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Since 1997, various provisions have been incorporated into Indonesia’s environmental law which relate to corporate criminal liability. Other laws relating to natural resource management have also had provisions on corporate criminal liability inserted into them. These laws are problematic because they often fail to distinguish between corporate criminal liability and corporate officers’ criminal liability, and as do the courts in their interpretation and application of them. Currently in Indonesia, an officer may be held liable for a crime committed by their corporation, even without being at fault or appearing as a defendant in the trial. Indonesia’s environmental law can therefore be said to be applying a rather extreme version of individual vicarious liability in environmental cases, in which a corporate officer is punished merely because of their position as a high-ranking officer of a corporation. This practice seems to be the result of an erroneous interpretation of corporate criminal liability. We argue that the Indonesian interpretation of environmental corporate criminal liability is not only ineffective but also harmful and inconsistent with theories of corporate criminal liability. We also argue that corporate criminal liability should be distinguished from the liability of corporate officers. While corporate criminal liability places criminal liability on the corporation as a legal entity, officers' criminal liability places the criminal liability on the corporate officers as individuals. A corporate officer should only be criminally liable if they can be blamed for an environmental crime committed by the corporation.

The objective of this article is to critically examine the regulatory framework associated with reclamation bonding mechanism in Indonesia. It suggests that the failure of the Indonesian reclamatio...

Meskipun hak gugat pemerintah atas kerusakan dan/atau pencemaran lingkungan hidup telah menjadi hal yang lazim dewasa ini, namun di Indonesia landasan doktriner gugatan pemerintah tersebut masih jarang diperbincangkan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum doktrinal, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis landasan teoretis hak gugat pemerintah. Berdasarkan kajian analisis atas peraturan dan putusan pengadilan yang berlaku, serta melakukan perbandingan dengan doktrin-doktrin yang berlaku dalam tradisi common law, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa gugatan pemerintah telah diajukan dalam beberapa dasar teoretis yang berbeda, antara lain: i) pemerintah sebagai wali lingkungan hidup; ii) kerugian negara; dan iii) konsekuensi tanggung jawab negara terkait lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, hak gugat pemerintah di Indonesia memiliki karakteristik yang serupa dengan yang ditemukan dalam doktrin public trust dan doktrin parens patriae. Kemiripan ini membawa pada konsekuensi hukum bahwa gugatan pemerintah atas pencemaran harus ditujukan semata-mata untuk memulihkan lingkungan hidup yang mengalami kerusakan/pencemaran.Kata kunci: doktrin; hak gugat pemerintah; kerugian lingkungan hidup. ABSTRACTDespite the government’s right to sue for environmental damage is a common practice in various countries nowadays, in Indonesia the theoretical basis of it is rare to be discussed. Using a doctrinal-research, this article analyzes the government’s right to sue with prevailing laws and court rulings and compares it to several common law doctrines. This article finds the government’s right to sue in Indonesia is based to three different theories, including: i) the government as a trustee of public natural resources; ii) state’s damage; and iii) the tail of state’s responsibility. In addition, the government’s right to sue also shares similar characteristics found in the public trust doctrine and parens patriae doctrine. The similarities bring about the legal basis that the government’s suit against pollution should primarily aim at restoration.Keywords: doctrine; environmental damage; government’s right to sue.

Sanksi administratif merupakan sanksi yang sangat penting, dan dalam banyak kasus merupakan sanksi yang harus pertama kali diterapkan, dalam penegakan hukum lingkungan. UUPPLH memiliki beberapa ketentuan mengenai jenis dan urutan penjatuhan sanksi administratif. Ketentuan ini kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan Peraturan Menteri LH Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penerapan Sanksi Administratif di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Artikel ini bermaksud membahas jenis sanksi administratif dalam hukum lingkungan Indonesia, serta mengevaluasi dan mengidentifikasi beberapa kekeliruan dalam memahami sanksi administratif, yang pada akhirnya dapat dan telah berkontribusi pada tidak efektifnya penegakan hukum lingkungan di Indonesia. Artikel ini menemukan dua kekeliruan dalam konsep sanksi administratif di Indonesia. Pertama, UUPPLH dan Peraturan Menteri LH bermasalah dalam memahami paksaan pemerintah. Kedua, UUPPLH dan Peraturan Menteri LH mencampuradukkan dan menyamakan antara uang paksa dengan denda administratif. Kedua persoalan dalam penafsiran sanksi administratif ini berkontribusi pada melemahnya sanksi administratif sebagai sanksi yang seharusnya paling utama dalam penegakan hukum lingkungan.

As a country with an extensive area of peatlands, Indonesia provides abundant sources of natural resources and a vast amount of carbon stocks. However, the uncontrolled logging and the expansion of timber and palm oil plantations have changed Indonesia’s peatlands into a source of disasters, that is, wildfires. For years, Indonesia has been accused of violating state responsibility about transboundary haze resulting from wildfires in peatlands. This chapter discusses recent legal development in the protection and management of peatlands in Indonesia and analyzes how regulatory measures addresses the issue of peatland rehabilitation. The chapter argues that requiring the water-table level of a minimum of 0.4 m from the surface is justified according to the precautionary principle. The chapter is also of the opinion that the recovery of peatlands needs to be conducted under the polluter-pay principle, leading to the use of strict liability against peatland draining activities.

Duration and convexity are two important factors in interest rate immunization. These two factors used to be very closely related to financial assets immunization towards change in interest rate, but some of the latest studies had applied the concept of duration and immunization in terms of mortality immunization. This paper examines 24 mortality immunization strategies that applied the duration and convexity concept in insurance portfolios which consist of life insurance and annuity products. The outcome of this study is the optimal proportion of the life insurance and annuity products for life insurance companies in Indonesia. Numeric simulations had been done using Indonesia Mortality Table 2011 (TMI-2011) to obtain the value and characteristics of the optimal proportion for two portfolios which is affected by several factors, namely the implemented strategy, mortality model, mortality model change type, age of policy holder, year of application, payment paying period, and term policies.

Since the way of doing corruption has evolved over time, there are likely possibilities for corporate entities to be involved in corruption activities and infringe the anti-corruption law. This paper endeavors to find justifications to criminalizing corporate entiti(es) from a law and economics perspective. This paper argues that it is ultimately efficient for a party not to be held criminally liable for another party’s culpable act, and thus it concludes that individual vicarious criminal liability is inefficient. Unlike individual vicarious liability, corporate vicarious criminal liability might be efficient. This paper will also explain how and why the implementation of the corporate criminal liability should be classified differently with the liability of corporate officers, particularly under the regime anti-corruption law, so that the distinction between the personal acts of a high ranking corporate officers and the act of corruption involving the corporation itself can be unequivocally distinguished. This paper also critically evaluates Indonesia’s regulation and formulation of corporate entity criminal liability which pursuant to the anti-corruption law and to further examine whether Indonesia’s anti-corruption law has achieved its purpose.

This paper attempts to discuss intragenerational equity based on the taxonomy of environmental justice, i.e. distributive justice, corrective justice, procedural justice, and social justice. Based on distributive justice perspective, the paper places the polluter pays principle (PPP) and common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) as two important legal principles in implementing intragenerational equity. Based on corrective justice perpective, the paper considers that the PPP plays an important role in implementing intragenerational equity. The paper explains the implementation of procedural justice in terms of access to participation, access to information, and legal standing. Finally, the paper observes the importance of the integration of environmental protection and social justice.IntisariTulisan ini mencoba untuk mendiskusikan lebih mendalam keadilan intra generasi dengan menggunakan taksonomi keadilan lingkungan, yaitu keadilan distributif, keadilan korektif, keadilan prosedural, dan keadilan sosial. Secara khusus, berdasarkan perspektif keadilan distributif, tulisan ini melihat adanya kaitan erat antara keadilan intra generasi dengan polluter pays principle (PPP) dan common-but-differentiated responsibility. Dalam perspektif keadilan korektif, tulisan ini melihat pentingnya PPP untuk mewujudkan keadilan intra generasi. Tulisan ini melihat perwujudan keadilan prosedural melalui hak untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan, hak atas informasi, dan hak gugat. Dalam konteks keadilan sosial, tulisan menjelaskan integrasi perlindungan lingkungan dengan penciptaan keadilan sosial.

Dalam konteks konteks penaatan hukum lingkungan, pendekatan Command and Control (CAC, Atur dan Awasi) merupakan pendekatan yang paling sering digunakan sekaligus dikritik. Tulisan ini bermaksud mempertanyakan ulang pandangan yang menempatkan CAC bukan hanya dalam posisi berlawanan dengan instrumen non-CAC, tetapi juga merupakan instrumen/pendekatan yang lebih inferior dibandingkan dengan instrumen non-CAC. Tulisan ini memperlihatkan bahwa selain instrumen CAC, dapat pula diterapkan instrumen ekonomi, instrumen atur diri sendiri (ADS, self-regulation ), instrumen sukarela ( voluntarism ), serta instrumen pendidikan dan informasi. Berangkat dari teori Smart Regulation yang dikembangkan oleh Gunningham et al ., tulisan ini berpandangan bahwa yang perlu dilakukan bukan lah upaya mencari alternatif instrumen terbaik, karena setiap instrumen memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya masing-masing. Sebaliknya, yang perlu dilakukan adalah menemukan kombinasi optimal di antara berbagai instrumen tersebut, dengan melibatkan keikutsertaan pemerinah, masyarakat, dan publik, dalam penciptaan penaatan lingkungan. Kata kunci: CAC; instrumen ekonomi; smart regulation ; penaatan lingkungan. ABSTRACT The Command and Control approach (CAC) is probably the most heavily used and criticized instrument of environmental compliance. This paper questions the view that places the CAC instrument not only in a dichotomy position with the non-CAC instruments but is also inferior compared to non-CAC instruments. This paper shows that in addition to the CAC instrument, economic instruments, self-regulation instruments (self-regulation), voluntary instruments, and educational and information instruments are also likely to be applicable. Departing from the Smart Regulation theory developed by Gunningham et al., this paper is of the view that, given advantages and disadvantages of each instrument, what needed is not an attempt to find the best instrument. Instead, what one needs is to find the optimal combination among these various instruments, by involving the government, community, and the public in the creation of environmental compliance . Keywords: CAC; economic instruments; smart regulation; environmental compliance .

Menulis artikel pada jurnal hukum berbeda dari menulis artikel pada surat kabar dan artikel pada jurnal ilmiah pada umumnya. Sayangnya, seringkali para penulis di Indonesia seringkali tetapi gagal memperlihatkan permasalahan yang hendak dibahas di dalam artikelnya, tidak menjelaskan thesis statement atau gagasan (claim) yang hendak diajukan, tidak pula menuliskan struktur penulisan dari artikel, terlalu bersifat deskriptif, dan memuat referensi yang sangat terbatas. Tulisan ini bertujuan membantu para penulis menemukan hal apa saja yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penulisan sebuah artikel hukum yang baik. Untuk itu, tulisan ini menjelaskan bahwa sebuah artikel harus memuat pernyataan gagasan (claim atau thesis), bersifat kebaruan (novelty), bersifat non-obvious, dan memiliki kegunaan. Tulisan ini juga menjelaskan pentingnya pendahuluan dari sebuah artikel dan menerangkan bagaimana memulai pendahuluan. Hal yang juga penting di dalam artikel adalah struktur artikel, referensi, dan bahasa. Dengan diketahui dan diperhatikannya elemen penyusun artikel yang baik, artikel dari penulis Indonesia dapat memiliki kualitas yang sejajar dengan artikel pada jurnal-jurnal internasional bereputasi, sehingga hambatan publikasi pada jurnal tersebut menjadi bukan lagi persoalan kualitas tulisan, tetapi hanya persoalan bagaimana menulis artikel ke dalam bahasa Inggris

Secara tradisional perizinan lingkungan dianggap memiliki peranan yang sentral dalam pengelolaan lingkungan. Di Indonesia muncul keinginan akan adanya integrasi izin, baik integrasi internal, di mana perizinan lingkungan disatukan kedalam satu izin, maupun integrasi ekternal di mana perizinan lingkungan diintegrasikan dengan izin usaha. Tulisan ini hendak memperlihatkan apakah keinginan pengintegrasian perizinan lingkungan telah terpenuhi di Indonesia. Tulisan ini juga memperlihatkan bahwa meskipun integrasi izin lingkungan terjadi di beberapa negara-negara Eropa, izin berantai antara izin lingkungan dengan izin usaha ternyata tidaklah terjadi. Lebih penting lagi, tulisan ini menemukan pula bahwa di banyak negara tidak semua kegiatan/usaha selalu memerlukan izin usaha. Untuk kegiatan/usaha yang memang tidak memerlukan izin usaha/kegiatan, maka kegiatan/usaha akan berhenti ketika izin lingkungan dicabut.

Sejak tahun 1990-an hampir setiap negara di dunia telah mengakui dan mengadopsi sustainable development sebagai tujuan agenda keijakan dan pembangunan lingkungan di negaranya. Menurut Komisi Dunia untuk Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah pembangunan yang memenuhi kebutuhan masa kini tanpa mengorbankan kemampuan generasi mendatang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka sendiri. Namun, konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak memiliki kejelasan, yang mengarah ke berbagai interpretasi dan saling bertentangan. Selain itu, status hukum sustainable development juga diperdebatkan. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana konsep sustainable development yang telah dikembangkan, ditafsirkan, diimplementasikan, dan diadopsi dalam berbagai perundingan internasional yang membahas masalah lingkungan global dan dalam hukum lingkungan Indonesia.

This paper provide critical analysis on Indonesia's climate change policies. After analyzing Indonesia's voluntary pledge to cut its emission by 26% from its 2020 BAU, the paper further analyzes existing Indonesian policies and laws to mitigate greenhouse gases. Particular emphasis is given to Indonesian policies on REDD. Given all controversies surrounding the Copenhagen Accord, one may ask why a developing country, like Indonesia, needs to be associated with the Accord in the first place. Further, questions may also arise as to the legal status of the Accord and the position of developing countries in the next climate talks. In addition, one may also pose a question as to whether Indonesia could achieve its pledge by considering policies and laws related to GHGs mitigation in Indonesia. To answer these questions, this paper discusses various important issues in the Copenhagen Accord. The discussions will be followed by an overview of some challenges that probably surface in the next climate talks. This paper also attempts to provide a proposal on emission reduction targets that are more consistent with the common but differentiated principle, given the needs to keep the increased temperature below 2 Centigrade. Afterwards, this paper discusses some policies and laws related to GHGs mitigation in Indonesia, specifically with regard to the issue of REDD .

Compensation mechanisms and liability play an important role in environmental management. Compensation, through liability or other mechanisms, provides not only protection for the victims of environmental damage, but also incentives for the potential polluters to take an ex ante optimal level of care. Ideally, compensation should be first provided through liability (combined with liability insurance). If this system does not work properly, alternatives to liability insurance, i.e. a risk-sharing agreement, first-party insurance, and environmental damage insurance, should be developed. Finally, the system of compensation funds should also be promoted whenever a liability system, liability insurance, and alternatives to liability insurance are likely to fail to provide enough protection for the victims and incentives for the potential polluters to take the optimal level of care. Unfortunately, compensation in Indonesian is ill-structured, leaving the victims of pollution with liability rules as the only viable way to get compensation. The Sidoarjo mudflow case clearly illustrates the impacts of such an ill-structured compensation system.

As we already stated in the introduction the problems which were central to this book, environmental degradation, climate change and disasters pose particular problems to developing countries given their higher vulnerability to those types of risks. The central focus of the contributions in this book was on the legal remedies that could be employed to deal adequately with the risks resulting from environmental degradation, climate change and disasters. Of course not all aspects could be discussed in detail, but various important points related to these increasing risks could be highlighted. The various contributions to this book showed that on the one hand the challenges are large: a developing country like Indonesia is, inter alia as a result of globalization, increasingly vulnerable to environmental degradation. This can easily be noticed on the island where the conference preceding this book was held, Bali: economic development grows strong inter alia thanks to the tourism industry, but on the other hand tourism also poses considerable threats both to food safety and to environmental degradation. An important challenge for Indonesia and more particularly for the island of Bali will hence be how economic development (more particularly tourism) could go hand in hand with environmental protection in the form of sustainable tourism.

In this contribution Michael Faure, Marjan Peeters and Andri Wibisana discussed the question whether economic instruments, also referred to as marketable instruments, are also suited for developing countries. The classic arguments concerning the shortcomings of command and control instruments are discussed as well as the potential advantages of market-based instruments in controlling environmental pollution. Then the theory concerning environmental taxation as well as concerning emission trading is explained and attention is paid to a comparison of regulation, marketable permits and taxes. Also some practical experiences with the way in which marketable permits and environmental taxes have reduced emissions are presented as well. In addition to this public interest analysis attention is also paid to the so-called private interest analysis, showing that in some cases private interest may affect the choice of instruments for environmental policy. With respect to the specific case of developing countries the authors warn that one should not necessarily be overenthusiastic concerning the use of so-called economic instruments. One problem is that they require a lot of information and enforcement costs to be applied in an effective manner and another problem is that the use of those instruments may entail serious risks of collusion and corruption. In a collusion prone environment (which may often be the case in developing countries) one should hence be very careful with propagating so-called economic instruments that involve a transfer of money.

Sangat mungkin bahwa sebagian besar kejahatan lingkungan melibatkan korporasi, dalam arti bahwa kejahatan dilakukan dalam lingkup korporasi dan atas nama korporasi. Kontribusi ini mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang bagaimana tanggung jawab pidana korporasi telah berkembang dalam beberapa yurisdiksi, dan bagaimana konsep ini telah ditafsirkan dan diimplementasikan di Indonesia. kontribusi menjelaskan perkembangan pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi, dan mengklasifikasikan menjadi kewajiban bagi perusahaan dan kewajiban untuk pejabat perusahaan. Berdasarkan teori dasar tersebut, tulisan ini kritis menganalisa perumusan pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi dan kewajiban petugas 'dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan perlindungan lingkungan dan dalam berbagai keputusan pengadilan di Indonesia. Diamati bahwa beberapa hukum dan putusan, gagal membuat perbedaan yang jelas antara tanggung jawab pidana untuk korporasi dan untuk pejabat yang tinggi. Hasil kegagalan dalam beberapa putusan terhadap sebuah perusahaan yang dimintai tanggung jawab meskipun itu bukan terdakwa, atau direktur kemungkinan besar akan dimasukkan ke dalam penjara meskipun ia bukan terdakwa. Tulisan ini merekomendasikan beberapa perubahan dalam perusahaan dan tanggung jawab pidana pejabat di Indonesia. Secara khusus, tulisan ini mengkritisi penggunaan pertanggungjawaban pidana individu, dan berpendapat bahwa untuk mengadakan petugas tanggung jawab pemerintah perlu membuktikan kontribusi dari petugas dalam melakukan kejahatan.

The opponents of the global commitment to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions seem to have shifted their arguments from the one emphasising on the issue of uncertainty to the one focusing on the economic burdens disproportionately placed on the current generation in general, and some developed countries in particular. Inevitably, the issue of equity becomes of highly importance in the recent climate policy debates. This paper attempts to analyze the implementation of equity principles, i.e. intergenerational and intragenerational equity, in the global climate policy. In doing so, it will first briefly outline some prominent economic appraisals on the impacts of climate change. Afterwards, some proposals to incorporate equity into the economic appraisals will be analyzed. Emphasizing on the concepts of equity, this paper will finally offer some recommendations for post-Kyoto negotiations.

This book asks whether environmental law and policy in developed countries can be successfully transferred to developing countries. It questions whether developing countries are indeed ready and able to implement new ideas from the developed world, such as the integration of environmental law, and use of market-oriented instruments.

Artikel ini menganalisis putusan pengadilan pada penggunaan bencana alam sebagaipembelaan dalam kasus perbuatan melawan hukum. Memang ada setidaknya tiga kasuslingkungan di Indonesia, di mana terdakwa terpaksa melakukan pembelaan bencana alamsebagai pembelaan mereka. Artikel ini berfokus pada satu kasus, yaitu Walhi v Lapindo, dkk.Artikel ini bertujuan mengukur perbedaan antara kasus Indonesia dengan kasus gugatan ASmelibatkan apa yang disebut "Kuasa Tuhan". Secara khusus, artikel ini mencoha untuk membahas pertanyaan tentang apakah bukti harus ditetapkan oleh pihak yang mengklaimbahwa yang menderita kerusakkan disebabkan oleh bencana alam. Dengan demikian, artikelini akan mencari aturan-aturan yang mendasari dalam definisi bencana alam, hubungan antara tindakan pembelaan Tuhan dan aturan kewajiban, dan kemampuan meramalkan kebutuhan dalam hukum ganti-rugi. Sebagai kesimpulan, artikel ini menerangkan bahwa dibandingkan dengan rekan-rekan AS, pengadilan Indonesia tidak memiliki konsistensi dan penalaran logis dalam keputusan mereka pada pembelaan bencana alam. Menyusul keputusan tentang penggunaan tindakan pembelaan Tuhan di pengadilan AS, artikel ini berpendapat bahwa untuk menciptakan konsistensi dalam pengambilan keputusan pengadilan, pembelaan harus memenuhi beberapa persyaratan, seperti menjadi luar biasa, tak terduga, dan bebas dari campur tangan manusia.

Compensation mechanisms and liability are an important part in environmental management. Compensation, through liability or other mechanisms, provides not only protection for the victims of environmental damage, but also incentives for the potential polluters 10 lake an ex anteoptimal level of care. ideally, compensation should be first provided through liability (combined with liability insurance). If this system does not work properly, alternatives to liability insurance, i.e. risk-sharing agreement,first-party insurance, and environmental damage insurance, should be developed. Finally, the system of compensation funds should also be promoted wheneverliability system, liability insurance, and alternatives to liability insurance are likely to fail to provide enough protection for the victims and incentives to take care for the potential polluters. Unfortunately, compensation in Indonesian is ill-structured, leaving the victims with tort law as the only way to get compensated. The Sidoarjo mudjlow case clearly illustrates the impacts of such an ill-structured compensation system. Theoretically, this situation will be improved, as the new environmental act has acknowledged several alternatives for compensation mechanism.

Indonesia 's Regional Representatives Board is planning to submit a Bill on environmental services. The Bill proposes the establishment of a new institution in managing environmental service fund, which is collected through a user-charge system. This new institution is expected to be an independent Commission of Environmental Funds Management, of which commissioners are responsible only to the President. The author finds that the spirit of the Bill has nothing to do with the needs to implement economic instruments in terms of user charge. Instead, the Bill stems from the needs to privatize public goods such as environmental services. The spirit can be seen in the forms of reference to Hardin's "the Tragedy of the Commons ", in which public goods are considered a form of inefficiency in the allocation of resources that will eventually lead to the overexploitation of the goods. In addition, the spirit of privatization can also be seen in the Bill's proposal to hand over the tasks of the Commission, which include planning, execution, and monitoring, to private entities. The author argues that, with such spirit of privatization in the management of natural resources, the Bill is actually inconstitutional, and hence, should be rejected.

This book asks whether environmental law and policy in developed countries can be successfully transferred to developing countries. It questions whether developing countries are indeed ready and able to implement new ideas from the developed world, such as the integration of environmental law, and use of market-oriented instruments.

This book asks whether environmental law and policy in developed countries can be successfully transferred to developing countries. It questions whether developing countries are indeed ready and able to implement new ideas from the developed world, such as the integration of environmental law, and use of market-oriented instruments.