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Photoexcited molecular trajectories on potential energy surfaces (PESs) prior to thermalization are intimately connected to the photochemical reaction outcome. The excited-state trajectories of a diplatinum complex featuring photo-activated metal–metal σ-bond formation and associated Pt−Pt stretching motions were detected in real time using femtosecond wide-angle X-ray solution scattering. The observed motions correspond well with coherent vibrational wavepacket motions detected by femtosecond optical transient absorption. Two key coordinates for intersystem crossing have been identified, the Pt−Pt bond length and the orientation of the ligands coordinated with the platinum centers, along which the excited-state trajectories can be projected onto the calculated PESs of the excited states. This investigation has gleaned novel insight into electronic transitions occurring on the time scales of vibrational motions measured in real time, revealing ultrafast nonadiabatic or non-equilibrium processes along excited-state trajectories involving multiple excited-state PESs.

Ultrafast excited state processes of transition metal complexes (TMCs) are governed by complicated interplays between electronic and nuclear dynamics, which demand a detailed understanding to achieve optimal functionalities of photoactive TMC-based materials for many applications. In this work, we investigated a cyclometalated platinum(II) dimer known to undergo a Pt-Pt bond contraction in the metal-metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MMLCT) excited state using femtosecond broadband transient absorption (fs-BBTA) spectroscopy in combination with geometry optimization and normal mode calculations. Using a sub-20 fs pump and broadband probe pulses in fs-BBTA spectroscopy, we were able to correlate the coherent vibrational wavepacket (CVWP) evolution with the stimulated emission (SE) dynamics of the

In photosynthetic systems employing multiple transition metal centers, the properties of charge-transfer states are tuned by the coupling between metal centers. Here, we use ultrafast optical and X-ray spectroscopies to elucidate the effects of metal-metal interactions in a bimetallic tetrapyridophenazine-bridged Os(ii)/Cu(i) complex. Despite having an appropriate driving force for Os-to-Cu hole transfer in the Os(ii) moiety excited state, no such charge transfer was observed. However, excited-state coupling between the metal centers is present, evidenced by variations in the Os MLCT lifetime depending on the identity of the opposite metal center. This coupling results in concerted coherent vibrations appearing in the relaxation kinetics of the MLCT states for both Cu and Os centers. These vibrations are dominated by metal-ligand contraction at the Cu/Os centers, which are in-phase and linked through the conjugated bridging ligand. This study shows how vibronic coupling between transition metal centers affects the ultrafast dynamics in bridged, multi-metallic systems from the earliest times after photoexcitation to excited-state decay, presenting avenues for tuning charge-transfer states through judicious choice of metal/ligand groups.

A series of platinum(II) bimetallic complexes were studied to investigate the effects of ligands on both the geometric and electronic structure. Modulating the Pt-Pt distance through the bridging ligand architecture was found to dictate the nature of the lowest energy electronic transitions, localized in one-half of the molecule or delocalized across the entire molecule. By reducing the separation between the platinum atoms, the lowest energy electronic transitions will be dominated by the metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition. Conversely, by increasing the distance between the platinum atoms, the lowest electronic transition will be largely localized metal-to-ligand charge transfer or ligand centered in nature. Additionally, the cyclometalating ligands were observed to have a noticeable stabilizing effect on the triplet excited states as the conjugation increased, arising from geometric reorientation and increased electron delocalization of the ligands. Such stabilization of the triplet state energy has been shown to alter the excited state potential energy landscape as well as the excited state trajectory.

Intricate potential energy surfaces (PESs) of some transition metal complexes (TMCs) pose challenges in mapping out initial excited-state pathways that could influence photochemical outcomes. Ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) dynamics of four structurally related platinum(II) dimer complexes were examined by detecting their coherent vibrational wavepacket (CVWP) motions of Pt-Pt stretching mode in the metal-metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer excited states. Structurally dependent CVWP behaviors (frequency, dephasing time, and oscillation amplitudes) were captured by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, analyzed by short-time Fourier transformation, and rationalized by quantum mechanical calculations, revealing dual ISC pathways. The results suggest that the ligands could fine-tune the PESs to influence the proximity of the conical intersections of the excited states with the Franck-Condon state and thus to control the branching ratio of the dual ISC pathways. This comparative study presents future opportunities in control excited-state trajectories of TMCs via ligand structures.

Intersystem crossing (ISC), a vital component of the electronic and nuclear transitions that compose photophysics, has been successfully simulated in light elements and transition metal complexes. Derived from the

Exciton size and dynamics were studied in assemblies of two well-defined graphene quantum dots of varying size: hexabenzocoronene (HBC), where the aromatic core consists of 42 C atoms, and carbon quantum dot (CQD) with 78 C atoms. The synthesis of HBC and CQD were achieved using bottom-up chemical methods, while their assembly was studied using steady-state UV/vis spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy. While HBC forms long ordered fibers, CQD was found not to assemble well. The exciton size and dynamics were studied using time-resolved laser spectroscopy. At early times (∼100 fs), the exciton was found to delocalize over ∼1-2 molecular units in both assemblies, which reflects the confined nature of excitons in carbon-based materials and is consistent with the calculated value of ∼2 molecular units. Exciton-exciton annihilation measurements provided the exciton diffusion lengths of 16 and 3 nm for HBC and CQD, respectively. Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3811]

High-energy X-ray scattering and pair distribution function analysis (HEXS/PDF) is a powerful method to reveal the structure of materials lacking long-range order, but is underutilized for molecular complexes in solution. Here we demonstrate the application of HEXS/PDF with 0.26 A resolution to uncover the solution structure of five bimetallic Os(II)/Ru(II)/Cu(I) complexes. HEXS/PDF of each complex in acetonitrile solution confirms the pairwise interactions in the local coordination sphere of each metal center as well as the metal···metal interactions separated by over 12 A. The metal···metal distance detected in solution is compared with that from the crystal structure and molecular models to confirm that distortions to the metal bridging ligand are unique to the solid state. This work presents the first example of observing sub-A conformational difference by direct comparison of solution phase and solid-state structures and shows the potential for HEXS/PDF in the determination of solution structure of single molecules.

Graphene nanoribbons exhibit excellent light-absorbing properties, but often exhibit short excited-state lifetimes that prevent their applications in photocatalysis. Here, we report a long-lived charge-transfer triplet excited state in a well solubilized, chlorinated graphene nanoribbon (Cl-GNR) with edges modified by bipyrimidine (bpm) moieties. The photophysical behavior of Cl-GNR was observed and characterized by steady-state UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy on the ps-ms timescale, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both the Cl-GNR and its monomeric subunit, chlorinated graphene quantum dot (Cl-GQD), were synthesized using bottom-up techniques to produce the H- analogs of the compounds followed by edge-chlorination to achieve soluble products. The absorption spectra of Cl-GQD and Cl-GNR appear in the UV-vis range with lowest-energy peaks at 375 and 600 nm, respectively. The excitons in Cl-GNR were found to exhibit charge-transfer character with the bpm edges serving as electron acceptors. DFT calculations indicate that the excitons are relatively localized, spreading over at most two monomeric units of the GNR. Transient absorption spectroscopy shows that singlet excited states of Cl-GQD and Cl-GNR undergo intersystem crossing with ~300 ps lifetime to form triplet state that lasts for 15.7 μs (Cl-GQD) and 106 μs (Cl-GNR). These properties, combined with the ability of bpm sites to coordinate transition metals, make Cl-GNRs promising light-harvesting motifs for photocatalytic applications.

Efficient and accurate nuclear gradients are essential to performing molecular optimizations. Here for the first time we present analytical nuclear gradients for the parametric two-electron reduced-density-matrix method (p2-RDM), which uses the 2-RDM as the primary variable in calculations in lieu of the many-electron wavefunction. While numerical gradients require six energy evaluations for each atom, analytical gradients require only a single calculation for each geometry sampled. We present benchmark p2-RDM geometry optimizations that show analytical gradients reduce CPU times by as much as 80%, even for small molecules. We also use p2-RDM to evaluate the bond length alternation (BLA), or the difference in length between adjacent single and double bonds, of trans -polyacetylene (PA). We find that the BLA in the extrapolated limit to be 0.080 A, in agreement with experiment and closely mirroring the prediction of the more expensive coupled-cluster with single and double excitations with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)).

The change in electronic state from one spin multiplicity to another, known as intersystem crossing, occurs in molecules via the relativistic phenomenon of spin-orbit coupling. Current means of estimating intersystem crossing rates rely on the perturbative evaluation of spin-orbit coupling effects. This perturbative approach, valid in lighter atoms where spin-orbit coupling is weaker, is expected to break down for heavier elements where relativistic effects become dominant. Methods which incorporate spin-orbit effects variationally, such as the exact-two-component (X2C) method, will be necessary to treat this strong-coupling regime. We present a novel procedure which produces a diabatic basis of spin-pure electronic states coupled by spin-orbit terms, generated from fully variational relativistic calculations. This method is implemented within X2C using time-dependent density-functional theory and is compared to results from a perturbative relativistic study in the weak spin-orbit coupling regime. Additional calculations on a more strongly spin-orbit-coupled [UO2Cl4]2− complex further illustrate the strengths of this method. This procedure will be valuable in the estimation of intersystem crossing rates within strongly spin-coupled species.

We report a study of chromophore-catalyst assemblies composed of light harvesting hexabenzocoronene (HBC) chromophores axially coordinated to two cobaloxime complexes. The chromophore-catalyst assemblies were prepared using bottom-up synthetic methodology and characterized using solid-state NMR, IR, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Detailed steady-state and time-resolved laser spectroscopy was utilized to identify the photophysical properties of the assemblies, coupled with time-dependent DFT calculations to characterize the relevant excited states. The HBC chromophores tend to assemble into aggregates that exhibit high exciton diffusion length (D = 18.5 molecule2/ps), indicating that over 50 chromophores can be sampled within their excited state lifetime. We find that the axial coordination of cobaloximes leads to a significant reduction in the excited state lifetime of the HBC moiety, and this finding was discussed in terms of possible electron and energy transfer pathways. By comparing the experimental quenching rate constant (1.0 × 109 s−1) with the rate constant estimates for Marcus electron transfer (5.7 × 108 s−1) and Forster/Dexter energy transfers (8.1 × 106 s−1 and 1.0 × 1010 s−1), we conclude that both Dexter energy and Marcus electron transfer process are possible deactivation pathways in CoQD-A. No charge transfer or energy transfer intermediate was detected in transient absorption spectroscopy, indicating fast, subpicosecond return to the ground state. These results provide important insights into the factors that control the photophysical properties of photocatalytic chromophore-catalyst assemblies.

Recent work found that soldering CdTe quantum dots together with a molecular CdTe polymer yielded field-effect transistors with much greater electron mobility than quantum dots alone. We present a computational study of the CdTe polymer using the active-space variational two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) method. While analogous complete active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) methods scale exponentially with the number of active orbitals, the active-space variational 2-RDM method exhibits polynomial scaling. A CASSCF calculation using the (48o,64e) active space studied in this paper requires 1024 determinants and is therefore intractable, while the variational 2-RDM method in the same active space requires only 2.1 × 107 variables. Natural orbitals, natural-orbital occupations, charge gaps, and Mulliken charges are reported as a function of polymer length. The polymer, we find, is strongly correlated, despite possessing a simple sp3-hybridized bonding scheme. Calculations reveal the formatio...

Bimetallic platinum complexes have interesting luminescent properties and feature long-lasting vibrational coherence and ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) after photoexcitation. Ultrafast triplet formation is driven by very strong spin-orbit coupling in these platinum (II) systems, where relativistic theoretical approaches beyond first-order perturbation theory are desirable. Using a fully variational relativistic theoretical method recently developed by the authors, we investigate the origins of ultrafast ISC in the [Pt(ppy) (μ-tBu2pz)]2 complex (ppy = phenylpyridine, pz = pyrazolate). Spin-orbit coupling values, evaluated along a Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics trajectory, are used to propagate electronic populations in time. Using this technique, we estimate ultrafast ISC rates of 15–134 fs in this species for the possible ISC pathways into the three low-lying triplet states.

Pentacene, a linear five-ringed polyaromatic hydrocarbon, has recently been used as an organic semiconductor in field-effect transistors. The recently synthesized olympicene molecule, so named because of its resemblance to the olympic rings, is a more compact five-ringed structure. This paper offers the first theoretical study of the kinetic stability of olympicene and its isomers. We use the parametric two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) method, which takes the 2-RDM as the basic variable in lieu of the traditional wave function in calculations [ Mazziotti , D. A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008 , 101 , 253002 ]. Our calculations demonstrate that olympicene's isomers may be separated into aromatic and diradical isomers, the latter of which require accurate treatment of strong electron correlation to detect multireference character. Albeit formally a single-reference method, the parametric 2-RDM captures the multireference correlation of the diradical isomers; relative to olympicene, the 2-RDM predicts five diradical isomers that are 16-22 kcal/mol lower in energy than those from coupled cluster with single and double excitations-a significant change that causes these isomers to be stable to dissociation by 2-20 kcal/mol. We characterize the transition states between olympicene's isomers, observe differences in aromaticity among the different isomers, and compare the electronic properties of olympicene to those of pentacene. The olympicene molecule has the potential to complement pentacene as an organic semiconductor.

Strong electron correlation within a quasi-spin model of chromophores was recently shown to enhance exciton energy transfer significantly. Here we investigate how the modulation of the electronic structure of the chromophores by chemical substitution can enhance energy-transfer efficiency. Unlike previous work that does not consider the direct effect of the electronic structure on exciton dynamics, we add chemical substituents to the fluorone dimer to study the effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents on exciton energy transfer. The exciton dynamics are studied from the solution of a quantum Liouville equation for an open system whose model Hamiltonian is derived from excited-state electronic structure calculations. Both van der Waals energies and coupling energies, arising from the Hellmann-Feynman force generated upon transferring the dimers from infinity to a finite separation, are built into the model Hamiltonian. Though these two effects are implicitly treated in dipole-based models, their explicit and separate treatment as discussed here is critical to forging the correct connection with the electronic structure calculations. We find that the addition of electron-donating substituents to the fluorone system results in an increase in exciton-transfer rates by factors ranging from 1.3-1.9. The computed oscillator strength is consistent with the recent experimental results on a larger heterodimer system containing fluorone. The oscillator strength increases with the addition of electron-donating substituents. Our results indicate that the study of chromophore networks via electronic structure will help in the future design of efficient synthetic light-harvesting systems.