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A distinctive feature of waste water of fi sh processing enterprises is the high content of organic substances: COD - 620-3500 mg/L, BOD-220-2860 mg/L. The ratio of BOD:COD=0.68-0.83 in the waste water of fi sh processing enterprises shows a high potential for the use of biological treatment methods. Further study requires the removal of biogenic elements, because, for example, for a fi sh cannery, the ratio of BOD:N:P=100:3.79:1.08 and 100:4.77:0.57. This article presents the experience of design, construction, start-up and adjustment of sewage treatment facilities of a fi sh processing enterprise. For wastewater treatment, the following scheme was developed and manufactured by the ECOLOS company: a receiving well with a basket, a drum grate, a horizontal grease trap, an homogenizer, a reagent pressure fl otation unit, a membrane bioreactor, and ultraviolet disinfection. The quality of waste water at the outlet of the treatment facilities meets the requirements of the Normative- permissible discharge provided by LLC «Russkaya Treska».

Currently, the Strategy for the development of the fi shery sector of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 has been approved. To implement this strategy, the construction of new and reconstruction of existing enterprises is planned. Wastewater from fi sh processing contains a large amount of scales, remnants of entrails (liver, intestines, ovaries), proteins and lipids. Therefore, when developing a treatment technology, it is necessary to pay increased att ention to mechanical and physicochemical pre-treatment of effl uents. This article summarizes the experience of foreign and domestic research on mechanical and physical-chemical wastewater treatment. Also presented are the results of studies on wastewater treatment of two fi sh processing enterprises. The use of Al2(SO4)3 at a dose of 50 mg/l for Al2O3 gave the best results in a laboratory experiment.

The article focuses on the critical analysis of sources of the late 16th century – “shert’” letters, that were discovered by the author in the Russian archive of ancient acts. The author discusses the origins of these documents and the circumstances of their discovery in the Archive’s funds. The first discovered source is the shert’ of Khan Kuchum given to Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1571/72. Although this document was known in the first half of the 17th century, its original was considered lost. This paper presents a transcription of this shert’ letter, preserved in the collection of diplomatic correspondence. The second discovered source is “shert’ of Yermak” 1580 (1582). Different versions of this document are contained in the Esipov Chronicle, in the Pogodin Chronicle, as well as in a copy of the turn of the 18th – 19th century, as part of documents collected by A. F. Malinovsky. The last-mentioned version was published by V. I. Sergeev in 1976. This publication, however, has several inaccuracies. Comparison of publications and archival versions of sources showed, that over the years, researchers used defective editions, that had a bunch of incorrectness. In light of the fact, the need for further archival research aimed to discover the earlier existence of these valuable sources becomes apparent. The text of the documents is published in this article according to the simplified rules for publishing historical sources.

Objective: To offer commentary on the information provided by the continuator of Ötemish-Hajji’s “Qara Tavarikh” and to make an attempt to establish the time and place of the text’s composition. Materials: A number of details of the continuation can be verified by comparison with the documents from the archives of the Posolsky order. In addition, the continuation’s structure and its information allow us to delineate a circle of individuals among whom the manuscript circulated and by whom this addition was written. Results and novelty of the research: The author here establishes that the “Qara Tavarikh’s” continuation, most likely, was written in the 1660s to 1680s in Yaroslavl, among the retinue of the widows of the Siberian prince, Altanay b. Kuchum. This was a kind of reaction to the conversion of their children and relatives to Eastern Orthodoxy in the mid-17th century. Therefore, the continuation contains extensive historical and genealogical information and at the same time represents a polemical work. Using the example of the prince, Hansyuer b. Ali, the anonymous continuator creates the image of a true Muslim under the conditions of the onset of Orthodoxy upon Islam in Russia in the middle to second half of the 17th century. We are faced with a collective epitaph of the entire Siberian Shibanid family, which is interrupted with Kuchum’s grandchildren. According to the author or the commissioner of the continuation, the Shibanids could not be Orthodox. Despite some distortions of real events through silence and subjective assessments of certain historical personalities, the source under consideration, on the whole, quite truthfully represents the events of the 17th century connected with the residence of the descendants of the Siberian khan Kuchum in Muscovy.

Objective: To study the three Tatar genealogies dating back to the Golden Horde’s Prince Isenei Kypchatsky. Research materials: This study has detected three genealogies. One of them from the Saratov regional archive belongs to the Tatars of Khvalynsky district, bearing the surname Kipchaksky. Two others, from the Astrakhan regional archive and the Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts respectively, belong to those Kasimov Tatars bearing the surname Tonkachev. These genealogies have been studied in detail. The persons mentioned in them were then compared with individuals mentioned in documentary sources. Results and novelty of the research: It was found that a number of the princes’ and murzas’ surnames of Kasimov Tatar groupings – such as Tonkachevs (Tonkacheevs), Bulushevs, Alyshevs, Kikichevs, Emashevs as well as of the Kypchatsky Tarars of Saratov governorship – are related. They originate from the princes of the Kypchak tribe – one of the most influential in the Golden Horde. These princes had the special status of Karachi begs. DNA tests have revealed the possibility of the relationship of these Tatar surnames with modern carriers of the Kypchak ethnonym, which strongly supports the Kypchak origin of the Golden Horde’s princes from this clan.

Porosity, values of nanohardness and Young’s modulus of the specimens obtained with the method of selective laser melting were measured with optical methods, scanning electron microscopy and Nano Hardness Tester NHT-S-AX-000X device for measuring physicomechanical properties. Ti-45wt%Nb powder obtained with mechanical alloying was used for selective laser melting. The results have shown that increased heat input due to the laser power growth up to 80 W and scanning speed decrease down to 40 mm/s decreases the porosity of the specimen. The nanohardness average value is not sensitive to the changes of scanning modes in the investigated range. The Young’s modulus decreases with energy input increase.

Research objective: To study the institution of atalykship in the Crimean, Siberian and Kazan khanates and the Nogai Horde. Research materials: Published and unpublished sources: books of official orders in the Russian state, chronicles, acts, diplomatic documents, archaeological data, etc. Results and novelty of the research: Up to now the institution of atalykship has not been practically studied. The authors attempted to consider this phenomenon on the example of the Crimean, Siberian and Kazan khanates and the Nogai Horde. Evidence of the presence of atalyks in the service of the Chinggisids in Russia was also taken into account. The authors managed to show that atalyks represented a complex and multifaceted tool in the struggle of the khans with the heads of the els (clans) they controlled. The status of atalyk was based solely on the personal loyalty and affection between the educator and educatee. However, this relationship was beneficial to both sides. A Chinggisid received the faithful conductor of his policy, ready to fulfill his most delicate mission. For his part, the tutor automatically raised his social and material status and helped his relatives’ careers. This, in turn, helped the khan to curb the claims of clan elites. The phenomenon under consideration had many regional features throughout the entire Desht-i Kipchak’s space. We consider the emergence and development of the institution of atalykship on the example of the Crimean khanate. However, this example can not be considered standard. It can not be automatically applied to other territories. Over time, new documents will be found. This will substantially supplement information on this phenomenon in other regions.

The given article covers the term “bakshey” as it existed on the territory of Russia. The term was borrowed by Russians from the Golden Horde. However, later its meaning was transformed. The first records of this word on the Russian territory date back to XV century, in most cases as a generic by-name (e.g., bakshey’s son). Still it is supposed to have appeared not earlier then XIV century. Apparently, initially this was a title for Prince’s Chancellery clerks, who spoke the Uyghur language and were responsible for all contacts with the Golden Horde. As a result of the fact that the Grand Princes of Moscow gradually consolidated political power, appanage princes were “driven out” from the foreign policy area. Baksheys took the role of high-status bond slaves for the past appanage princes. They also fulfilled confidential and special duties till the middle of XVI century. Herewith, they represented the upper stratum of servants and were expressly above the armed bond slaves. In the event of death of their master they gained freedom and could join other great feudal lords. At the end of XV century there appeared another category of “baksheys”. They were lead qualification specialists, who spoke several Oriental languages. They may also have had a good knowledge of oriental diplomatic intricacies. They were never delegated together with ambassages and served the Moscovian Prince. Their specific status was emphasized through significant financial gain sums as payments for the service. Baksheys’ annual wages were higher than those of most monarchic court members. Everything changed after the Time of Trouble events at the beginning of XVII century. The category of baksheys as Ambassadorial prikaz employees vanished. It is only as this time, when the conventional distinction between interpreters and translators in the foreign policy office is recorded. However, neither the first, nor the second ones inherited the status of baksheys.

The changes of the phase composition, structure and physicomechanical properties of Ti‑40 mas % Nb after severe plastic deformation are investigated in this paper. By the methods of microstructural, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy it is determined that phase and structural transformations occur simultaneously in the alloy after severe plastic deformation. The martensitic structure formed after tempering disappears. The inverse α'' → β transformation occurs. The structure consisting of oriented refined grains is formed. The alloy is hardened due to the cold working. The Young modulus is equal to 79 GPa and it is less than that of initial alloy and close to the value obtained after tempering. It is possible that Young modulus is reduced by additional annealing.

The phase transformations of the alloy Ti-40 mas % Nb after tempering and severe plastic deformation are studied. The phase transformations of the alloy according to the type and conditions of external influences are analyzed using methods of XRD, SEM and optical metallography. It is determined that inverse phase transformation of the metastable α''-phase to equilibrium β-phase is carried out after severe plastic deformation. Complete phase transformation α'' → β is typical for the mode, which consists of three pressing operation with the change of the loading axis in cramped conditions, followed by a multi-pass rolling in grooved rolls.

By the results of X-ray analysis, microstructural analysis, nanohardness and elastic modulus measurements it was defined that non-equilibrium phases during the process of crystallization are formed in the titanium-niobium alloy with 40wt.% of Nb. The minimum of non-equilibrium phases is formed at the Ti-40wt.% Nb alloy. The uniform grain structure, which consists of β-phase grains with the minimum of elastic modulus, is formed in the alloy ingot. Such structure and complex of properties allows using this alloy for severe plastic deformation.