international conventions that have been ratified by Indonesia related to women's protection, and existing regulations and policies at UNNES related to this issue. The research method used is a juridical normative approach by collecting data through literature studies, document analysis, and interviews with related parties. The results showed that gender-based violence at UNNES includes various forms, including sexual harassment, gender discrimination, gender stereotypes, and policies that are not in favor of women. This research also revealed that UNNES has adopted several regulations and policies related to gender issues, but there is still a gap between existing policies and their implementation. In addition, international conventions that have been ratified by Indonesia are also an important basis in protecting women from gender-based violence in the academic environment. This research provides recommendations to UNNES to strengthen the implementation of existing regulations and policies related to gender issues, as well as increase awareness and understanding of gender-based violence to the entire UNNES academic community. In addition, this research is also expected to be a reference for researchers and policy makers in dealing with the issue of gender-based violence in the university environment and encourage the adoption of policies that favor the protection of women's rights.

Penyimpanan lestari terhadap sumber radiasi bekas (disused sealed radioactive sources = DSRS) masih menghadapi beberapa rintangan, antara lain karena DSRS umumnya berumur paro panjang, tingkat radiasi gamma-photon tinggi, sulitnya opsi untuk dikembalikan ke negara pembuat, dan aktivitas melampaui batas untuk shallow land disposal. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan sistem penyimpanan lestari limbah DSRS dengan fasilitas skala kecil yang ekonomis, memenuhi standard keselamatan pekerja, masyarakat dan lingkungan. Jawaban untuk masalah ini adalah dengan konsep penyimpanan lestari dalam lubang bor (borehole disposal = BHD). Penelitian ini fokus pada evaluasi potensi lingkungan Kawasan Nuklir Serpong (KNS) untuk tapak fasilitas BHD dan keselamatannya sesuai dengan standar IAEA yaitu borehole disposal of disused sealed sources (BOSS). Evaluasi lingkungan KNS dilakukan dengan karakterisasi dan evaluasi keselamatan lingkungan geologi dan non geologi untuk tapak BHD sesuai standard IAEA. Secara umum, hasil evaluasi parameter lingkungan terhadap kriteria tapak disposal menunjukkan adanya kesesuaian. Namun ada beberapa parameter yang perlu diberikan solusi teknologi (engineered barrier) agar fungsi tapak sebagai natural barrier dapat terpenuhi. Beberapa solusi teknologi tersebut meliputi kemasan limbah (kapsul dan kontainer), buffer dan backfill material, pelapis lubang bor (casing), pemasangan basement plug dan upper/cover plug. Hasil dari pengkajian keselamatan dengan Borehole Disposal Concept (BDS) scoping tools menunjukkan bahwa konsep fasilitas BHD pada tapak KNS termasuk dalam zona hijau (green zone) yang berarti aman, dengan nilai total dosis maksimal sebesar 7.2e-9 Sv/y di tahun 46.678y. Menggunakan system standar BOSS dengan penambahan engineered barrier maka lokasi tapak di KNS memenuhi kriteria dan berpotensi untuk penempatan fasilitas borehole disposal limbah DSRS.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tata mengelola perlindungan data pribadi di era metaverse. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan data pribadi bersifat mendesak dan hadirnya undang-undang perlindungan data pribadi perlu untuk ditelaah. Lemahnya sistem keamanan dan privasi yang mengakibatkan kebocoran data, interaksi sosial yang tidak ada batasnya melalui teknologi metaverse. Hadirnya undang-undang tentang perlindungan data pribadi menjadi suatu jawaban atas lemahnya perlindungan data pribadi. Perlu keterlibatan dari elemen pelaku industri ekonomi digital dan pemerintah dalam membuat kebijakan aturan pelaksana atau teknis, serta penerapan prinsip perlindungan data.

This paper discusses an approach to estimating the parameters of the cohesive zone model (CZM) by mode II by extruding the bushing along the lug axis. This method of evaluation requires small samples, which is particularly relevant when investigating short fiber-reinforced polymers (SFRPs) with additively manufactured embedded elements. Adhesion is investigated on the example of 30% carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 molded to Ti-6Al-4V (VT6) selective laser-melted (SLM) alloy bushing in cases of a roughness Ra = 2.66 μm (vibratory finishing), Ra = 8.79 μm (sandblasting), and Ra = 10.02 (directly from SLM). The values of the maximum equivalent tangential contact stress were in a range from 1.1 MPa to 9.5 MPa, while the critical fracture energy for tangential slip was estimated at 15 N/mm for all cases. Experimental validation of the obtained CZM mode II was carried out by evaluating the load-carrying capacity of the lugs with different bushings. In both the experiment and the calculation, greater bushing roughness provides greater lug load-bearing capacity. The ribbed bushings added significant strength in the experiments, which confirmed the importance of considering the tangential mode in the contact model. The presented models can be used for the preliminary evaluation of short fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 parts with titanium-embedded elements bearing capacity.

This paper describes the development of a methodology for air propeller optimization using Bezier curves to describe blade geometry. The proposed approach allows for more flexibility in setting the propeller shape, for example, using a variable airfoil over the blade span. The goal of optimization is to identify the appropriate geometry of a propeller that reduces the power required to achieve a given thrust. Because the proposed optimization problem is a constrained optimization process, the technique of generating a penalty function was used to convert the process into a nonconstrained optimization. For the optimization process, a variant of the differential evolution algorithm was used, which includes adaptive techniques of the evolutionary operators and a population size reduction method. The aerodynamic characteristics of the propellers were obtained using the similar to blade element momentum theory (BEMT) isolated section method (ISM) and the XFOIL program. Replacing the angle of geometric twist with the angle of attack of the airfoil section as a design variable made it possible to increase the robustness of the optimization algorithm and reduce the calculation time. The optimization technique was implemented in the OpenVINT code and has been used to design helicopter and tractor propellers for unmanned aerial vehicles. The development algorithm was validated experimentally and using CFD numerical method. The experimental tests confirm that the optimized propeller geometry is superior to commercial analogues available on the market.

ABSTRAK Dunia Sport industry menjadi salah satu peluang yang sangat berperan penting dalam kemajuan dunia olahraga. Industri Olahraga adalah kegiatan bisnis dibidang olahraga dalam bentuk produk barang dan/atau jasa. Setiap pelaksanaan industri olahraga yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, dan/atau masyarakat wajib memperhatikan tujuan keolahragaan nasional serta prinsip penyelenggaraan kegiatan olahraga. olahraga telah menjadi industri unggulan sebagai pemasok devisa negara. Hal ini seharusnya telah menyadarkan kita untuk menjadikan olahraga sebagai penggerak laju pertumbuhan ekonomi yang membuka kesempatan kerja, membuka peluang usaha dan ikut mensejahterakan masyrakat. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data mengunakan observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 16 orang. Teknik analisis data mengunakan triangulasi data. Hasil analisa data menunjukan bahwa industry mikro olahraga memiliki peluang dari sekmen Sport performance / penampilan olahraga, Sport Production / produksi olahraga, dan Sport Promotion / Promosi Olahraga. Dapat disimpulkan progdi Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekresi Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana Kupang memiliki peluang dalam mengembangkan industry mikro olahraga. Kata kunci: penjajakan, peluang, industry, mikro, dan Olehraga

The paper investigates the stress–strain state of a homogeneous rectangular plate after a temperature shock. It is believed that the plate is the first approximation of the solar panel model of a small spacecraft. To study the stress–strain state of the plate, a two-dimensional thermoelasticity problem is posed. The problem has a static formulation, since it does not take into account the dynamics of the plate’s natural oscillations. These oscillations affect the stress–strain state through the initial deflection of the plate at the time of the temperature shock. This deflection changes the parameters of the temperature shock and does not allow the use of a one-dimensional formulation of the thermoelasticity problem. As a result of solving the static two-dimensional thermoelasticity problem, approximate solutions are obtained for the components of the plate point’s displacement vector after the temperature shock. An approximation of the temperature field is presented. A numerical simulation is carried out. The correspondence of the obtained approximate analytical dependencies of the components of the plate point’s displacement vector to the numerical simulation data is analyzed. The proposed method can be used to assess the significance of the influence of the small spacecraft’s solar panels temperature shock on the dynamics of its rotational motion.

In a real-world environment, there are several difficult obstacles to overcome in classification. Those obstacles are data overlapping and skewness of data distribution. Overlapping data occur when many data from different classes overlap with each other; this condition often occurs when there are many classes in a data set. On other hand, skewness of data distribution occurs when the data distribution is not a Gaussian (normal) distribution. To overcome these two problems, a new method called Adaptive Fuzzy-Neuro Generalized Learning Vector Quantization using PI membership function (AFNGLVQ-PI) is proposed in this study. AFNGLVQ-PI is derived from Fuzzy-Neuro Generalized Learning Vector Quantization using the PI membership function (FNGLVQ-PI). In FNGLVQ-PI, the updated values for minimum and maximum variables in the fuzzy membership function are set based on the mean of the updated values. Whereas, in the newly proposed AFNGLVQ-PI, updated values for minimum, maximum, and mean variables are derived based on the differential equations to approximate the data distribution better. In this study, the newly proposed AFNGLVQ-PI algorithm was tested and verified on twelve different data sets. Two of the data sets are synthetic data sets where we could compare the performance of the data sets in different overlapping conditions and levels of skewness. The rest of the data sets were chosen and used as a benchmark to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm. In the experiment, AFNGLVQ-PI took first place in 18 out of 29 experiments. Furthermore, AFNGLVQ-PI also achieved positive improvements for all data sets used in the experiments, which could not be achieved by the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), Generalized Learning Vector Quantization (GLVQ), and other commonly used algorithms, such as SVM, kNN, and MLP.

Hypocenter relocation is a method used to get precise earthquake parameters. They will be useful for an advanced tectonic study like seismic hazard assessment in an area. The hypocenter relocation using a 3-D velocity model will theoretically obtain better results than a 1-D velocity model because the earth subsurface model is closed with a 3-D model. Some 767 earthquakes recorded by DOMERAPI, MERAMEX, BMKG, and BPPTKG networks used in this research. They were relocated by using a 3-D velocity model and analyzed for seismotectonic study in Central Java area and its surroundings. The result of hypocenter relocation using a 3-D velocity model is successfully detecting some tectonic features more clearly like columnar structure related to the backthrust structure at the south of Kebumen. The west-east vertical cross-section crossing the Opak fault indicates the dip of the fault plane is directing to the east. This study could not identify the double seismic zone, which was detected by the previous research. Some volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes related to the shallow magma activity of Mount Merapi also are detected clearly in this study.

Problems that can be rendered by hemodialysis include anxiety, relationships in marriage, and disobedience in diet and medicine, limitations in lifestyle and threat of death. The purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness comparison between the Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) with autogenic relaxation to decrease the anxiety scale of hemodialysis patients. The research design employed Quasy Experiment Without Control Group Design. The results of independent t-test analysis in the Emotional Spiritual intervention group Freedom Technique (SEFT) obtained results p = 0,000, in the Autogenic Relaxation intervention group the results were p = 0,000. The results of the independent t-test analysis showed that p = 0.184. The study indicates that there was no difference between the Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) and Autogenic Relaxation on decreasing the anxiety scale of hemodialysis patients. It is looked forward that the Hospital can enforce independent interventions such as Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) and Autogenic Relaxation to degrade the anxiety scale of hemodialysis patients.

Background: Parental attentiveness is critical during early childhood age. In consideration of the fact that child dental health problems are linked to parents’ dental health, it is necessary to not only focus on children in promoting dental health strategy, but also to parents and close relatives. An epidemiological study on social support as a determinant factor to maternal behavior in dental and oral health care in 3–7 years old children confirmed that the four components of social support (informational, appraisal, instrumental, and emotional) are linked to maternal behavior. Furthermore, although there has been a high caries severity index, the total visitation to the Public Health Centre is low regardless of whether more than 50% of the respondents claimed they are covered by BPJS Health Insurance and are active in social media. The reluctance of mothers to access information related to dental and oral health care have cost children’s dental and oral health www.gigisehat.id is expected to serve as a source of information related to dental and oral health for mothers. Purpose: To serve as a source of information related to child dental and oral health care for mothers. Methods: The website link was shared through the NgobrolOnline discussion group and distribution of the illustrated book. Results: 29 participants (64.4%) have accessed the www.gigisehat.id. Conclusion: www.gigisehat.id was accepted and effective in disseminating information about child dental and oral health care, especially for mothers under Keputih Public Health Center coverage.

Kekayaan Intelektual (KI) merupakan kekayaan yang timbul atau lahir dari kemampuan intelektual manusia. Kekayaan Intelektual (KI) merupakan hak untuk menikmati hasil kreativitas intelektual manusia secara ekonomis. Kekayaan Intelektual terbagi menjadi dua yaitu hak cipta dan hak milik industri yang diantaranya merek, paten, desain industri, rahasia dagang, desain tata letak sirkuit terpadu. Rahasia Dagang termasuk bagian dari kekayaan intelektual yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang guna menjamin kepastian hukum bagi pemegang hak rahasia dagang karena mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang tinggi, oleh karena itu pemegang hak harus mendapatkan perlindungan hukum yang jelas dan mendapat kepastian hukum oleh negara. berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut maka munculah perumusan masalah yang pertama bagaimana eksistensi pendaftaran Rahasia Dagang di Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Jawa Tengah dan kedua, bagaimana karakteristik informasi Rahasia Dagang dan perlindungan hukumnya? Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana eksistensi pendaftaran rahasia dagang di Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Jawa Tengah dan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana informasi Rahasia Dagang dan perlindungan hukumnya Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris yaitu suatu penelitian yang meneliti peraturan-peraturan hukum yang kemudian dihubungkan dengan data dan perilaku yang hidup di tengahtengah masyarakat langsung. Dari hasil penelitian terdapat Rahasia Dagang yang di daftarkan pada direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Jawa Tengah untuk mendapatkan perlindungan hukum walaupun pendaftaran Rahasia Dagang tidak diwajibkan dalam Undang-Undang. Dan mengenai perlindungan hukum Rahasia Dagang diatur dalam hukum Pidana maupun Perdata. Keywords—Trade Secret; Intellectual Property; Pendaftaran

Objective This study will test the performance of the anal swab PCR test when compared with the nasopharyngeal swab PCR test as a diagnostic tool for COVID-19.Design An observational descriptive study which included hospitalised suspected, or probable cases of hopitalised COVID-19 patients, conducted in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Ciputra Hospital, Mitra Keluarga Depok Hospital and Mitra Keluarga Kelapa Gading Hospital, Indonesia. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiology data were obtained. Nasopharyngeal and anal swabs specimens were collected for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection.Results We analysed 136 subjects as part of this study. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 manifesation in this study was typical of hospitalised patients, with 25% classified as mild cases, 14.7% in severe condition and 12.5% of subjects classified as having acute respiratory distress syndrome. When compared with nasopharyngeal swab as the standard specimen for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen, the sensitivity and specificity of the anal swab was 36.7% and 93.8%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive value were 97.8% and 16.5 %, respectively. The performance of the anal swab remained similar when only the subgroup of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (n=92, 67.6%) was analysed (sensitivity 40% and specificity 91.7%). Out of all the subjects included in analysis, 67.6% had gastrointestinal symptoms. Similarly, 73.3% of patients in the anal swab-positive group had gastrointestinal symptoms. The two most common gastrointestinal symptoms in the subjects’ population were nausea and anorexia.Conclusion Anal swab specimen has low sensitivity (36.7%) but high specificity (93.8%) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen by RT-PCR. Only one additional positive result was found by anal swab among the nasopharyngeal swab-negative group. Anal swab may not be needed as an additional test at the beginning of a patient’s diagnostic investigation and nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR remains as the standard diagnostic test for COVID-19.

One of the most devastating pests of chili pepper is the sweet potato whitefly (SPW), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). It sucks plant sap, emits honeydew on which sooty mold fungi grow, and transmits the pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV), the most damaging viral disease of chili in Indonesia. Farmers rely mainly on insecticide to control the insect with two to three sprays in a week. To reduce the insecticide use, an integrated approach needs to be developed. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effectiveness of the integration of reflective mulch, host plant resistance, and insecticide use for managing the sweet potato whitefly on the chili pepper. In 2018, a complete randomized block design was used in three separate trials to assess the effects of mulch, cultivar, or insecticide application frequency on the numbers of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. In 2019, a split-split plot design was used to evaluate the effects of the integration of mulch, cultivar, and insecticide application frequency on the numbers of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. The results showed that the reflective silver mulch had significantly lower numbers of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults, in comparison to the rice straw mulch and bare ground treatments. Chili plants cv. Bara was more resistant than Bhaskara against B. tabaci in the field; however, in the no-choice trial, no significant difference was detected between both cultivars. Insecticide applications twice per week and once per week were equally effective in controlling the whitefly on the susceptible cultivar (Bhaskara). Overall, the integration of reflective mulch, resistant cultivar, and insecticide application every two weeks effectively suppressed B. tabaci populations on the chili pepper. This approach could substantially reduce the number of insecticide applications from twice per week (commonly practiced by chili farmers in the area) to one application only in two weeks.

In early October 2017, the Indonesian government, represented by the Directorate General of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, has officially ratified the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks (Madrid Protocol). The ratification is contained in the Presidential Regulation No. 92 of 2017 on Ratification of Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, 1989. The Presidential Regulation shall be the legal basis of enforcement that regulates the international trademark registration in Indonesia. The concept offered through the international trademark registration system based on the Madrid Protocol is its practicality which passes only one examination, one Language, one currency and it is integrated by the International Bureau administered by WIPO without changing the sovereignty of each member country which ratifies the system. The objective of this paper is to find out how the trademark registration is implemented based on the Madrid Protocol after its ratification in Indonesia and how the system will impact. The results of this paper will be beneficial for the public so that they know the mechanism of the international trademark registration and the impact of this system

A creative work created by its creator based on his sense and intention which is supported by his creativity will become an intellectual work with a high economic value. Such creators are like book and song writers who have an ability and idea to produce a work that can be enjoyed by everyone. Based on the principle of justice, it is understood that to produce such work is not an easy task because it requires sacrifice. Therefore, the creator is entitled to economic benefits for his work. An intellectual work having a very high economic value is supposed to get adequate legal protection supported by a sense of justice as the reward of the creator’s intellectual products. In addition to physical copyrighted work products, there are also digital products on which the creator owns a copyright. There are examples of digital products which follow the development of technology such as song files, e-books, software, etc. One of the problems that exists in the community is that the digital product becomes easier to be pirated or illegally downloaded through the internet. How is copyright protection in digital products as the embodiment of the creator's creative works. Copyright protection against creators and copyright holders pursuant to Act No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright. Article 1 number 1 and Article 24 paragraph (1) and (2). The creator or copyright holder has rights to be protected by the government, namely economic rights and moral rights. The existence of economic rights and moral rights is then someone's creative work will have its own values, so it is not easy to use his property for commercial purposes by the parties who are not responsible.

Non-traditional Trademarks are also known as non-conventional trademarks develop due to business demands. The development of new trademarks like the sound, scent, three dimensions, and the hologram is defined as non-traditional trademarks and non-conventional trademarks of modern trademarks. The international and national regulations of the trademarks are done through several instruments. In Indonesia, they are governed in Act No 20 of 2016 and the regulations of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights No 67 of 2016. Despite their regulations which are accommodated in Act No 20 of 2016, the implementations of the regulation in Indonesia are as well-developed as that of other countries. The problems in the implementation of the non-traditional trademark protection are the responsibilities of the General Directorate of Intellectual Property especially in preparing the facilities and human resources.

Partisipasi masyarakat diperlukan dalam menjawab keterbatasan dana untuk merealisasikan program ameliorasi iklim mikro. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis persepsi masyarakat terhadap perubahan iklim Kota Bogor, indeks kenyamanan udara terhadap iklim mikro, dan nilai (WTP) masyarakat. Data willingness to pay diperoleh melalui kuesioner dengan metode One Score One Criteria yang kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik. Penelitian menunjukkan setiap kelurahan memiliki permasalahan yang berbeda terkait dengan faktor penyebab terjadinya degradasi kenyamanan udara. Hal ini didukung oleh nilai Temperature Humidity Index yang tidak nyaman dan persepsi dari masyarakat bahwa terjadi peningkatan suhu udara dan kelembapan udara. Hasil WTP menunjukkan Rp12.413/KK/bulan; yang secara akumulatif potensi partisipasi masyarakat Kota Bogor diestimasi mencapai jumlah Rp3.220.453.546 per bulan.

Public participation is needed to answer the limitation of fund in realizing the micro-climate amelioration program. This research aims to analyze the public perception on climate change in Bogor City, the air amenity index on micro-climate, and the value of willingness to pay (WTP) of community. Data was collected through questionnaires using One Score One Criteria method (Avenzora, 2008) and result was analyzed using statistics. The research showed that each village facing different problems related to the causes of the air amenity degradation. This result was also supported by the value of Temperature Humidity Index which was uncomfortable and according to the public perception that there was an increasing of the air temperature and humidity. The value of willingness to contribute of the community was Rp12,413/family/month which is accumulatively community participation potency of Bogor City estimated to reach Rp3,220,453,546 per month.

All species of hornbill (Bucerotidae) in Indonesia are protected by Law No. 5 of 1990 about Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems and Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 about Preservation of Plants and Animals. One of area that was identified as hornbill habitation in Sumatra is Betung Mount Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman (Tahura WAR). The aims of this research are to provide the information of hornbill existence and their habitation in Betung Mount Tahura WAR. This research was conducted in May 2015 used the exploration method and concentrated area. The results showed at Betung Mount there is one species of hornbill that was observed both visually and audio, its rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros). Hornbill often found in steep areas and trees with high (> 17 m) and diameter large (> 30 cm), hornbill did their activity in the Ficus and Litsea sp tree. The trees are used as foraging, roosting, shelter and nesting for hornbills. Threats and interferences of hornbills and their habitation caused of deforestation and land expansion of coffee, cocoa and rubber plantations. Keywords: habitation, Hornbill, Tahura WAR

Isu-isu dan pertimbangan terkait dengan harmonik sering diabaikan. Dengan munculnya elektronika daya dan proliferasi beban non-linear dalam aplikasi daya industri, memiliki pengaruh terhadap karakteristik respon frekuensi sinusoidal. Distorsi steady state sinusoidal arus dan tegangan dengan beban nonlinier harus ambang batas ditoleransi. ANSI / IEEE Std 519-1992, merekomendasikan distorsi harmonik total (THD) tidak dapat melebihi 5%. Memuat dalam suatu sistem tidak selalu beroperasi dalam kondisi mapan dan beban penuh. Penjadwalan shutdown untuk tujuan pemeliharaan dalam studi kasus dinamika sistem merespon dengan karakter beban, ketika waktu interval antara SAG Mill shutdown untuk filter harmonik (3 C-Type HF) di Concentrator Distribusi Daya 11 kV PTNNT menyebabkan gangguan listrik. Gangguan yang muncul setiap periode shutdown dalam bentuk fluktuasi konten harmonik, pergeseran sudut fase, dan dominasi daya reaktif, yang berhubungan dengan penurunan efisiensi dan kualitas daya.Kondisi yang tidak memungkinkan untuk operasi jangka panjang, saat masa transisi dari shutdown, dianalisis dan dihitung dengan menggunakan program komputer ETAP versi 7.0.0. Hasil analisis setiap masa transisi akan dibandingkan dengan standar praktis yang direkomendasikan untuk operasi distribusi tenaga listrik untuk pabrik-pabrik industri.

Pluralisme menjadi kesadaran baru yang menganggap bahwa semua keyakinan memiliki kesamaan secara umum satu dengan yang lain. Implikasinya, tidak ada satu pun agama yang boleh mengklaim bahwa ia adalah satu-satunya keyakinan yang paling benar di antara agama-agama lainnya. Indonesia sebagai negara pluralis juga menghadapi problematika pluralisme agama. Dalam menghadapi ini, muncul pemikiran Kristen pluralis yang menekankan persamaan di antara agama-agama sehingga meniadakan keunikan kekristenan: Kristus dan karya keselamatan-Nya benar sedangkan agama lainnya salah. Tulisan ini akan mengenalkan model berapologetika yang membela keunikan iman Kristen di tengah tantangan pemikiran Kristen yang pluralis tentang pluralisme agama di Indonesia: apologetika prasuposisional triperspektivalisme John M. Frame yang diuraikan melalui apologetika konstruktif (normatif), defensif (eksistensial), dan ofensif (situasional). Kata-kata kunci: Apologetika, Prasuposisional, Triperspektivalisme, John M. Frame, Aplikasi, Pluralisme Agama Pluralism exhibits a new awareness that assumes that all beliefs have general similarity when compared one with another. As a result, there is no religion that can claim that it has the claim to ultimate truth when compared with a host of other options. Indonesia, as a pluralistic nation, exhibits the challenges of religious pluralism. Because of that reality, there are frameworks of Christian thought that have arisen that emphasize the similarity of several religions which erodes and ultimately eliminates the uniqueness of Christianity. However, Jesus Christ and his work of salvation is absolutely true and the other religions are false. This article will introduce an apologetic model that can be used to defend the uniqueness of the Christian faith among the challenges of religious pluralistic thought in Indonesia. John M. Frame’s triperspectivalism presuppositional apologetics is proferred and developed through constructive apologetics (normative), defensive apologetics (existential), and offensive apologetics (situational). Keywords: Apologetics, Presuppositional, Triperspectivalism, John M. Frame, Application, Religious Pluralism

This research aimed to study growth ability and virulence of several Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi isolates originated from Boyolali and Temanggung after being preserved for six years in sterile soils media. Completely Randomized Design was used with 12 treatments and 3 replications. F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi originated from Temanggung consisted of 7 isolates, i.e., TKO1, TKO3, TKO4, TKO6, TKO7, TPO1, TPO5; and from Boyolali consisted of 4 isolates, i.e., BAO2, BAO7, BAC, and BAP. Variables observed were growth on PDA, colony color, colony diameter, macroconidia and microconidia, mycelial dry weight, incubation period, attack area, and difference of fresh weight of rhizome. The result showed that all isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi both from Temanggung and Boyolali were able to grow well on PDA and fully covered the Petridish at 4.75–7.5 days. The most virulent isolate was TKO6 from Temanggung showing the fastest incubation period of 5 days after inoculation and the highest attack area of 420 mm2 or increase for 107.6%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui viabilitas dan virulensi beberapa isolat Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi setelah disimpan selama enam tahun pada tanah steril. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tiga ulangan dan 12 perlakuan. Isolat F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi yang digunakan asal Temanggung terdiri atas tujuh isolat, yaitu TKO1, TKO3, TKO4, TKO6, TKO7, TPO1, dan TPO5; asal Boyolali terdiri atas empat isolat, yaitu BAO2, BAO7, BAC, dan BAP. Parameter yang diamati adalah pertumbuhan isolat pada medium PDA, warna koloni, diameter koloni, makrokonidium dan mikrokonidium, berat kering miselium, masa inkubasi, luas serangan, dan selisih berat basah rimpang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua isolat F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi asal Temanggung dan Boyolali, yang telah disimpan dalam medium tanah steril selama enam tahun, masih tumbuh de-ngan baik pada medium PDA dan memenuhi cawan Petri pada umur 4,75–7,5 hari. Isolat yang paling virulen adalah TKO6 asal Temanggung dengan masa inkubasi tercepat yaitu 5 hari setelah inokulasi dan luas serangan pada rimpang sebesar 420 mm2 atau ada peningkatan sampai 107,6%

Bats (order: Chiroptera) are known to host a diverse range of viruses, some of which present a human public health risk. Thorough viral surveillance is therefore essential to predict and potentially mitigate zoonotic spillover. Astroviruses (family: Astroviridae) are an understudied group of viruses with a growing amount of indirect evidence for zoonotic transfer. Astroviruses have been detected in bats with significant prevalence and diversity, suggesting that bats may act as important astrovirus hosts. Most astrovirus surveillance in wild bat hosts has, to date, been restricted to single-gene PCR detection and concomitant Sanger sequencing; additionally, many bat species and many geographic regions have not yet been surveyed for astroviruses at all. Here, we use metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) to detect astroviruses in three species of Madagascar fruit bats, Eidolon dupreanum, Pteropus rufus, and Rousettus madagascariensis. We detect numerous partial sequences from all three species and one near-full length astrovirus sequence from Rousettus madagascariensis, which we use to characterize the evolutionary history of astroviruses both within bats and the broader mammalian clade, Mamastrovirus. Taken together, applications of mNGS implicate bats as important astrovirus hosts and demonstrate novel patterns of bat astrovirus evolutionary history, particularly in the Southwest Indian Ocean region., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Bats (order Chiroptera) are hosts for highly virulent zoonotic pathogens. Many bats demonstrate seasonally varying antiviral responses, including antibody responses which have been observed to peak during the nutritionally depleted dry-season and female gestation periods, suggesting some impact of resource deficits on bat virus immunity. Given the frequent overlap in these energetically demanding periods, it is likely that endocrinological changes associated with pregnancy might partially explain the aforementioned pattern in antibody dynamics. Regardless, we know little about the seasonality of reproduction in many fruit bat species, despite the importance of reproductive biology to informing conservation management (e.g. population viability) and disease dynamics. Here, we aimed to elucidate the reproductive biology of three species of endemic fruit bat native to the island of Madagascar: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascarensis. To do so, we leveraged plasma samples collected in part with a longitudinal field study, from 2018 to 2020. We adapted three standard reproductive assays previously validated in humans to quantify seasonal changes in reproductive hormones for bats and applied a mixture model approach to determine hormone cutoffs for pregnancy. As expected, we found that pregnant females showed the highest levels of estradiol and progesterone and adult males the highest levels of testosterone. Additionally, female P. rufus and R. madagascariensis showed clear seasonality in reproduction with peaks in estradiol and progesterone in August and October, respectively. Seasonality was less clearly discernible in the female E. dupreanum and male data. In general, we found that the commercially available assays were successful in quantifying endocrinological hormones for bats; when paired with histological embryo sections or field data, these offer a powerful tool to elucidate bat reproductive calendars.

Background: Epilepsy continues to be a significant global health problem and the search for new drugs for its treatment remains an urgent task. 5-HT2 and GABAA-receptors are among promising biotargets for the search for new anticonvulsants., Methods: New potential 5-HT2 and GABAA ligands in the series of substituted cinnamoyl derivatives of 3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1-(2H)-one oxime were designed using pharmacophore model and molecular docking analysis. The synthesis of new compounds was carried out from 3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1(2H)-one oxime and substituted cinnamoyl chlorides. The anticonvulsant activity of new substances has been established using the maximal electroshock seizure test., Results: Several synthesized substituted cinnamoyl derivatives of 3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrodibenzo [b,d]furan-1-(2H)-one oxime significantly reduced the severity of convulsive manifestations and completely prevented the death of animals after MES. The structure-activity relationship was investigated. The most effective compound was found to be GIZH-348 (1g) (3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrodibenzo[ b,d]furan-1(2Н)-one О-(4-chlorophenyl)acryloyl)oxime) at the doses of 10-20 mg/kg., Conclusion: Molecular and pharmacophore modelling methods allowed us to create a new group of substituted cinnamoyl derivatives of 3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1-(2H)-one oxime with anticonvulsant activity., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The genus Henipavirus (family Paramyxoviridae ) currently comprises seven viruses, four of which have demonstrated prior evidence of zoonotic capacity. These include the biosafety level 4 agents Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) viruses, which circulate naturally in pteropodid fruit bats. Here, we describe and characterize Angavokely virus (AngV), a divergent henipavirus identified in urine samples from wild, Madagascar fruit bats. We report the nearly complete 16,740-nucleotide genome of AngV, which encodes the six major henipavirus structural proteins (nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix, fusion, glycoprotein, and L polymerase). Within the phosphoprotein (P) gene, we identify an alternative start codon encoding the AngV C protein and a putative mRNA editing site where the insertion of one or two guanine residues encodes, respectively, additional V and W proteins. In other paramyxovirus systems, C, V, and W are accessory proteins involved in antagonism of host immune responses during infection. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that AngV is ancestral to all four previously described bat henipaviruses-HeV, NiV, Cedar virus (CedV), and Ghanaian bat virus (GhV)-but evolved more recently than rodent- and shrew-derived henipaviruses, Mojiang (MojV), Gamak (GAKV), and Daeryong (DARV) viruses. Predictive structure-based alignments suggest that AngV is unlikely to bind ephrin receptors, which mediate cell entry for all other known bat henipaviruses. Identification of the AngV receptor is needed to clarify the virus's potential host range. The presence of V and W proteins in the AngV genome suggest that the virus could be pathogenic following zoonotic spillover. IMPORTANCE Henipaviruses include highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic viruses, derived from bat, rodent, and shrew reservoirs. Bat-borne Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV) are the most well-known henipaviruses, for which no effective antivirals or vaccines for humans have been described. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a novel henipavirus, Angavokely virus (AngV), isolated from wild fruit bats in Madagascar. Genomic characterization of AngV reveals all major features associated with pathogenicity in other henipaviruses, suggesting that AngV could be pathogenic following spillover to human hosts. Our work suggests that AngV is an ancestral bat henipavirus that likely uses viral entry pathways distinct from those previously described for HeV and NiV. In Madagascar, bats are consumed as a source of human food, presenting opportunities for cross-species transmission. Characterization of novel henipaviruses and documentation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potential are essential to predicting and preventing the emergence of future zoonoses that cause pandemics.

The island nation of Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus , Eidolon dupreanum , and Rousettus madagascariensis , all three of which are IUCN Red Listed under some category of threat. Delineation of seasonal limits in the reproductive calendar for threatened mammals can inform conservation efforts by clarifying parameters used in population viability models, as well as elucidate understanding of the mechanisms underpinning pathogen persistence in host populations. Here, we define the seasonal limits of a staggered annual birth pulse across the three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat, known reservoirs for viruses of high zoonotic potential. Our field studies indicate that this annual birth pulse takes place in September/October for P. rufus , November for E. dupreanum , and December for R. madagascariensis in central-eastern Madagascar where the bulk of our research was concentrated. Juvenile development periods vary across the three Malagasy pteropodids, resulting in near-synchronous weaning of pups for all species in late January-February at the height of the fruiting season for this region. We here document the size range in morphological traits for the three Malagasy fruit bat species, with P. rufus and E. dupreanum among the larger of pteropodids globally and R. madagascariensis among the smaller. All three species demonstrate subtle sexual dimorphism with males being larger than females. We explore seasonal variation in adult body condition by comparing observed body mass with body mass predicted by forearm length, demonstrating that pregnant females add weight during staggered gestation periods and males lose weight during the nutritionally deficit Malagasy winter. Finally, we quantify forearm, tibia, and ear length growth rates in juvenile bats, demonstrating both faster growth and more protracted development times for P. rufus as compared with E. dupreanum and R. madagascariensis. The longer development period for the already-threatened P. rufus further undermines the conservation status of this species as human hunting is particularly detrimental to population viability during reproductive periods. Our work highlights the importance of longitudinal field studies in collecting critical data for mammalian conservation efforts and human public health alike., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Mammalogists, www.mammalogy.org.)

Bats are natural reservoirs for both Alpha - and Betacoronaviruses and the hypothesized original hosts of five of seven known zoonotic coronaviruses. To date, the vast majority of bat coronavirus research has been concentrated in Asia, though coronaviruses are globally distributed; indeed, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2-related Betacoronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus have been identified circulating in Rhinolophid bats in both Africa and Europe, despite the relative dearth of surveillance in these regions. As part of a long-term study examining the dynamics of potentially zoonotic viruses in three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat ( Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis ), we carried out metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) on urine, throat, and fecal samples obtained from wild-caught individuals. We report detection of RNA derived from Betacoronavirus subgenus Nobecovirus in fecal samples from all three species and describe full genome sequences of novel Nobecoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis . Phylogenetic analysis indicates the existence of five distinct Nobecovirus clades, one of which is defined by the highly divergent ancestral sequence reported here from P. rufus bats. Madagascar Nobecoviruses derived from P. rufus and R. madagascariensis demonstrate, respectively, Asian and African phylogeographic origins, mirroring those of their fruit bat hosts. Bootscan recombination analysis indicates significant selection has taken place in the spike, nucleocapsid, and NS7 accessory protein regions of the genome for viruses derived from both bat hosts. Madagascar offers a unique phylogeographic nexus of bats and viruses with both Asian and African phylogeographic origins, providing opportunities for unprecedented mixing of viral groups and, potentially, recombination. As fruit bats are handled and consumed widely across Madagascar for subsistence, understanding the landscape of potentially zoonotic coronavirus circulation is essential for mitigation of future zoonotic threats., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kettenburg, Kistler, Ranaivoson, Ahyong, Andrianiaina, Andry, DeRisi, Gentles, Raharinosy, Randriambolamanantsoa, Ravelomanantsoa, Tato, Dussart, Heraud and Brook.)

Seven zoonoses - human infections of animal origin - have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic., (© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and the Royal Society of Biology.)