Search

KV7 channels control neuronal excitability. We show that these channels are expressed in muscle afferents and generate currents that are blocked by XE991 and bradykinin (BK). The XE991 block suggests that KV7 current comprises KV7.2/3 and KV7.5 channels. The BK inhibition of KV7 channels may explain how BK activates the exercise pressor reflex (EPR). Retigabine can enhance KV7 current, which could help control the inappropriately activated EPR in patients with cardiovascular disease.

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) originates in skeletal muscle and is activated by exercise-induced signals to increase arterial blood pressure and cardiac output. Muscle ischemia can elicit the EPR, which can be inappropriately activated in patients with peripheral vascular disease or heart failure to increase the incidence of myocardial infarction. We seek to better understand the receptor/channels that control excitability of group III and group IV muscle afferent fibers that give rise to the EPR. Bradykinin (BK) is released within contracting muscle and can evoke the EPR. However, the mechanism is incompletely understood. K(V)7 channels strongly regulate neuronal excitability and are inhibited by BK. We have identified K(V)7 currents in muscle afferent neurons by their characteristic activation/deactivation kinetics, enhancement by the K(V)7 activator retigabine, and block by K(V)7 specific inhibitor XE991. The blocking of K(V)7 current by different XE991 concentrations suggests that the K(V)7 current is generated by both K(V)7.2/7.3 (high affinity) and K(V)7.5 (low affinity) channels. The K(V)7 current was inhibited by 300 nM BK in neurons with diameters consistent with both group III and group IV afferents. The inhibition of K(V)7 by BK could be a mechanism by which this metabolic mediator generates the EPR. Furthermore, our results suggest that K(V)7 channel activators such as retigabine, could be used to reduce cardiac stress resulting from the exacerbated EPR in patients with cardiovascular disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY K(V)7 channels control neuronal excitability. We show that these channels are expressed in muscle afferents and generate currents that are blocked by XE991 and bradykinin (BK). The XE991 block suggests that K(V)7 current is generated by K(V)7.2/3 and K(V)7.5 channels. The BK inhibition of K(V)7 channels may explain how BK activates the exercise pressor reflex (EPR). Retigabine can enhance K(V)7 current, which could help control the inappropriately activated EPR in patients with cardiovascular disease.

The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is activated by muscle contractions to increase heart rate and blood pressure during exercise. While this reflex is beneficial in healthy individuals, the reflex activity is exaggerated in patients with cardiovascular disease, which is associated with increased mortality. Group III and IV afferents mediate the EPR and have been shown to express both tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S, NaV1.6, and NaV1.7) and -resistant (TTX-R, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9) voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, but NaV1.9 current has not yet been demonstrated. Using a F−-containing internal solution, we found a NaVcurrent in muscle afferent neurons that activates at around −70 mV with slow activation and inactivation kinetics, as expected from NaV1.9 current. However, this current ran down with time, which resulted, at least in part, from increased steady-state inactivation since it was slowed by both holding potential hyperpolarization and a depolarized shift of the gating properties. We further show that, following NaV1.9 current rundown (internal F−), application of the NaV1.8 channel blocker A803467 inhibited significantly more TTX-R current than we had previously observed (internal Cl−), which suggests that NaV1.9 current did not rundown with that internal solution. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the majority of group IV somata and axons were NaV1.9 positive. The majority of small diameter myelinated afferent somata (putative group III) were also NaV1.9 positive, but myelinated muscle afferent axons were rarely labeled. The presence of NaV1.9 channels in muscle afferents supports a role for these channels in activation and maintenance of the EPR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Small diameter muscle afferents signal pain and muscle activity levels. The muscle activity signals drive the cardiovascular system to increase muscle blood flow, but these signals can become exaggerated in cardiovascular disease to exacerbate cardiac damage. The voltage-dependent sodium channel NaV1.9 plays a unique role in controlling afferent excitability. We show that NaV1.9 channels are expressed in muscle afferents, which supports these channels as a target for drug development to control hyperactivity of these neurons.

Better analgesic drugs are desperately needed to help physicians to treat pain. While many preclinical studies support the analgesic effects of α-conopeptides, Vc1.1 and RgIA, the mechanism is controversial., Chronic pain is very difficult to treat. Thus, novel analgesics are a critical area of research. Strong preclinical evidence supports the analgesic effects of α-conopeptides, Vc1.1 and RgIA, which block α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, the analgesic mechanism is controversial. Some evidence supports the block of α9α10 nAChRs as an analgesic mechanism, while other evidence supports the inhibition of N-type CaV (CaV2.2) current via activation of GABAB receptors. Here, we reassess the effect of Vc1.1 and RgIA on CaV current in rat sensory neurons. Unlike the previous findings, we found highly variable effects among individual sensory neurons, but on average only minimal inhibition induced by Vc1.1, and no significant effect on the current by RgIA. We also investigated the potential involvement of GABAB receptors in the Vc1.1-induced inhibition, and found no correlation between the size of CaV current inhibition induced by baclofen (GABAB agonist) versus that induced by Vc1.1. Thus, GABAB receptors are unlikely to mediate the Vc1.1-induced CaV current inhibition. Based on the present findings, CaV current inhibition in dorsal root ganglia is unlikely to be the predominant mechanism by which either Vc1.1 or RgIA induce analgesia.