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This manual ensures that the personnel who work at the Information/Reference Desk of the James White Library, Andrews University carry out similar procedures regardless of their shift. It serves as an orientation tool and a reference guide, and gives procedures for dealing with patrons, answering reference questions, making the right referrals, handling common problems, keeping records, and maintaining the reference room as well as its equipment and supplies. It also shows the differences between services offered to the University patrons versus the community patrons. Samples of forms used at the Reference Desk are included. Contents include: Opening and Closing Procedures; Services; Reference Interview; Customer Relations; Statistics; Telephones; Computers; Printers; Finances; Circulation; Common Problems; Andrews University Patron Privileges; Community Patron Privileges; Area Libraries; Referrals; and Supplies. (AEF)

We report the first unambiguous detection and mass measurement of an isolated stellar-mass black hole (BH). We used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to carry out precise astrometry of the source star of the long-duration (t_E ~ 270 days), high-magnification microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-191/OGLE-2011-BLG-0462, in the direction of the Galactic bulge. HST imaging, conducted at eight epochs over an interval of six years, reveals a clear relativistic astrometric deflection of the background star's apparent position. Ground-based photometry shows a parallactic signature of the effect of the Earth's motion on the microlensing light curve. Combining the HST astrometry with the ground-based light curve and the derived parallax, we obtain a lens mass of 7.1 +/- 1.3 M_Sun and a distance of 1.58 +/- 0.18 kpc. We show that the lens emits no detectable light, which, along with having a mass higher than is possible for a white dwarf or neutron star, confirms its BH nature. Our analysis also provides an absolute proper motion for the BH. The proper motion is offset from the mean motion of Galactic-disk stars at similar distances by an amount corresponding to a transverse space velocity of ~45 km/s, suggesting that the BH received a modest natal 'kick' from its supernova explosion. Previous mass determinations for stellar-mass BHs have come from radial-velocity measurements of Galactic X-ray binaries, and from gravitational radiation emitted by merging BHs in binary systems in external galaxies. Our mass measurement is the first ever for an isolated stellar-mass BH using any technique., Comment: 34 pages, Submitted to ApJ

Andrews University (Michigan), which is sponsored by the General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists, extends its academic program to 14 other institutions, three in the United States and abroad. The program permits students in other countries to obtain a recognized, quality tertiary or graduate education. Andrews' research library, the James White Library, has established standards and guidelines for the libraries of affiliated and extension programs. The first of two parts of this report presents the standards, which cover objectives, collection, organization, staff, services, facilities, administration, and budget. The second part provides guidelines for evaluating affiliates and the affiliate annual report form; a list of titles and bibliographic citations for materials recommended for inclusion in the core reference collection; a list of titles and bibliographic citations for periodicals recommended for a core collection to support a major, a minor, and classes offered in each of 16 subject areas and general periodicals; and a list of recommended periodical titles and recommendations for book collection size needed to support the master's degree in business administration. (KRN)

Habitat changes affecting marine mammals can range from small scale cyclic changes (e.g. tides) and natural physical processes (e.g. fronts and eddies) to changes on an ecological scale that range from years to decades and from tens to thousands of kilometers. These habitat changes can be natural or anthropogenic (e.g. pollution, sound). For example, short-term changes of the physical environment can cause changes in marine mammal populations by affecting pup survival, while long-term unidirectional changes can result in permanent habitat change or even habitat loss that may have a significant impact on entire populations. Population consequences of the foraging behavior of marine mammals depend on the availability of prey, which in turn is in part driven by the way animals react to the quality and dynamics of their immediate environment at the scale they are able to sample it. Predicting how marine mammal populations respond to habitat changes is also essential for developing conservation management strategies. To investigate such links, we need the appropriate environmental information at the relevant scales and, while large scale monitoring of environmental change can be accomplished cost-effectively by approaches such as remote sensing, getting fine scale information from the marine mammal s immediate environment requires local in-situ monitoring., Prepared in collaboration with the Sensors Development Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK.

The long term goal of the 3S international cooperative research program is to investigate behavioral reactions of cetaceans to naval sonar and various control sounds, and the sound exposures required to elicit responses, in order to establish safety limits for sonar operations. 3S project efforts have been focused upon informing the exposure-effect assessment component of a full risk-asssessment framework (Fig. 1), which has been identified as a crucial missing component of the risk-assessment need (Boyd et al., 2008).

We aim to construct and fit mathematical models of beaked whales diving behavior, and their response to MFA sonar. These models will be parameterized by fitting them simultaneously to three sources of data: (1) short-term, high fidelity tagging studies on individual whales (some of which comes from animals exposed to acoustic stimuli); (2) medium-term satellite tagging studies of individual whales (some of which we hope will come from data collected during navy exercises); and (3) long-term passive acoustic monitoring from bottom-mounted hydrophones (much of which comes from data collected during navy exercises). All data come from the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), Bahamas, and the surrounding area. Hence our models and predictions will be directly applicable to animals in that area, although we hope they will be of more general relevance. Outputs of the model are designed to be compatible with risk evaluation and mitigation tools and models developed under other ONR initiatives, such as Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME) and Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance (PCADS).

The long-term aim of the project is to support passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of Odontecetes. This project aims to demonstrate how the detection process of broadband clicks can be modeled for different marine mammal species and assess the magnitude of error on the estimated density due to various commonly used simplifying assumptions. Our main purposes are to quantify the bias in the population density estimate for selected species and detector due to use of the narrow band approximation in the computed propagation loss, and to understand the factors affecting the magnitude of this bias to enable extrapolation to other species and detectors.

Recordings of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from a sparse array of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBSs) have been used to (1) demonstrate the use of standard density estimation techniques with sparse array data and (2) develop and test new density estimation methods. We have (1) used distance sampling and spatial modelling techniques to investigate spatiotemporal patterns of fin whale calling, (2) conducted further testing of the single sensor method used to estimate ranges to calls and (3) developed new methods to account for animals at depth in distance sampling surveys.

The principle goal of this project was to study responses of Cuvier s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) to MFA sonar signals. Secondary goals included conducting a killer whale playback that has not been preceded by a sonar playback (as in Tyack et al. 2011) and collecting more baseline data on Ziphius. This investigation set out to safely test responses of Ziphius to sonar signals and to determine the exposure level required to elicit a response in a site where strandings have been associated with sonar exercises and where the whales seldom hear sonar. The University of St Andrews was the prime grantee for this project. The PI, Peter Tyack, was ultimately responsible for the project. Leigh Hickmott, also supported through the University of St Andrews, acted as the cruise science lead when the PI could not be on board. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) was subcontracted to provide DTAGs and associated supplies, to organize the logistics of the cruise including vessel, room and board on land, and to hire expert beaked whale observers. The Centro Interdisciplinare di Bioacustica e Ricerche Ambientali (CIBRA) supplied the towed hydrophone arrays, amplifiers, and computers required for passive acoustic monitoring of Ziphius clicks, along with skilled passive acoustic monitoring personnel. Massimiliano Rosso (CIMA Research Foundation) provided detailed life history data for the Ligurian Ziphius, collated real-time sightings data from ferry surveys and arranged for the CIMA vessel Leon Pancaldo to aid our search for Ziphius during the cruise.

Our goal is to build an ecological modeling framework that facilitates understanding of the way in which at-sea condition and health of various species of marine mammals changes over time. This project will develop statistical tools to allow mathematical models of the population consequences of acoustic disturbance to be fitted to data from marine mammal populations. We will work closely with Phase II of the ONR PCAD Working Group, and will provide statistical support to that group. Our scientific objectives are to build a statistical framework for understanding the way in which at-sea health varies over time for (initially) three species of marine mammals: southern and northern elephant seals, and northern right whales. Should the Working Group decide that we should address additional species, e.g. bottlenose dolphins, we will take those up in turn. For elephant seals our objective is to build and fit to data a hierarchical Bayesian model that provides daily estimates of lipid status. Maternal lipid status is a key variable in the life history of elephant seals, as it is strongly correlated with pup survival (McMahon et al. 2000). This model will use the drift dive behavior of elephant seals (Crocker et al. 1997) to provide observations on the underlying true, yet immeasurable, lipid state. For right whales, our objective is to build a model that provides spatially and temporally explicit estimates of individual health, movement, and survival. The model builds upon some of the ideas from the elephant seal project, but as the photo-identification of individual right whales is the core of the data, the model also includes many ideas concerning mark/recapture from (Clark et al. 2005).

One primary goal of this international cooperative research program is to investigate behavioral reactions and the sound exposures required to elicit them of three species of whales: bottlenose whales, minke whales, and humpback whales to naval active sonar signals in the 1-10 kHz range. The results will be interpreted to generate dose-response functions in order to help establish safety limits for sonar operations for these species. Another primary goal of the program is to experimentally assess the effectiveness of ramp-up, a common mitigation protocol in which source levels are gradually increased prior to the onset of full-level transmissions. Ramp-up is designed to give nearby animals some time to move away before sonar transmissions reach maximum levels. However, it is unknown whether or not this protocol is actually effective for animals in their natural environment. We have developed and implemented an experimental design to test whether the ramp-up procedure is an effective protocol to reduce risk of harm from sonar activities. In this research project, our specific objectives are to: 1.) Expand the 3S comparative experimental dataset to include species that are potentially more sensitive even if they are difficult to study: Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus, family Ziphiidae) and minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata, family Balaenopteridae). The goal is to identify behavioral response thresholds during exposure experiments, and to compare these to responses to no-sonar controls and playback of killer whale sounds; 2.) Conduct a directed study on the effectiveness of ramp-up as a mitigation method with abundant and relatively easy-to-study humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae, family Balaenopteridae); 3.) Record sufficient no-sonar baseline data of all target species to statistically compare experimental records with baseline records and to adequately describe the behavioral significance of recorded changes in behavior...

The project will develop new tag technology needed to study the behavioral effects of sound on wild marine mammals over extended time intervals. This will enable fine-scale studies of sound exposure and responses under authentic conditions and will provide data needed to assess the biological significance of responses. The objectives are to: 1. Develop a multi-week behavioral sampling tag with archival and telemetry capabilities. This tag will be used as a test-bed to evaluate in situ behavioral sampling and data summary algorithms. 2. Develop robust data compression and event counting algorithms to deliver information about the baseline behavior of tagged animals and their exposure and responses to sound via satellite telemetry. 3. Evaluate the new methods in field experiments on marine mammals.

The long-term goal is to substantially enhance our quantitative understanding of the response of marine mammals to navy sonar and other acoustic stimuli, by maximizing the information gain from Behavioural Response Studies (BRSs). We aim to develop and implement innovative methods for the analysis of BRS data, and to complement and enhance analyses already taking place as part of each current Navy-funded BRS project. We aim for synergies by looking at the studies in combination. The overall objective of this project is to develop and implement innovative statistical methodologies for the analysis of behavioral response study data. Our focus is on studies estimating the response to mid-frequency active sonar, but the methods developed will be widely applicable. We aim to maximize the inferences that can be drawn from current and ongoing studies as well as to provide advice on future studies. Advances will be made in close collaboration with those involved in existing BRS projects, using a working group format. This approach enables us to complement and enhance the analytical work already being undertaken, as well as to be flexible and incorporate new ideas as they arise in working group sessions. The project has four specific objectives: 1. Improve methods for combining diverse behavioral measures into metrics of behavioral response. Consideration will be given to obtaining metrics that can be linked to biological consequences. 2. Improve methods for estimating dose-response functions for individual studies. This involves both developing and applying cutting-edge statistical methods, as well as considering which contextual variables in addition to acoustic dose can be incorporated into the analysis. The output will be improved estimates of response curves (with uncertainty) for each study. 3. Combine information across studies and species ( meta-analysis ), making use of expert biological opinion, to make predictions about taxa and contexts not yet studied.

Habitat changes affecting marine mammals can range from small scale cyclic changes (e.g. tides) and natural physical processes (e.g. fronts and eddies) to changes on an ecological scale that range from years to decades and from tens to thousands of kilometers. These habitat changes can be natural or anthropogenic (e.g. pollution, sound). For example, short-term changes of the physical environment can cause changes in marine mammal populations by affecting pup survival, while long-term unidirectional changes can result in permanent habitat change or even habitat loss that may have a significant impact on entire populations. Population consequences of the foraging behavior of marine mammals depend on the availability of prey, which in turn is in part driven by the way animals react to the quality and dynamics of their immediate environment at the scale they are able to sample it. Predicting how marine mammal populations respond to habitat changes is also essential for developing conservation management strategies. To investigate such links, we need the appropriate environmental information at the relevant scales and, while large scale monitoring of environmental change can be accomplished cost-effectively by approaches such as remote sensing, getting fine scale information from the marine mammal s immediate environment requires local in-situ monitoring., Prepared in collaboration with the Sensors Development Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK.

The efficient detection classification and localization of marine mammals has in recent years, become critical to many Navy activities. Much of this need has been driven by the well-publicized mass stranding s of beaked whales in response to the use of Navy tactical mid frequency sonar (e.g. Cox et al., 2005) but there are many other areas in which Navy activities have the potential to negatively impact on marine mammal species including vessel collisions and live fire exercises. In order to better mitigate against the harmful effects of these activities and to help ensure the long term health of marine mammal populations, the Navy requires efficient methods for the detection of marine mammals in order to: a) Survey for Marine mammals so that areas of low density can be identified in order that certain activities can be sited in these low density areas. b) Provide real-time mitigation immediately prior to and during potentially harmful activities so that they can be curtailed if animals are in the vicinity. c) Survey for marine mammals in order to determine that population impacts have not occurred. While it is unlikely that Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) will ever fully replace visual monitoring, in recent years it has started to play an increasingly important role, particularly for the detection of deep divers such as beaked whales which are almost impossible to detect visually (Barlow and Gisiner, 2005) and for long term monitoring where maintaining vessels and visual survey teams at sea can become prohibitively expensive.

This work tested the hypothesis that the conserved archaeal Nre protein functions as a PCNA-dependent DNA repair factor. By exploiting the genetic tools available in the halophilic euryarchaeal organism Haloferax volcanii, it was shown that [1] Nre does indeed have a role in DNA damage repair (cells lacking Nre are supersensitive to specific DNA damaging agents and show delayed repair of DNA double strand breaks evidenced by DNA pulsed field gel electrophoresis) and [2] that the function of Nre in DNA damage repair in dependent on its ability to interact through its C-terminal PIP motif with PCNA (cells expressing an Nre protein lacking the PIP motif display similar phenotypes to cells lacking Nre altogether). Thus, the original hypothesis was validated. Further genetic analysis indicates that Nre performs its function, at least in part, in cooperation with the UvrABC excinuclease complex. This work contributes significant to our understanding of the diversity of DNA repair functions in archaea., The original document contains color images.

LONG-TERM GOALS: To build an ecological modeling framework that facilitates understanding of the at-sea condition and health of various species of marine mammals. This project will develop statistical tools to allow mathematical models of the population consequences of acoustic disturbance to be fitted to data from marine mammal populations. We will work closely with Phase II of the ONR PCAD Working Group, and will provide statistical support to that group., The original document contains color images.

The principle goal of this project was to study responses of Cuvier s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) to MFA sonar signals. A secondary goal of conducting a killer whale playback that has not been preceded by a sonar playback (as in Tyack et al. 2011) was also planned. This investigation set out to safely test responses of Ziphius to sonar signals and to determine the exposure level required to elicit a response in a site where strandings have been associated with sonar exercises and where the whales seldom hear sonar., The original document contains color images.

The goal of this project is to improve our ability to predict the behavioral response of beaked whales to mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar, by making better use of data already collected, or being collected as part of other projects., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI.

One primary goal of this international cooperative research program is to investigate behavioral reactions and the sound exposures required to elicit them of three species of whales: bottlenose whales, minke whales, and humpback whales to Naval Active Sonar signals in the 1-10 kHz range. The results will be interpreted to generate dose-response functions, in order to help establish safety limits for sonar operations for these species. Another primary goal of the program is to experimentally assess the effectiveness of ramp-up, a common mitigation protocol in which source levels are gradually increased prior to the onset of full-level transmissions. Ramp-up is designed to give nearby animals some time to move away before sonar transmissions reach maximum levels. However, it is unknown whether or not this protocol is actually effective for animals in their natural environment. We have developed and implemented an experimental design to test whether the ramp-up procedure is an effective protocol to reduce risk of harm from sonar activities., The original document contains color images.

Several of the current methods for density estimation of cetaceans using passive fixed acoustics rely on large, dense arrays of cabled hydrophones and/or auxiliary information from animal tagging projects conducted at the same time as the acoustic survey. Obtaining such data is costly, and may be impractical to the wider community interested in estimating cetacean density. Therefore, the goal of Cheap DECAF is to focus on the development of cetacean density estimation methods using sensors that are sparsely distributed and less expensive to deploy than the cabled military arrays focussed on to date., The original document contains color images.

The long-term goal is to substantially enhance our quantitative understanding of the response of marine mammals to navy sonar and other acoustic stimuli, by maximizing the information gain from Behavioural Response Studies (BRSs). We aim to develop and implement innovative methods for the analysis of BRS data, and to complement and enhance analyses already taking place as part of each current Navy-funded BRS project. We aim for synergies by looking at the studies in combination.

The project will develop new tag technology needed to study the behavioral effects of sound on wild marine mammals over extended intervals. This will enable fine-scale studies of sound exposure and responses under authentic conditions and will provide data needed to assess the biological significance of responses.

The overall goal of this project is to increase our understanding of the ecology and acoustic behavior of minke whales in the Hawaiian and Pacific Islands. The species is highly elusive in this area, making traditional visual methods ineffective; hence a suite of complementary passive acoustic methods have been adopted., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Bio-Waves, Inc., Encinitas, CA.

In this one-year limited-scope study, the objectives were to test our ability to make key measures needed to study the role of nutritive body condition in the behavior and reproduction in the Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Our approach was to collect animal-attached tag data, photographs, and tissue samples during three research trials in Canada and Norway and from opportunistic sources. Every one of the complex suite of measures was successfully carried out in at least one of the target species. Body density, the primary indicator of total body lipid store was successfully calculated from glides recorded by tags attached to three tagged bottlenose whales. We successfully measured progesterone levels in biopsy samples and detected it in non-invasively collected blow expirate samples to assess pregnancy status. This study demonstrated that it is feasible to conduct a multi-faceted study of body condition in free-ranging cetaceans., The original document contains color images.

Culture influences behavior, and the way cultures change over time profoundly affects the way people's behavior changes. Cultural evolution -- the change in the content of a given culture over time -- is based on individual choices, whether it is what music people choose to listen to, whether people choose to adopt the latest technology or whether they absorb the tenets of violent fundamentalism. Unfortunately, scientists chronically lack evidence on how human psychological biases affect cultural evolution. In this research we have attempted to address this problem by experimentally probing the conditions under which people are more likely to turn to social information over their own existing knowledge or beliefs, and when they do, which kind of individuals are more likely to be chosen as information sources. Given the huge impact even a single, fanatically motivated individual can have in the era of modern terrorism, understanding the factors that lead individuals to be influenced toward and away from certain behavior patterns is essential strategic knowledge in any effort to reduce the influence of violent fundamentalism. This research provides an opportunity to begin creating essential foundational knowledge for the understanding of cultural change built by the choices of many individuals., The original document contains color images.

Several of the current methods for density estimation of cetaceans using passive fixed acoustics rely on large, dense arrays of cabled hydrophones and/or auxiliary information from animal tagging projects conducted at the same time as the acoustic survey. Obtaining such data is costly, and may be impractical to the wider community interested in estimating cetacean density. Therefore, the goal of Cheap DECAF is to focus on the development of cetacean density estimation methods using sensors that are sparsely distributed and less expensive to deploy than the cabled military arrays focussed on to date. (OBS) will be the dataset used to develop and test a variety of density estimation methods. The OBS array was deployed for 1 year (2007-2008) off the south coast of Portugal, near the Straits of Gibraltar (Fig 1). The specific objectives of the project are to: 1. demonstrate how cue-counting methods can be used efficiently to obtain estimates of density over long time periods and large spatial scales using directional sound sensors; 2. extend the methods to allow for uncertainty in the depth of vocalizing animals; 3. develop and apply methods based on tracking moving individual animals; 4. develop and apply methods based on measuring total sound energy in relevant frequency bands; 5. obtain baseline estimates of spatial density of fin whales in the study area.