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This study explores the relationship between the clustering of betting shops and crime in England using both spatial and multilevel modelling approaches. Spatial analysis revealed significant clustering of betting shops and crime across all crime types. Results from the multilevel models revealed statistically significant relationships between the number of betting shops and all the crime categories, with the strongest relationships observed with theft and disorder offences. These relationships were observed after controlling for socio-demographic and land-use predictors of crime. To reduce the effect of betting shops on crime, efforts should focus on place management strategies.

Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) using tumor-targeted optical contrast agents can improve cancer resections. The optimal wavelength of the IMI tracer fluorophore has never been studied in humans and has major implications for the field. To address this question, we investigated 2 spectroscopically distinct fluorophores conjugated to the same targeting ligand.Between December 2011 and November 2021, patients with primary lung cancer were preoperatively infused with 1 of 2 folate receptor-targeted contrast tracers: a short-wavelength folate-fluorescein (EC17; λ em =520 nm) or a long-wavelength folate-S0456 (pafolacianine; λ em =793 nm). During resection, IMI was utilized to identify pulmonary nodules and confirm margins. Demographic data, lesion diagnoses, and fluorescence data were collected prospectively.Two hundred eighty-two patients underwent resection of primary lung cancers with either folate-fluorescein (n=71, 25.2%) or pafolacianine (n=211, 74.8%). Most tumors (n=208, 73.8%) were invasive adenocarcinomas. We identified 2 clinical applications of IMI: localization of nonpalpable lesions (n=39 lesions, 13.8%) and detection of positive margins (n=11, 3.9%). In each application, the long-wavelength tracer was superior to the short-wavelength tracer regarding depth of penetration, signal-to-background ratio, and frequency of event. Pafolacianine was more effective for detecting subpleural lesions (mean signal-to-background ratio=2.71 vs 1.73 for folate-fluorescein, P0.0001). Limit of signal detection was 1.8 cm from the pleural surface for pafolacianine and 0.3 cm for folate-fluorescein.Long-wavelength near-infrared fluorophores are superior to short-wavelength IMI fluorophores in human tissues. Therefore, future efforts in all human cancers should likely focus on long-wavelength agents.

Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) ameliorate skeletal and cardiac muscle deterioration in experimental models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The HOPE-2 trial examined the safety and efficacy of sequential intravenous infusions of human allogeneic CDCs in late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy.In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, aged 10 years or older with moderate upper limb impairment, were enrolled at seven centres in the USA. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using stratified permuted blocks to receive CAP-1002 (1·5 × 10Between March 1, 2018, and March 31, 2020, 26 male patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were enrolled, of whom eight were randomly assigned to the CAP-1002 group and 12 to the placebo group (six were not randomised due to screening failure). In patients who had a post-treatment PUL 1.2 assessment (eight in the CAP-1002 group and 11 in the placebo group), the mean 12-month change from baseline in mid-level elbow PUL1.2 favoured CAP-1002 over placebo (percentile difference 36·2, 95% CI 12·7-59·7; difference of 2·6 points; p=0·014). Infusion-related hypersensitivity reactions without long-term sequelae were observed in three patients, with one patient discontinuing therapy due to a severe allergic reaction. No other major adverse reactions were noted, and no deaths occurred.CAP-1002 cell therapy appears to be safe and effective in reducing deterioration of upper limb function in patients with late-stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Various measures of cardiac function and structure were also improved in the CAP-1002 group compared with the placebo group. Longer-term extension studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic durability and safety of CAP-1002 beyond 12 months for the treatment of skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Capricor Therapeutics.

Introduction: Wearable physical activity monitors are popular and may provide a more accurate data than subjective methods. The present study assessed the validity of a novel, low-cost wearable physical activity monitor (Movband 3) relative to established measures. Methods: Participants (N = 19) completed four treadmill stages (1.5, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 MPH) while wearing the Movband 3 and the validated Actigraph GT1M monitor. Oxygen consumption (VO2 ml/kg/min) and heart rate (beats/min) were recorded. The relationship between Movband data and established measures was assessed via Pearson’s correlations. Tests of agreement were performed for actual and Movband miles traveled. Results: There were large, positive, significant (p < 0.001) effect sizes for the associations between Movband counts and Actigraph counts (r = 0.72), VO2 (r = 0.59), and heart rate (r = 0.63). There was also a large, positive, significant (p < 0.001) association between actual and Movband miles (r = 0.97). However, the difference (Δ) between Movband and actual miles was greater than a null hypothesis of zero (∆ = 0.77 ± 0.45 miles or 31.8%, t = 7.4, p < 0.001). Conclusion: While there was evidence to support the validity of the Movband 3 for the assessment of physical activity intensity this device did not provide an accurate measure of miles traveled.

This paper examines the spatial, environmental, and temporal patterns of 10,488 stranger rapes committed over a 15-year period in Greater London, UK. We distinguished between two types of stranger rapes according to perpetrator method of approach, i.e. absent/fleeting interaction with victim on approach (S1) or extended interaction with victim on approach (S2). There were a range of locational settings in which perpetrators both encountered their victims and where the offence took place, and these differed by method of approach. The highest number of S1 offences occurred outdoors, with 74% of approaches and 55% of offences located recorded as outside. For S2 rapes, there was more variety in approach locations with only 32% outside. The level of locational correspondence between approach and offence location was 71% for S1 rapes and 28% for S2 rapes. A series of negative binomial regression models identified variables predictive of stranger rape offence location. There were significant associations with transport connections and the night-time economy for both S1 and S2 rapes. Other significant predictors were deprivation score, the percentage of one person properties, and the percentage of private rented properties in a location. The percentage of green space was a significant predictor for S1 rapes only. The current findings challenge the popular narrative that stranger rape occurs in a specific setting (i.e. outside in a secluded location at night) and have implications for place-based crime prevention policy.

The airborne lunar spectral irradiance mission is an inter-agency partnership between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology that aims to make SI-traceable measurements of lunar spectral irradiance at visible to near-infrared wavelengths with unprecedented accuracy. This information is vital to using the Moon as a calibration source for Earth observing satellites. To minimize uncertainty, the lunar measurements are made above 90% of the Earth’s atmosphere from an Earth Resources 2 aircraft, a civilian descendant of the U-2 spy plane. Situated in a large wing pod, a custom-designed telescope automatically tracks the Moon and the measurements are fed into a spectrometer. This information is being used to develop an extremely accurate model that can be used to calibrate satellites. An Engineering Flight Campaign was completed in August 2018 and a Demonstration Flight Campaign in November 2019, which demonstrated autonomous lunar acquisition and tracking as well as measurements of the Moon’s spectral irradiance from an altitude of approximately 21 km. This article presents the simplified double gimbal control system design that was used to manipulate the telescope, and was capable of targeting the Moon with a root mean squared tracking error of about 0 . 1 ∘ .

This chapter advocates for a greater uptake of two underused approached in the security field, realistic evaluation and the 5Is framework, to support more robust and systematic approaches to evaluating security interventions. It contends that a combination of these two complimentary approaches affords a methodical approach to support the design of security interventions, enables a systematic approach for the evaluation of security interventions, offers a greater understanding by the mechanisms which a security intervention has or has not worked in a particular setting or place, facilitates replication and future adaption of security interventions in different contexts, and provides a user-friendly structure for disseminating and communicating the evaluation results of interventions to security practitioners. This chapter examines the strengths and limitations of each approach, the merits of combining the two, and uses a hypothetical scenario to guide the reader through how to carry out a combined realistic evaluation and 5Is evaluation of a security intervention.

3D seismic reflection data have been used to map 784 enigmatic ridge-furrow structures in water depths of 0.8–1.7 km offshore Angola. The structures are characterised by asymmetric ridges with intervening furrows, typically

Winter roads play a vital role in linking communities and building economies in the northern high latitudes. With these regions warming 2–3 times faster than the global average, climate change threatens the long-term viability of these important seasonal transport routes. We examine how climate change will impact the world’s busiest heavy-haul winter road—the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road (TCWR) in northern Canada. The FLake freshwater lake model is used to project ice thickness for a lake at the start of the TCWR—first using observational climate data, and second using modeled future climate scenarios corresponding to varying rates of warming ranging from 1.5° to 4°C above preindustrial temperatures. Our results suggest that 2°C warming could be a tipping point for the viability of the TCWR, requiring at best costly adaptation and at worst alternative forms of transportation. Containing warming to the more ambitious temperature target of 1.5°C pledged at the 2016 Paris Agreement may be the only way to keep the TCWR viable—albeit with a shortened annual operational season relative to present. More widely, we show that higher regional winter warming across much of the rest of Arctic North America threatens the long-term viability of winter roads at a continental scale. This underlines the importance of continued global efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions to avoid many long-term and irreversible impacts of climate change.

At high latitudes and altitudes one of the main controls on hydrological and biogeochemical processes is the breakup and freeze-up of lake and river ice. This study uses 3510 time series from across 678 Northern Hemisphere lakes and rivers to explore historical patterns in lake and river ice phenology across five overlapping time periods (1931–1960, 1946–1975, 1961–1990, 1976–2005, and 1931–2005). These time series show that the number of annual open-water days increased by 0.63 d per decade from 1931–2005 across the Northern Hemisphere, with trends for breakup and, to a lesser extent, freeze-up closely correlating with regionally averaged temperature. Breakup and freeze-up trends display a spatiotemporally complex evolution and reveal considerable caveats with interpreting the implications of ice phenology changes at lake and river sites that may only have breakup or freeze-up data, rather than both. These results provide an important contribution by showing regional variation in ice phenology trends through time that can be hidden by longer-term trends. The overlapping 30-year time periods also show evidence for an acceleration in warming trends through time. Understanding the changes on both long- and short-term timescales will be important for determining the causes of this change, the underlying biogeochemical processes associated with it, and the wider climatological significance as global temperatures rise.

[Containment Confidence (CC) analysis of the seal and overburden, applied to the northern Utsira Fm. (a) Workflow followed to provide a regional CC summary. (b) Schematic scenarios of seal ond overburden bypass that could result in migration out of the Utsira Fm. and through the overburden. (c) Well data tied to seismic showing the typical seismic response of the sandstone and mudstone interfaces. URU, Upper Regional Unconformity; sandst., sandstone; int., interval , Abstract Upscaling Carbon Capture and Storage requires identification of suitable storage sites, with robust reservoir seals. The Utsira Formation in the northern North Sea has been flagged as a target for further storage. However, there are no regional studies of seal variability addressing heterogeneities that could facilitate seal bypass. This study aims to: (a) identify, assess and map the elements that promote or restrict fluid migration, (b) develop a matrix to regionally map containment confidence (CC) and (c) rank the different areas for CO2 containment across the Utsira Formation. The seal and overburden were mapped using a high‐resolution, pre‐stack depth‐migrated 3D broadband seismic reflection dataset and 141 exploration wells. Seal geometry, sandstone presence and sandstone connectivity in the seal and overburden were assigned relative CC scores, which were summed to map overall CC of the Utsira Fm. Indicators for shallow gas and migration were mapped and correlated with the other elements. Areas with the lowest CC are in the west of the Utsira Fm. Here, sandstones within the Seal Interval are connected through the overburden via sandy submarine fans. In the southeast, dipping stratigraphy downlaps onto the Utsira Fm., increasing the potential for connection with glacially‐derived channel‐lobe systems in the overburden. The areas with the highest CC are the central and northeast parts of the Utsira Fm., where the Seal Interval is mudstone‐dominated and parallel to the reservoir, and channel‐lobe systems identified in the Overburden Interval are disconnected from the reservoir. This area coincides with a thick depocentre of the northern Utsira Fm. These results can be used to inform CO2 storage site selection and constrain future CO2 plume simulation analyses for the Utsira Fm. The CC matrix outlined here can also be adapted and applied to regionally assess the containment of other potential CO2 storage reservoirs in any setting.]

To monitor global environments from space, satellites must be calibrated accurately and consistently across time, missions and instruments. This requires the use of a stable, common reference that is continuously accessible to Earth observing satellites, whether they make up series of missions spanning long periods of time or comprise constellations acquiring many simultaneous observations across the planet. The Moon can serve well as such a common reference. Its surface reflectance is stable to within one part in 108. It is theorized that its radiant output with time changes repeatedly and very predictably with viewing and illumination geometry. In addition, it has a radiant flux more comparable to the Earth’s surface than the Sun and can be viewed directly by the instrument. Currently, to predict the lunar irradiance given an illumination and viewing geometry, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has developed the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) Model of exo-atmospheric lunar spectral irradiance. The USGS ROLO model represents the current most precise knowledge of lunar spectral irradiance and is used frequently as a relative calibration standard by space-borne Earth-observing sensors. Current knowledge of the Moon's spectral irradiance is thought to be limited to 5-10% uncertainty. However, monitoring changing Earth environments calls for an absolute lunar reference with higher accuracy. The development of the ROLO model and subsequent attempts to better characterize the lunar spectral irradiance cycle were based on observations made from the Earth surface. This requires applying corrections to remove effects of the atmosphere, which limits the accuracy. The Airborne LUnar Spectral Irradiance (Air-LUSI) system was developed to make highly accurate, SI-traceable measurements of lunar spectral irradiance from NASA’s ER-2 aircraft flying at 21 km, above 95% of the atmosphere. To that end, the air-LUSI system employs an autonomous, robotic telescope system that tracks the Moon in flight and a stable spectrometer housed in an enclosure providing a robustly controlled environment. During November 2019, the Air-LUSI system was demonstrated with flights on five consecutive nights acquiring observations of the Moon at lunar phases of 10°, 21°, 34°, 46°, and 59°. Air-LUSI is now ready for operational use. This paper provides an overview of this new capability and how it, along with other efforts underway, can help transform how we monitor the Earth from space.

Industrial 3D seismic data are used to investigate the contemporary hydrocarbon distribution and historical fluid migration in Melville Bay offshore northwest Greenland. Gas-related amplitude anomalies and an extensive bottom simulating reflector (BSR) were mapped within the uppermost 1–2 km of stratigraphy to define the first inventory of shallow gas and gas hydrate along this part of the Greenland margin. The shallow gas anomalies vary in seismic character and have been subdivided into four categories that represent (I) isolated shallow gas, (II) free gas trapped at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ), (III) gas charged glacial clinoforms and (IV) a giant mass transport deposit gas reservoir. Gas hydrate deposits have been identified across an area of 537 km2 via the identification of a discontinuous BSR that marks the base of the GHSZ. The BSR has been used to estimate a geothermal gradient of 49 °C/km across the GHSZ and a heat flow of 70–90 mW/m2, providing the first publically available heat flow estimates offshore western Greenland. The contemporary hydrocarbon distribution and historical fluid migration is influenced by the underlying paleo-rift topography and multiple shelf edge glaciations since ~2.7 Ma. Continued uplift of the Melville Bay Ridge, as well as glacial-sediment redistribution and basinward margin tilting from isostatic compensation, have led to a concentration of hydrocarbons within the Cenozoic stratigraphy above the ridge. Furthermore, repeated variations in subsurface conditions during glacial-interglacial cycles likely promoted fluid remigration, and possibly contributed to reservoir leakage and increased fluid migration through faults. The top of the gas hydrate occurrence at 650 m water depth is well below the hydrate-free gas phase boundary (~350 m) for the present bottom-water temperature of 1.5 °C, suggesting this hydrate province mainly adjusted to glacial-interglacial changes by expansion and dissociation at its base and is relatively inert to current levels of global warming. This glacial-related dissociation may have significantly contributed to the numerous free gas accumulations observed below the GHSZ at present day.

In 2020, California required San Francisco to consider equity in access to resources such as housing, transportation, and emergency services as it re-opens its economy post-pandemic. Using a public dataset maintained by the San Francisco Fire Department of every call received related to emergency response from January 2003 to April 2021, we calculated the response times and distances to the closest of 48 fire stations and 14 local emergency rooms. We used logistic regression to determine the probability of meeting the averages of response time, distance from a fire station, and distance to an emergency room based on the median income bracket of a ZIP code based on IRS statement of income data. ZIP codes in the lowest bracket ($25,000-$50,000 annually) consistently had the lowest probability of meeting average response metrics. This was most notable for distances to emergency rooms, where calls from ZIP codes in the lowest income bracket had an 11.5% chance of being within the city’s average distance (1 mile) of an emergency room, while the next lowest probability (for the income bracket of $100,000-$200,000 annually) was 75.9%. As San Francisco considers equity as a part of California’s “Blueprint for a Safer Economy,” it should evaluate the distribution of access to emergency services. Funding Information: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Declaration of Interests: None declared.

The NW Greenland margin contains several underexplored sedimentary basins formed by Cretaceous rifting and Cenozoic post-rift sedimentation. The basins are thought to contain significant hydrocarbon reserves although no exploration wells have been drilled to date. This paper reports the discovery of a gas-charged submarine landslide Mass Transport Deposit (MTD) covering 420 km2 (162 mi2) above the Melville Bay Ridge rift structure. The sedimentary succession that deformed into the MTD was likely deposited within a shallow marine spit complex developed along the ridge axis extension during the Eocene. The MTD displays landslide characteristics with distinct blocks up to 1 km (3281 ft) wide and 80 m (262 ft) thick that geometrically fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Clear direct hydrocarbon indicators and velocity estimations suggest the mass transport blocks are composed of highly porous, gas charged sands intercalated with shale layers and overlain by post-slide pelagic mudstones. The reconstruction of all 499 MTD blocks suggests emplacement by bi-directional sliding, triggered by rejuvenation and southward tilt of the Melville Bay Ridge. Sliding most likely occurred slowly along a low-angle decollement surface, with the blocks remaining intact despite not being confined within a typical slide mass. Instead, coherency was likely aided by lithological layering and diagenesis. Gravitational shedding of the steep block margins has created inter-block sand accumulations, which may enhance connectivity. This study provides an important analogue for significant reservoir occurrence in large MTD blocks and provides constraints on the basin development and petroleum prospectivity of NE Baffin Bay.

A drilling hazard assessment has been completed for a large area of the NW Greenland-Baffin Bay continental shelf. This assessment was in relation to International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) proposal 909 that aims to drill several sites across the shelf in an attempt to better understand the evolution and variability of the northern Greenland Ice Sheet. The assessment utilised high quality and extensive 3D seismic data that were acquired during recent hydrocarbon exploration interest in the area – a fact that highlights the risk of drilling in a petroleum province and therefore, the importance of this assessment with regards to safety.Scattered seismic anomalies are observed within the Cenozoic sedimentary succession covering the rift basins of the Melville Bay region. These features, potentially representing the presence of free gas or gas-rich fluids, vary in nature from isolated anomalies, fault flags, stacked fluid flow features and canyons; all of which pose a significant drilling risk and were actively avoided during site selection. In areas above the Melville Bay Ridge – a feature that dominates the structure of this area – free gas is also observed trapped beneath extensive gas hydrate deposits, identified via a spectacularly imaged bottom simulating reflector marking the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The location of the hydrate deposits, and the free gas beneath, are likely controlled by a complicated migration history, due to large scale rift-related faulting and migration along sandy aquifer horizons. In other areas, gas is interpreted to have reached the shallow subsurface due to secondary leakage from a deeper gas reservoir on the ridge crest.It is clear that hydrocarbon related hazards within this area are varied and abundant, making it a more challenging location to select sites for an IODP drilling campaign. However, due to the extensive coverage and high resolution (up to 11 m vertical resolution (45 Hz at 2.0 km/s velocity) of the 3D seismic data available, as well as the use of recently acquired ultra-high resolution site survey lines, these features can be accurately imaged and confidently mapped. This allowed for the development of a detailed understanding of the character and distribution of fluids within the shallow subsurface, and the use of this knowledge to select site localities that maximise the potential for drilling to be completed safely and successfully if proposal 909 were to be executed.

Performance demands for many devices has driven feature dimensions to reduce to sub nm scale. Whilst new, and complex combinations of materials have increased the importance of interface effects at the atomic scale. Many of the macro-market dynamics such as Internet of Everything, increased volume in data traffic and energy efficiency require III-V based devices eg GaN, SiC. The combination of new materials and dimensions means that new etch solutions are required to achieve the accuracy and low damage needed for optimized device results. Low damage etching of AlGaN, GaN and SiN layers were studied using the PlasmaPro100 Cobra300 system from Oxford Instruments Plasma Technology, configured with ICP-RIE, RIE and ALE plasma etching modes. These techniques were used to etch shallow depths of between 5 and 100 nm in both SiN, AlGaN and GaN substrates and the resultant etched surface layer quality was measured using Atomic Force Microscopsy (AFM). ALE of SiN and GaN showed etch rates of 2.5 nm/min and 2 nm/min respectively. Using a conventional ICP-RIE process a GaN etch rate of 50 nm/min with a selectivity to AlGaN of 25:1 was achieved.