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Background: This is the third article from a project on the wellbeing of staff, students, and parents at a Welsh-medium Secondary School. It focuses on the wellbeing of working mothers before COVID-19 lockdown, immediately after lockdown, and perceptions of the longer-term impact of the pandemic. The research used the wellbeing process model, which examines predictors of positive and negative wellbeing outcomes. Aims: The study had three aims. First, to examine whether the wellbeing process model can be applied to working mothers. Secondly, to investigate the addition of new variables to the model. Finally, to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown and identify predictors of post-lockdown wellbeing. Methodology: The research was carried out with the informed consent of the volunteers (N=202; mean age = 42.7 years, standard deviation (sd) = 8.5) and the approval of the School of Psychology, Cardiff University, ethics committee. An online survey was conducted, and regressions were carried out to investigate associations between the predictor variables and the wellbeing outcomes. Predictors of post-lockdown wellbeing were also investigated. Results: The pre-COVID results generally agreed with the predictions of the wellbeing model. Positive wellbeing was associated with job resources, social support, psychological capital and healthy lifestyle. It was negatively associated with negative coping and daytime sleepiness. Negative wellbeing was associated with job demands, negative coping, daytime sleepiness and finding stressful situations threatening. It was negatively associated with social support, a healthy lifestyle and stable personality. Positive wellbeing after the lockdown was associated with job resources and stable personality. It was negatively associated with social isolation and negative wellbeing. Social isolation was associated with the negative effect of the pandemic on longer-term wellbeing, and a healthy lifestyle was negatively associated with this variable. Conclusion: The results confirmed that the wellbeing process model applies to Welsh working mothers. Lockdown during COVID-19 affected wellbeing, with the stress of isolation being the most significant influence.

Background: There has been extensive research on the well-being of teachers, with much of it focusing on stress and mental health problems. Recent research has led to the development of the well-being process model, which examines predictors of positive and negative well-being outcomes. Research is now required to examine this model's applicability to teachers and those who communicate in languages other than English. Well-being has also been reduced by social isolation associated with COVID-19, and it is essential to investigate the causes of this reduced well-being.\ud \ud \ud Aims: The present study had three main aims. First, to examine the applicability of the well-being process model to teachers. Secondly, to investigate a sample where teaching was in the Welsh language. Finally, to examine the response to the COVID-19 lockdown in this group and identify predictors of current and long term well-being.\ud \ud \ud Methodology: The research was approved by the ethics committee, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, and carried out with the informed consent of the volunteers (67 staff from a Welsh-medium secondary school; mean age 36.8 years, range 19-53 years; 71% female). An online survey was carried out, and regressions conducted to examine associations between the well-being process predictor variables and the well-being outcomes. Predictors of current and long term well-being were also examined.\ud \ud \ud Results: Thirty-six per cent of the sample reported high stress levels, but clinically significant anxiety and depression levels were low (7.2% anxiety; 4.4% depression). Positive well-being was predicted by high scores for psychological capital, social support, positive coping and low scores for negative work characteristics. Negative well-being was predicted by high negative work characteristics and negative coping, and low psychological capital scores. Current and long term COVID-19-related well-being was predicted by fear of infection and the stress of isolation.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion: The results confirmed the applicability of the well-being process model to Welsh secondary school staff. Lockdown during COVID-19 affected well-being, with the risk of infection and the stress of isolation being the major influences.

Objective: This paper investigates the association of information overload and social media addiction with academic attainment among a sample of college students in Kuwait as they switched from face-to-face to e-learning systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The closure of universities and colleges made this a mandatory transition. Educators posit information overload (IO) would increase due to the ease of creating, sharing, and duplicating information through social media platforms. Method: This cross-sectional study surveyed a sample of 230 college students who participated by answering the information overload scale and Bergen social media addiction scale. Results: Data were analysed using SPSS; Correlations, t-tests, and linear regression were conducted. The findings showed an increase in information overload during e-Learning. Perceived course stress and social media addiction were significantly associated with levels of information overload. However, academic attainment was not significantly correlated nor predicated by information overload and social media addiction during e-learning. Conclusion: Information overload scores were shown to have increased during e-learning when compared to the results of a previous study. The negative consequences of information overload on students’ academic wellbeing were observed. However, more research is required on this population to devise ways to assist students to deal with information overload during the ongoing pandemic.

This paper presents a systematic review that covers internet addiction and wellbeing studies on adults; followed by a semi-structured interview of a group of 6 problematic internet adult users, analysed through thematic analysis. The interview questions explore motives, awareness level and coping strategies of problematic internet users. The systematic review results are categorised based on DRIVE model and indicate gaps in the literature on internet addiction studies and suggests a holistic direction of studying wellbeing. The interviews resulted in 6 themes that reflected the user’s awareness of the consequences of problematic internet use, coping strategies when there is a high information overload, controlling internet attachment, causes of excessive internet use, preferred using time and psychological effect after spending long hours online.

This study explored how students' main information problems during the information age, namely internet addiction, information overload, and social network addiction, influence holistic well-being and academic attainment. The participants were 226 university students, all UK based and regular internet users. They answered the Internet Addiction Test, Information Overload Scale, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and the Wellbeing Process Questionnaire. Data were analysed with SPSS using correlation and linear regression analysis. The univariate analyses confirmed the negative impact of information overload, internet addiction and social media addiction on positive well-being but not academic attainment. However, multivariate analyses controlling for established predictors of well-being showed that the effects of information overload, internet addiction and social media addiction were largely non-significant, confirming other research using this analysis strategy. Future research should examine the type of internet use as well as the extent of it.

PurposeSocial media addiction has been an ongoing topic of debate for platform developers, well-being and mental health experts. There is a limited understanding of the factors leading to the addiction of young social media users, the consequences of experiencing addiction, and the measures/mechanisms used by parents and platform providers to limit/prevent problematic social media use amongst young users. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature concerning these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) protocol was used to evaluate and present the results. A total of 45 studies were screened and independently reviewed against predetermined criteria for eligibility.FindingsThe results revealed four categories of young users' addiction to social media networks (social, technological, behavioural and mental). Several prevention approaches directed at parents and platform providers were discussed.Originality/valueThis study offers important insights for health policy makers, platform providers, parents and researchers on designing interventions addressing social media addiction amongst young users. It also provides an in-depth understanding of the conceptualization of social media addiction and suggestions on possible actions to prevent it.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to hit in repeated spreading waves, the population worldwide continues to be under stressful lockdowns and quarantine and getting more dependent on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Evidence is needed to identify the mental health impact of quarantine on loneliness and Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and find the significant risk factors. This study explores the association of loneliness, internet addiction and related factors such as the number of hours spent online, and the quality of the relationship of people spending the quarantine with on well-being using the Internet addiction scale, UCL loneliness short scale, and WHO-5 measure. The data from a sample of 613 adults from the Middle East were analyzed through SPSS using correlation and regression. The results showed an association between loneliness, internet addiction and low well-being; the number of hours spent online was negatively correlated with well-being, and the quality of the relationship with people spending the quarantine was positively associated with well-being. The results confirm the negative consequences of internet addiction, loneliness and spending long hours online on well-being during quarantine, and the importance of the quality of the relationship with whom one is spending quarantine in supporting well-being.

Objective To understand how firefighters’ use of rules (i.e., standard operating procedures [SOPs]) and deliberative decision making (i.e., operational discretion [OD]) interacts with acute stress. Background Current operational guidance for UK firefighters combines the provision of SOPs, for routine incidents, with the use of OD, under prescribed conditions (e.g., when there is a risk to human life). However, our understanding of the use of SOPs and OD is limited. Methods Incident commanders (ICs; n = 43) responded to simulated emergency incidents, which either licensed the use of OD or required use of a SOP. Video footage of IC behavior was used to code their response as involving a SOP or OD, while levels of acute stress were assessed using a blood-based measure and self-report. Results ICs were less likely to use OD selectively in the simulated emergency incident that licensed its use than in the one for which use of an SOP was appropriate; IC command level did not affect this pattern of results; and the incident that licensed OD resulted in more acute stress than the incident that required use of a SOP. Conclusion SOPs and OD were not used in the manner prescribed by current operational guidance in simulated emergency incidents. Application These results suggest that firefighter training in SOPs and OD should be augmented alongside personal resilience training, given the impact of stress on health and wellbeing, but also to improve the deployment of SOPs and OD under stress.

The aim of the present article is to provide an update on recent research on stress, fatigue and wellbeing and discuss the implications for naval personnel. There is now considerable information on these topics in onshore civilian populations and some research on seafarers and other military personnel. This generic information can now be used to address these issues in naval personnel. In order to do this there is a need to consider specific naval contexts and to collect data to confirm the applicability of established methods and models to the navy.

Cargo handling is an operation, which requires a high level of performance from the officer of the watch (OOW). This study aimed to investigate the effect of different shift schedules on sleep quality, cognitive performance, and sleepiness of 139 OOWs on oil tankers with 4on–8off shifts, during the first shift of cargo handling. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), level of sleepiness (the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)), Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), and Arrow Flanker task performance were examined. The results showed that OOWs with (00:00–04:00, 12:00–16:00) and (04:00–08:00, 16:00–20:00) shifts had impaired cognitive performance and higher sleepiness during the cargo handling operation, and they also experienced impaired sleep quality. The results demonstrated that the circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive have a greater impact on cognitive performance and sleepiness than time on shifts. These results suggest that allocating rest hours immediately before the cargo handling operation may reduce the risk of fatigue.

There has been extensive research on post-viral fatigue, and the present mini-review and commentary provides an overview of the effects associated with different infecting agents. Fatigue is not only a subjective state, rather it has an impact on our ability to carry out everyday functions, and its effect can be demonstrated using performance tasks. It is not surprising, therefore, that persistent effects of COVID-19 are observed, and the key features of Long Covid are reviewed here, Suggestions for further research which will provide a better understanding of Long Covid and provide a basis for prevention and management are also discussed.

Wellbeing research is implicitly guided by two theoretical approaches: subjectivism and objectivism. Objectivists argue that the predictors of wellbeing are universal, whereas subjectivists emphasise the role of values. The aim of the present research was to assess these two views in the context of wellbeing research by conducting a secondary analysis of the Eurobarometer. This database includes satisfaction ratings of both life and specific domains (e.g. health, family, social life, personal safety, financial situation, home life, job and neighbourhood). Regression analyses revealed significant cross-national variation in domain-life satisfaction relationships, to the extent that none were universal. Direct cross-national comparison of these relationships revealed significant differences and further validated these findings. Variation in these relationships refutes the core premise of objectivism and indicates that subjectivism is a more appropriate framework for psychological research into wellbeing. In order to consolidate these findings, future research should incorporate other predictors of wellbeing, such as personality.

Background:\ud The high number of marine incidents in port and coastal areas due to the tired deck officers’ erroneous actions are one of the major challenges of marine transportation. Approaching, berthing, and cargo handling (ABC) are the most stressful and exhausting operations of the ship in these areas, which are carried out consecutively and uninterruptedly.\ud \ud Materials and methods:\ud This study examined Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) performance, Arrow Flanker Task performance and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) of 70 deck officers of ocean-going oil tankers with 4on–8off shifts at the end of the first shift of cargo-handling operations. In this case, they had worked more than 14 hours continuously. Also, their level of sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at the beginning, middle, and end of their first shift of handling operation.\ud Results:\ud The results were analysed according to the duration at sea and deck officers rank. PSQI, KSS, PVT mean reaction times and lapses, and also Flanker’s variables were higher among the chief and second officers who were present on board between 0–30 days. The state of officers who were present on board between 31 to 60 days was better than the officers with 0–30 and 61–90 days’ duration at sea. In addition, the results show that sleep quality during tour of duty affects cognitive performance and sleepiness of officers during cargo handling operations.\ud Conclusions:\ud The paper concludes by discussing possible solutions for reducing fatigue and human error among seafarers.

(1) Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, strict lock-down and quarantine were widely imposed by most governments to minimize the spread of the virus. Previous studies have investigated the consequences of the quarantine and social isolation on mental health and the present study examines loneliness and problematic internet use. (2) Methods: The current research used a cross-sectional survey during a lock-down phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 593 participants from the Middle East region (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia) were tested using the short form of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Internet Addiction Test. (3) Results: Results from regression analyses showed an association between loneliness and Problematic Internet Use (PIU), and an association between loneliness and the number of hours spent online. Younger participants reported greater loneliness. The quality of the relationship with the person(s) with whom they were spending their lock-down was also correlated with loneliness. Those who reported greater loneliness also obtained frequent news about the pandemic from social media. Problematic internet use was associated with loneliness and the predictors of loneliness. ANOVA analyses showed a dose-response between the predictors and PIU. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the influence of the social characteristics of the local culture during the COVID-19 lock-down on feelings of loneliness and on PIU.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of fatigue among rail staff by analysing qualitative data and conducting an online diary study. It had a closer look at the experience of fatigue among rail staff and brought a more detailed blueprint picture of fatigue and its causes in the rail staff’s real-life. Study 1 analysed 133 responses of qualitative data from rail staff, and Study 2 was a diary study examining fatigue and its related risk factors before and after work, on the first and the last day of a working week in 19 rail staff. The findings from the two studies, using different methodologies, showed similar results that fatigue among rail staff was a result of heavy workload and a high workload would further increase fatigue. Fatigue before work mainly resulted from sleep quality, length of sleep, and the time spent on commute, while fatigue after work resulted from the perceived workload and shift type. Evidence has demonstrated that overtime work, specific shift patterns, insufficient rest days between opposed shifts, and poor timing of breaks during work were also associated with fatigue.

Despite the widespread interest in the effects of workload on behaviour, there has been little research on the effects of it on attitudes and values in the workplace and life generally. The aim of the present research was to examine associations between noise exposure (which increases workload) and components of the psychological contract (fairness; trust; organisational commitment; work satisfaction; motivation; organisational citizenship; and intention to stay/quit). 166 workers completed a survey measuring components of the psychological contract, perceptions of noise exposure and other job characteristics. Univariate analyses showed that higher noise exposure was associated with a more negative psychological contract. However, adjustment for other job characteristics, both negative (e.g. job demands) and positive (e.g. control and support), removed the significant effects of noise. These results confirm previous research suggesting that psychosocial stressors have greater behavioural effects than components of the physical working environment such as noise.

The COVID-19 pandemic raised many challenges for university staff and students, including the need to work from home, which resulted in a greater reliance on technology. We collected questionnaire data from university students (N = 894) in three European countries: Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Data were collected between 7th April 2020 and 19th June 2020, representing a period covering the first lockdown and university closures in these countries and across Europe generally. We tested the hypotheses that technology-related stressors (techno-overload, work-home conflict, techno-ease, techno-reliability, techno-sociality, and pace of change) would be associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, and that coping styles (problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance) would mediate these relationships. Results showed significant positive associations between techno-overload, work-home conflict and anxiety and depressive symptoms, and significant negative associations between techno-reliability, techno-ease and anxiety and depressive symptoms. A significant negative association was found between techno-sociality and depressive symptoms but not anxiety symptoms. No evidence was found for an association between pace of change and anxiety or depressive symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses revealed significant direct effects of techno-overload, work-home conflict and techno-ease on anxiety symptoms, and of work-home conflict and techno-ease on depressive symptoms. Work-home conflict had significant indirect effects on anxiety and depressive symptoms through avoidance coping. Techno-overload and techno-ease both had significant indirect effects on anxiety symptoms through problem- and emotion-focused coping. Techno-ease also had a significant indirect effect on depressive symptoms through problem-focused coping. The findings add to the body of evidence on technostress amongst university students and provide knowledge on how technostress translates through coping strategies into anxious and depressive symptoms during the disruption caused by the outbreak of a pandemic disease.

As a universal workplace phenomenon, the impact of work-related rumination on job performance is attracting scholars’ attention. In the current study, the relationship between two types of work-related rumination, counterproductive behavior, and creativity at work were examined, as well as the mechanism of this association. Participants were 1109 employees from a variety of jobs in mainland China. The results showed that affective rumination was negatively associated with employees’ work creativity and positively associated with counterproductive behavior. On the contrary, problem-solving pondering was positively related to creativity and negatively related to counterproductive behavior. The loss of self-control resource partially mediated the link between affective rumination and counterproductive behavior. Problem-solving pondering had no significant impact on self-control resource. Results suggest the significant effects of problem-solving pondering may be positive in the workplace and clarify the self-control resource is the internal mechanism linking rumination and job performance.

Offshore workers are exposed to a unique combination of factors that may impact negatively on well-being. This paper describes results from a survey of fatigue, health and injury amongst seafarers and installation personnel working in the UK sector of the offshore oil industry. Potential stressors and fatigue­ related variables (e.g. noise, working hours, and shift) were considered in terms of their combined effects on subjective outcome measures. Median splits of these variables were summed to create a 'total fatigue indicators' score. A quartile split of this variable was entered into a series of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), co-varying age, education and socio-economic status (SES) and stratifying for occupational group (i.e. seafarers or installation personnel). Total fatigue indicators demonstrated a linear effect on depression, cognitive failures, social functioning, lack of/poor quality sleep, fatigue, and the home-work interface. Effects were more pronounced amongst installation personnel than seafarers. This is possibly due to fundamental differences in shift systems between the two groups of offshore workers. No significant effects were observed for injury frequency, prescribed medication or smoking and alcohol consumption. Results suggest that exposure to a combination of stressors has a significantly greater negative effect on health than any of these factors in isolation.

Background: The MUSIC study is testing the impact of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and bronchodilator (LABA/LAMA) treatment on the upper and lower airway microbiome in patients with COPD (NCT02972476). Patients receiving ICS at baseline withdrew therapy for one month, followed by randomization to 3 different ICS regimes or combined LABA/LAMA for 3 months. Here we report rates of patients experiencing exacerbations during the withdrawal period Methods: Multicentre randomized controlled trial. Patients were aged >=40 years, current or exsmokers, FEV1/FVC Results: 122 patients were enrolled from 6 study sites. 52.5% of patients were male, mean age 67 years (standard deviation(SD) 8.1), and mean post-bronchodilator FEV1 54.9% predicted (SD 20.7). 48 patients had blood eosinophil counts 300cells/ul (18.0%). 57 patients experienced an exacerbation or adverse event leading to withdrawal during month 1., Rates of failure ranged from 42-69% with no differences between sites (p=0.52). Failure rates were 56.3% in low, 46.2% in moderate, 45.5% in high eosinophil groups (p=0.54). Failure rates were significantly higher in patients with FEV1 50% (41.8%), (odds ratio 2.23 95% CI 1.06 – 4.67,p=0.034). Conclusion: We found a high failure rate during 1 month switch to LABA/LAMA, particularly in patients with severe and very severe lung function impairment.

Aim\ud \ud Basing on the Demands‐Resources and Individual‐Effects (DRIVE) Model developed by Mark and Smith in 2008, the study aims to propose and test a multi‐dimensional model that combines work characteristics, individual characteristics, and work–family interface dimensions as predictors of nurses' psychophysical health.\ud Methods\ud \ud Self‐report questionnaires assessing work characteristics (effort; rewards; job demands; job control; social support), individual characteristics (socio‐demographic characteristics; coping strategies; Type A behavioral pattern; Type D personality), work–family interface dimensions (work–family interrole conflict; job and life satisfaction), and health outcomes (psychological disease; physical disease) were completed by 450 Italian nurses. Logistic regression analyses and Hayes' PROCESS tool were used to test the proposed model by exploring main, moderating and mediating hypotheses.\ud Results\ud \ud Findings confirmed the proposed theoretical framework including work characteristics, individual characteristics, and work–family interface dimensions as significant predictors of nurses' psychophysical disease. Specific main, moderating and mediating effects were found, providing a wide set of multiple risks and protective factors.\ud Conclusions\ud \ud The study allowed a broader understanding of nurses' work‐related stress process, providing a comprehensive tool for the assessment of occupational health and for the definition of tailored policies and interventions in public healthcare organizations to promote nurses' wellbeing.

A range of seafarers working on different vessels were asked as part of a questionnaire survey whether they had ever deliberately underrecorded their working hours to comply with regulations. When approaching the issue of seafarers’ fatigue working hours have often been a central area of focus as reflected in current legislation. Following implementation of the European Community (EC) working time directive in June 2002, a record of hours of work/rest now needs to be kept for all seafarers working on EC flagged vessels. Whilst the 40% of seafarers who reported at least occasionally under-recording working hours might appear high, it must be considered that in reality the figure is almost certainly higher with many seafarers reluctant to admit regulation infringement even in an anonymous questionnaire. Seafarers are currently finding themselves in an impossible situation where, through unspoken sanction of employment prospects, they are forced to under-record how long they work to keep peace with legislators.

Consideration of factors associated with increased accident likelihood has tended to concentrate on the influence of one specific factor (for example, noise) and other influences are either not considered or are controlled for. The aim here was to examine the influence of combinations of stressors on the prevalence of workplace accidents using self-report measures of exposure, health and work outcomes. Logistic regression analyses were carried out, with 'work-related/non-work-related accident' as the dependent variable. The main predictors were combinations of physical agents (noise, fumes, hazardous substances) and temporal stressors (night and shift work, long working hours). Additional predictors - the job demand-control-support model (Karasek 1979; Johnson and Hall 1988) and home-work interface (HWI) were also investigated. Other measured predictors (i.e., age, sex and social class based on occupation) were included in all analyses. There was some evidence for an increased likelihood of work-related accidents in those exposed to combinations of stressors - increased likelihood was largely due to independent effects of stressors, particularly noise. Certain stressors were also associated with a decreased risk of having a work-related accident (i.e. unpredictable work hours). Job-demand-control-support did not have a major impact on predicting work-/nonwork-related accident likelihood. Prevalence of accidents at work largely reflected social class based on occupation - 'skilled manual workers' or 'partly skilled workers' were most likely to have an accident.

There exists a significant body of evidence regarding the effects of occupational hazards. These effects are often considered in isolation, yet a significant proportion of the workforce is exposed to several hazards at a time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined impact of workplace factors on mood, cognitive performance and physiology. Participants completed a battery of objective measures before and after work, as previous research (e.g. Broadbent et al. 1989) has shown the difference between before and after work measures to be a good indicator of workload demands during the day. The test battery was performed on the first and last days of the working week. Subjective information regarding chronic and acute (i.e. daily) exposure to hazards was also collected. Mean composite 'total negative factors' scores were created for exposure to chronic and acute stressors (e.g. noise, exposure to hazardous substances, job demand): median splits of these variables were then entered into a series of ANOVAs where mood, simple reaction time and physiology served as dependent measures. Findings indicate that chronic exposure to negative factors results in increased susceptibility to fatigue, over the course of the testing session, working day and working week.

Aims and objectives To investigate how changes in the levels of preparedness and experiences of death and dying influence nursing students’ mental health. Background The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to cause significant trauma in the nursing population. The lack of preparation, in combination with a substantial loss of life, may have implications for the longer-term mental health of the nursing workforce. Nursing students have, in many cases, been an important part of the emergency response. Design A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with data collected at two time points. There was a seven-month time period between data collection. Methods Participants completed paper-based questionnaires measuring demographics, academic stressors, clinical stressors, and mental health. 358 nursing students at time point one and 347 at time point two (97% retention) completed the survey. Results Inadequate preparation (OR: 1.783) and the inadequate preparation x death and dying interaction term (OR: 4.115) significantly increased risk of mental health problems over time. Increased death and dying alone did not increase mental health risk. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that it is not the increase in death and dying per se that causes mental health difficulties, but that it is instead the experience of high levels of death and dying in combination with inadequate preparation. The data are considered within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with both inadequate preparation and the scale of death and dying being two significant stressors during the emergency period. Relevance to Clinical Practice This paper is an initial indication of the potential longer-term mental health impact of COVID-19 for nursing students.

Background: Occupational fatigue is a key issue in the rail industry that can endanger staff, passenger, and train safety. There is a need to demonstrate the relationship between workload, fatigue, and performance among rail staff.\ud\udObjective: The present study, conducted in the workplace in realistic situations, integrating both subjective and objective measurements, aimed at demonstrating the relationship between workload, fatigue, and cognitive performance with a rail staff sample.\ud\udMethods: The “After-Effect” technique was applied in the current study. Online diaries and cognitive performance tasks were used to assess the fatigue, work experiences, and performance of rail staff before and after work on the first and last days of one working week.\ud\udResults: Reported fatigue was greater after work on both the first and last day of the working week. There were large individual differences in the change in fatigue and workload ratings. Analysis of covariance with age and the pre-work performance score as covariates and the post-work performance score as the dependent variable showed that high levels of fatigue were associated with impaired performance on both the visual search and logical reasoning tasks. Workload had fewer effects on performance than fatigue.\ud\udConclusion: This field study provided evidence for the relationship between work-related fatigue and performance impairment. The findings show the need for future work on predicting fatigue-related performance decrements, and the necessity of providing interventions and support so that the risk to safety can be reduced.

Previous research suggests that internet addiction, or problematic internet use, reduces the\udwellbeing and academic attainment of university students. A major problem with much of the previous\udresearch is that the studies have not controlled for established predictors of wellbeing and attainment. When\udthis has been done, the effects of internet use on wellbeing have no longer been significant, although a\udnegative effect of internet use on attainment still remained. This topic was examined in the present study\udwhich also controlled for information overload. 179 first year university students completed the internet\udaddiction test , the information overload scale and the student wellbeing process questionnaire. Correlational\udanalyses showed that internet addiction was associated with negative wellbeing and negatively associated\udwith positive wellbeing. Numerically, internet addiction scores were associated with poorer attainment but\udthese effects were not significant, possibly reflecting the sample size. The associations between internet\udaddiction and wellbeing were not significant when established predictors of wellbeing (positive personality,\udsocial support, exposure to stressors and negative coping) were covaried. Further research is needed to\udextend these findings using longitudinal designs, other samples (e.g. high users of the internet, workers) and\udassessment of type of internet use.

Well-being has been defined as optimal functioning and experience. In order to get a balanced picture of an individual’s well-being, approaches that integrate both its positive and negative aspects have been suggested. One framework that allows for this integrated approach to well-being is the Demands-Resources Individual Effects (DRIVE) model. The current study was a cross-cultural study of 316 adults in paid employment from three distinct cultural backgrounds: White British, Ethnic Minorities (in the United Kingdom) and Nigerian. The aims of the study were to confirm the established effects of the DRIVE model and to investigate if cultural/ethnic background accounted for any differences in well-being across the three groups. The findings show that the established effects were observed in all groups. This suggests that cultural/ethnic background does not have much effect on well-being outcomes when controlling for established psychosocial predictors such as personality, job characteristics, social support and negative coping. These results support an objective well-being process rather than subjective well-being, which may be defined by a person’s culture.

Research on psychological risk factors for upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) has been conducted for over fifty years. Early studies failed to control for exposure and also often relied on self-report rather than clinical and virological assessment. A universal policy used in the current COVID-19 pandemic has been to restrict exposure by social isolation. This leads to increased stress and removal of social interaction. In addition, information overload about the disease, and incorrect information, can also reduce wellbeing. Studies of experimentally-induced URTIs have shown that stress increases susceptibility to infection. Other research has shown that stress due to job insecurity and few social contacts are key risk factors for infection. This suggests that while social isolation will reduce exposure, it will also lead to an increased risk of illnesses, due to increased stress and reduced social support, should the person become infected with the virus. Other research has shown that infection and illness lead to changes in behaviour. These effects include greater negative affect and impaired attention and slower speed of response. Such effects are not only present when the person is symptomatic but also occur with sub-clinical infections, during the incubation period and after the illness. People with the illness are also more sensitive to other negative influences such as fatigue, and this has implications for safety critical jobs such as those carried out by healthcare professionals treating those with COVID-19.

Background: The wellbeing process model formed the basis of questionnaires that can demonstrate which factors predict negative and positive wellbeing outcomes. The Student Wellbeing Process Questionnaire (Student WPQ) uses stressor, negative coping, psychological capital and social support scales to predict positive and negative wellbeing outcomes. Aims: The usual method of scoring the WPQ has been to sum relevant questions in each scale. The aim of the present analyses was to investigate the microstructure of the WPQ and examine the profile of individual predictor and outcome items. Methodology: The research was approved by the ethics committee, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, and carried out with the informed consent of the volunteers (1481 psychology undergraduates; 89.4% female; 49.7% year 1; mean age 19.5 years). An online survey was carried out, and a MANOVA was conducted to examine associations between the wellbeing process predictor variables and the wellbeing outcomes. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance showed that the majority of individual predictors had significant overall effects. Some of the predictors (optimism; self-esteem, developmental challenges; time pressure; avoidance coping) had significant effects on all outcomes, which explains the global effects of the positive personality and stressor composite variables. Negative coping variables had significant effects on all negative outcomes. Other variables had selective effects on specific outcome measures. Conclusion: The independent variables from the student wellbeing questionnaire are good predictors of both positive and negative wellbeing outcomes. This is observed when either individual items or composite scores are used in the analysis.

Background: There is considerable literature on Psychological Contract Fulfilment and other employee attitudes and behaviours. Similarly, there is increasing literature on well-being at work, the well-being process and short measures of psychosocial concepts.Aims and objectivesThe first aim of the present study was to develop short measures of employee attitudes and behaviours and validate these by examining associations with longer established measures. The second aim was to examine associations of these short measures with Psychological Contract Fulfilment and aspects of well-being.MethodsThe study involved an online survey of 166 workers from the USA recruited using Mechanical Turk and delivered using Qualtrics software. The survey included established measures and the newly developed short items.ResultsThere were high correlations between short items and established measures. The short items were associated with Psychological Contract Fulfilment and the well-being variables in the predicted direction.ConclusionThe new short items can be used in future multi-variate analyses of the well-being of workers. This will lead to an increase in our knowledge and the development of new models that can be of theoretical and practical significance.[KF1] [KF1]NB/ guidelines say that it should be 150 words or less

The ethnicity and work-related stress model (EWS; Capasso, Zurlo, & Smith, 2018, British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 15, 1–20) integrated EWS dimensions in a multidimensional perspective combining demographic (sex, education) and individual characteristics (coping styles, Type A and Type D), cultural dimensions (acculturation strategies, perceived racial discrimination), work characteristics (work demands, work resources, rewards) and appraisals (job stress/satisfaction), in the prediction of psychophysical health conditions in migrant workers. The current research aimed to test the application of the EWS in a sample of Moroccan factory workers and hypothesised significant and specific profiles of associations between individual, ethnic and work characteristics, with psychophysical health outcomes. A questionnaire consisting of five sections measuring sociodemographics and individual differences (coping styles/personality), cultural dimensions (acculturation strategies), work characteristics, appraisals (job satisfaction/stress) and subjectives reports of health was administered to 250 Moroccan factory workers in Italy. Data were analysed using logistic regression to evaluate the independent and combined effects of all dimensions reported on the risk of suffering health problems. Data revealed specific and significant associations of individual characteristics, cultural dimensions and job characteristics with health outcomes. Findings will be useful in defining psychological interventions to promote well-being in specific workplaces supporting the dimensions suggested by the model applied.

Background: Previous research shows that the Well-being Process Questionnaire (WPQ) has good content validity, construct validity, discriminant validity and reliability. Aims: The present research examined the diagnostic validity of the anxiety and depression questions from the WPQ by comparing them with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) from which they were derived. Method: One hundred and twenty university staff members aged 20-64 participated in the study which involved an anonymous online survey. The data were used to assess the ability of single item measures, rated on a 10 point scale, to correctly identify a respondent that meets a diagnostic criteria, in this case clinical levels of depression or anxiety. Results: This analysis involved comparison with an established measure (HADS clinical cut-off) in terms of the proportion of those with the condition correctly identified as such (sensitivity) by the single items and the proportion without the condition correctly identified as such (specificity) by the single items. The results showed that a cut-off point at a score of 5 provided the best results for sensitivity and specificity in the depression and anxiety items. Sensitivity at this point was 71.4% and 86.3% for depression and anxiety respectively, while specificity was 85.4% for depression and 72.6% for anxiety. Conclusion: These findings confirm that the single item anxiety and depression questions from the WPQ can be used as an initial screening tool to identify clinical cases of anxiety and depression. Relevance for patients: This will provide a rapid method of assessment that will benefit patients and lead to more effective prevention and management.

Background: Previous research shows that the Student Well-being Process Questionnaire (Student WPQ) has good content validity, construct validity, and discriminate validity.\ud \ud Objective: The present research examined the reliability and predictive validity of the Student WPQ scales.\ud \ud Method: Eighty-seven university undergraduate and postgraduate students aged 18-47 years participated in a longitudinal study which involved completing an online survey twice, with the sessions being 10 weeks apart. The data were used to assess the test-re-test reliability and the predictive validity of the scales.\ud \ud Results: Positive personality and social support had high test-re-test reliability and demands and negative coping had slightly lower reliability suggesting that the WPQ measures both stable traits and changes in state. Cross-sectional analyses confirmed that the predictor variables were associated with wellbeing outcomes. Cross-lag analysis showed that the positive personality and demands at time 1 predicted wellbeing at time 2. Changes in positive personality predicted changes in wellbeing.\ud \ud Conclusion: These findings show that the student WPQ has good test-re-test reliability and can be used in longitudinal studies which give a stronger indication of causality

Background: Effects of cognitive fatigue have been widely studied in operational settings and in\ud working populations. Less is known about the effects of cognitive fatigue on the well-being and\ud academic attainment of university students and the present study aimed to provide information on\ud this topic.\ud Methodology: The study was carried out with the approval of the Ethics Committee, School of\ud Psychology, Cardiff University, and with the informed consent of the volunteers. It was carried out in\ud December and January and participants completed an online survey presented using the Qualtrics\ud package and gave consent for access to their coursework and examination marks. Students\ud completed an online version of the Student Well-being Process Questionnaire. This measured both\ud positive aspects of well-being (happiness, life satisfaction and positive affect) and negative aspects\ud (stress, anxiety, depression and negative affect). It also measured established predictors of wellbeing\ud (personality, social support, stressors and coping) which were controlled for in the analyses.\ud Grade Point Average scores were also available for the participants and again established\ud predictors of these (previous academic attainment; conscientiousness) were also recorded. Mental\ud fatigue was measured using a single question with a 10-point rating scale. Three hundred and\ud thirteen students completed the study.\ud Results: The results showed that higher mental fatigue was associated with reduced well-being and lower academic performance. These results remained significant when the established predictors\ud were included in the analyses.\ud Conclusion: Mental fatigue is associated with reduced wellbeing and lower academic attainment in\ud university students. Further research is now required to identify the causes of cognitive fatigue and\ud to evaluate methods of prevention and management.

Both fatigue and negative work-life balance can be influenced by job characteristics and individual differences, while fatigue is associated with reduced positive well-being. This paper reports a study that investigated the mediation effect of fatigue between those stressors and well-being outcomes among UK railway staff. A large number of significant mediation effects of fatigue were found in this study, and as a result, the process by which job demands, job support and control influence major positive well-being outcomes can be partially explained by fatigue.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stressors involved in pre-qualification clinical psychology as reported by a sample of the UK trainee clinical psychologists. The main coping strategies reported by the trainees are also explored. Design/methodology/approach One-to-one interviews were conducted with 15 trainee clinical psychologists using qualitative research methods. Themes were established using the main principles of thematic analysis. Findings Three themes were identified that described the pressures involved in applying to the course, the support networks available to trainees, and the commonalities in their personal history, experiences and self-reported personality characteristics. Originality/value It is important to investigate the sources of stress and coping strategies in trainees to help them cope more effectively. The findings of the study are discussed within the context of clinical psychology training.

The present research considers components of information overload, which may have a negative impact on wellbeing and academic attainment. 179 university students completed a survey consisting of an information overload scale (IOS) and the wellbeing process questionnaire. Their academic attainment scores were also added to the database. The IOS scale also included questions relating to noise exposure. Both the noise scores and non-noise IOS scores were associated with greater negative wellbeing and lower positive wellbeing. There were no significant effects of noise or IOS scores on academic attainment. Wellbeing is predicted by a number of factors such as exposure to stressors, negative coping, social support and psychological capital. When these established factors were included in the analyses, the effects of noise and other aspects of IOS could be accounted for by exposure to other stressors and were no longer significant predictors of negative or positive wellbeing.

Objectives\ud The purpose was to provide a systematic review of the literature related to the personality and well-being of social, domestic, pleasure and commuting (SDP&C) car drivers.\ud \ud Methods\ud The following databases were searched: PsychINFO (PsychNET), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Social Sciences Index; WoS), ORCA (Online research at Cardiff University), Science Direct (Elsevier), Taylor and Francis Online, and PubMed. Grey literature was sourced using the Transport Research International Database (TRID) as well as conference proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and Driver Assessment. In parallel, an internet search of Google Scholar was undertaken. Two researchers reviewed papers suitable for inclusion. Eligible papers were those published in the English language, during the last decade; the latter to allow for a more contemporary appraisal of the literature. The search yielded thirty peer reviewed articles and ten reports relevant to the personality and well-being of SDP&C road users.\ud \ud Results\ud The findings show that anxiety, stress and depression were predictive of unfavourable driving outcomes (e.g. risk-taking, aggression, poor driving behaviour.) Further, driving discourtesy by others was found to not only induce stress reactions in drivers, but also led to riskier driving practice, such as deliberately engaging in intimidating driving behaviour. Negative personality traits were related with negative driving behaviours, whilst higher levels of well-being and life satisfaction appear to safeguard drivers against deliberate driving violations. There was a dearth of literature focusing on UK drivers, as well as research examining the impact of driving itself on the well-being of the driver.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Further longitudinal, multivariate research is required to examine all well-being/personality predictors, whilst controlling for established predictors (such as fatigue) such that the factors underpinning unsafe driving behaviour (in isolation and in combination) may be revealed.