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The purpose of this paper was to explore bilingual educators' perceptions of their strategies to maintain their cultural and religious identities within a multicultural society. This multiple case studies of three institutions employed semi-structured interviews and documents. The research question guides this study: What are strategies that have been utilized within the institutions, to further the aims of multicultural education? The data in this study was analyzed thematically via NVivo Qualitative data analysis. The finding of this study showed that the institutions were committed to providing a public education alongside a multicultural education -- respect for other religions, ethnicities, and cultures. These institutions have a strong commitment to their spiritual purpose and maintenance of their respective religious and cultural identities. The findings of this study have implications for the understanding of similar programs and the ways to preserve cultural and religious identities within educational contexts. Most studies of multicultural education have been conducted in public institutions resulting in little information on how ethnic institutions promote cultural and religious identities within their institutions and communities. This research contributes to the body of literature that examines the promotion of cultural and religious identities in ethnic institutions.

Abstract The field of digital identity innovation has grown significantly over the last 30 years, with over 6000 technology patents registered worldwide. However, many questions remain about who controls and owns our digital identity and intellectual property and, ultimately, where the future of digital identity is heading. To investigate this further, this research mines digital identity patents and explores core themes such as identity, systems, privacy, security, and emerging fields like blockchain, financial transactions, and biometric technologies, utilizing natural language processing (NLP) methods including part-of-speech (POS) tagging, clustering, topic classification, noise reduction, and lemmatisation techniques. Finally, the research employs graph modelling and statistical analysis to discern inherent trends and forecast future developments. The findings significantly contribute to the digital identity landscape, identifying key players, emerging trends, and technological progress. This research serves as a valuable resource for academia and industry stakeholders, aiding in strategic decision-making and investment in emerging technologies and facilitating navigation through the dynamic realm of digital identity technologies.

Abstract Complex multi-element alloys are gaining prominence for structural applications, supplementing steels, and superalloys. Understanding the impact of each element on alloy surfaces due to oxidation is vital in maintaining material integrity. This study investigates oxidation mechanisms in these alloys using a model five-element equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn alloy, in a controlled oxygen environment. The oxidation-induced surface changes correlate with each element’s interactive tendencies with the environment, guided by thermodynamics. Initial oxidation stages follow atomic size and redox potential, with the latter becoming dominant over time, causing composition inversion. The study employs in-situ atom probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure techniques to elucidate the oxidation process and surface oxide structure evolution. Our findings deconvolute the mechanism for compositional and structural changes in the oxide film and will pave the way for a predictive design of complex alloys with improved resistance to oxidation under extreme conditions.

The theme of belonging in e-pedagogy gained currency in the 2000s when educational providers hastened to join the online teaching and learning boom and studies of building and maintaining a sense of community (SOC) proved central to this endeavour. Motivated by the pandemic-era necessity to convene teaching and learning online as part of a response to super-complexity as a defining feature of tertiary education in the 21st century, work-integrated learning (WIL) practitioners returned to this scholarship to consider, under pressure, modes of building SOC and belonging in online spaces. Underpinned by a broadly constructivist worldview and informed by the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework, our COVID-age study considers what pedagogical strategies are viewed as affording learners this sense of belonging - or not. Using a collaborative enquiry to pool our perceptions and experiences from three WIL contexts, we ask how work-integrated learning (WIL) practitioners build belonging in online spaces and identify strategies learners perceive as valuable. Drawing on the authors' small-scale studies of educator and learner experiences of online WIL (eWIL), our collaborative enquiry uses qualitative descriptive analysis to identify key themes in the voices of students. Advancing the scholarship, our study identifies three threads to the fabric of belonging: humanising online WIL; the importance of mentor presence; and fostering professional belonging. The study suggests that strategies impacting these three areas are at the heart of building belonging in online spaces, broadly envisaged as imagined professional communities of practice. Techniques viewed as successful are advanced as possibilities for enhancing pedagogy in online WIL communities.

This paper aims to explore teachers' perceptions on the implementation of English teaching strategies in the current curriculum change. The key question is that what are the teachers' perceptions of English teaching strategies in the current curriculum change? This study was conducted in one of the Indonesian provinces with the participants of 102 English teachers. The instrument of data collection used Likert-scale questionnaires. The questionnaires contains specific questions on teachers' responses on their strategies in relation to current curriculum reform. The data gained in this study was analysed using vocabulary statistics available in lextutor programs. The result of the study shows that there is a majority of the English teachers in this study perceive that curriculum reforms have impacted positively on their teaching strategies and provide diverse categories of responses to change. The reason for this is that is a tendency of English teachers to upgrade their knowledge and skills to adapt with the change. In addition, teachers of English are recommended to learn about the essence of change so that they can implement the change successfully.

Taeniosis and cysticercosis are infections caused by cestodes, Taenia solium is among them. T.solium neurocysticercosis accounts for 30% of acquired epilepsy in human in developing countries. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of cysticercosis among domestic pigs in Mbulu district following deworming intervention. The study was conducted among three rural communities monitoring community intervention in Mbulu district between March 2020 and September 2021. Live pigs were diagnosed by lingual examination for the presence of T. solium cysticerci, and pig-rearing practices were recorded. Logistic regression was performed to determine the role of risk factors on pig infection outcome. We conveniently sampled 510 pigs; 267 (52.4%) were sampled in the year 2020 and 243 (47.6%) in 2021. All pigs were examined by lingual examination for the presence of pork tapeworm larvae, and 43 (8.4%) pigs were found to be infected. Twenty-one (48.8%) of the infected pigs were males and 22 (51.2%) were females, and the overall annual prevalence of tapeworm larvae was 9% and 7.8% for 2020 and 2021, respectively. The pigs were twice more likely to be found infected during the rainy season compared to the dry season in 2020 (OR = 2.27, 95%CI of 1.16–7.22). The reported pig-rearing practices were free-range, penned, and tethered, 141 (52.8%), 64 (24%), and 62 (23.2%), respectively. Of the 94 visited households in 2020, 78 (83%) reported drinking water without boiling, and 59 (62.8%) household leaders reported having heard about taeniosis/cysticercosis. The prevalence of cysticercosis among domestic pigs in this study was high, with seasonal variations. Despite the ongoing national school deworming and community deworming program, there was no significant change in the prevalence of cysticercosis over two consecutive years. The reported pig infections imply fecal-oral transmission with humans tapeworm eggs released from infected humans. Most households reported consuming unboiled drinking water that might be contaminated. Integrating pig vaccination and deworming, health education and school or community deworming along with improved pig management practice and general community water sanitation hygiene (WASH) are recommended to reduce the burden of pork tapeworm in the study communities.

Background: Taeniosis and cysticercosis are human infections caused by the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. This study is a baseline for community-based intervention. We determined the prevalence of human cysticercosis and associated risk factors following a deworming program conducted throughout the country, with Mbulu District being among the districts in Northern Tanzania. Methods: Human cysticercosis was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag- ELISA). Household interviews and observations were conducted to identify risk factors for cysticercosis transmissions among households and communities. Results: Three hundred individuals participated in this study. The age ranged from 5 to 89 years, with a median of 19 years. The prevalence of human cysticercosis was 23 (7.67%). The prevalence was high with 6 (11.76%) among individuals aged 26 to 35 years and ±45 years. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence by age group, sex, or occupation. Among the 300 participants, 82 (27.3%) had received anthelmintics during the previous year; among these, 5 (21.7%) were infected. The likelihood of infection was low among anthelmintic users by 28% [0.72 (0.26–2.01)], but the protection was not significant. The communities differed in risk factors on the availability of a clean and safe water supply; 52.7% (46/86) of households visited had no pit latrine. The cysticercosis prevalence showed a significant difference in communities. Conclusions: The prevalence of human cysticercosis was high and associated with higher age groups. The prevalence was low among those who had taken anthelmintics and was associated with lower age groups. The current school deworming program has a positive effect on school children, while the elderly are at higher risk because the intervention did not target them. It is recommended to scale up anthelmintic intervention to higher age groups.

Background: Advances in targeted therapy development and tumor sequencing technology are reclassifying cancers into smaller biomarker-defined diseases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often impractical in rare diseases, leading to calls for single-arm studies to be sufficient to inform clinical practice based on a strong biological rationale. However, without RCTs, favorable outcomes are often attributed to therapy but may be due to a more indolent disease course or other biases. When the clinical benefit of targeted therapy in a common cancer is established in RCTs, this benefit may extend to rarer cancers sharing the same biomarker. However, careful consideration of the appropriateness of extending the existing trial evidence beyond specific cancer types is required. A framework for extrapolating evidence for biomarker-targeted therapies to rare cancers is needed to support transparent decision-making. Objectives: To construct a framework outlining the breadth of criteria essential for extrapolating evidence for a biomarker-targeted therapy generated from RCTs in common cancers to different rare cancers sharing the same biomarker. Design: A series of questions articulating essential criteria for extrapolation. Methods: The framework was developed from the core topics for extrapolation identified from a previous scoping review of methodological guidance. Principles for extrapolation outlined in guidance documents from the European Medicines Agency, the US Food and Drug Administration, and Australia’s Medical Services Advisory Committee were incorporated. Results: We propose a framework for assessing key assumptions of similarity of the disease and treatment outcomes between the common and rare cancer for five essential components: prognosis of the biomarker-defined cancer, biomarker test analytical validity, biomarker actionability, treatment efficacy, and safety. Knowledge gaps identified can be used to prioritize future studies. Conclusion: This framework will allow systematic assessment, standardize regulatory, reimbursement and clinical decision-making, and facilitate transparent discussions between key stakeholders in drug assessment for rare biomarker-defined cancers.

**Introduction**: The authors reviewed close/positive margins in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, ensuing recurrence, regional or systemic metastasis, mortality and follow-up management. **Methods**: The design was a systematised review from January 2000 to July 2021. The MEDLINE database was searched with 15 articles out of 3104 meeting the inclusion criteria. Pertinent references underpinning the National Comprehensive Cancer Network’s Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Guidelines Version 2.2022 were reviewed. **Results**: Overall, there were 13,671 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma lesions. We found pooled rates for positive excision (14.6% at 99% CI [12.97, 16.26]), ensuing recurrence (14.7% at 99% CI [13.51, 15.83]), regional or systemic metastasis (33.8% at 99% CI [33.77, 33.87]), and mortality (46.6% at 99% CI [42.53, 50.65]). Positive excisions most frequently involved the deep margin (73.7%), nose (34.5%) and ear (33.14%). Re-excision of positive margins appeared to confer worse recurrence (35.4%). We found pooled rates for close/positive excision (17% at 99% CI [15.22, 18.84]), ensuing recurrence (17% at 99% CI [15.76, 18.16]), regional or systemic metastasis (30.4% at 99% CI [26.15, 34.73]), and mortality (46.6% at 99% CI [42.53, 50.65]). Mean follow up was 51 months. Surgical re-excision with adequate margins appeared to be most efficacious, followed by radiotherapy. Chemoradiation and chemotherapy appeared less efficacious. **Conclusion**: Surgical re-excision with adequate margins remains the gold standard for close/positive margins in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, followed by radiotherapy.

One impact of the global pandemic of 2020 was a rapid shift in the delivery of work-integrated learning (WIL) to remote activity among WIL practitioners, students and educators alike. Along with professional practice research in higher degrees, WIL practice, including placements and non-placements, responded actively and sometimes reactively to the challenges of sudden transition to online environments. What strategies - pivots and pirouettes - did WIL practitioners use to weather the storm of Covid-19? What does this tell us about the nature of WIL? This paper captures the seemingly overnight response to shifting work-based learning to online and other spaces. With change came the opportunity to reflect on the varying areas of WIL: from the practical processes of ensuring students are cared for to pivoting to the learning opportunities it presented in building digital literacies and adapting to the global future of work. This study is a Trans-Tasman collaboration of four WIL practitioners exploring their responsiveness to disruption in WIL contexts. We present collective autoethnographic responses to such themes as disruption, becoming resilient, pivoting to change, changing perceptions of WIL and the legacies of the pandemic. These themes apply to learners and educators alike, and our words embody the experiences of both groups. Our responses to phenomena highlighted this need for resilience and agility. Methodologically, the researchers' micro-narrative responses to key themes structure themselves into a macro-narrative that demonstrates the lived experiences of the researchers as educators in the WIL space and explores implications for ongoing and future practice.

This paper analyses the impact of an evaluation-focused language teacher education program under Vietnam's National Foreign Languages 2020 project, run at Hanoi University in 2015 and 2017. Funded by The Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), this intensive 150-hour university-level program employed international experts to deliver content about evaluation. The pedagogical goal was to enhance the capacity of 'key' teachers by guiding their application of theory-informed strategies to their institution's curricula and teaching materials. The underlying policy-directed goal was alignment with the "Circular on Issuance of the 6-level Foreign Language Proficiency Framework of Vietnam" (MOET, 2014), the "Vietnamese Foreign Language Proficiency Framework" ("VFLF"). This study outlines the needs the course met under national policy, demonstrates how these were achieved and describes the course's impacts and constraints. A naturalistic interpretative enquiry, it draws on questionnaire data from participants to assess how the program met its objectives and the degree to which participating language teachers reported applying its content to their practice. The study points to a gap between the aspirational rhetoric of the 6-level framework and the constraints posed by gatekeepers where the 'key' teachers are supposedly present and future leaders but often lack the autonomy to innovate.

At a time when universities internationally participate in continual processes of restructuring, repositioning and reprioritising, calls for 'voluntary' redundancy among teaching and learning staff become frequent events. Australian and New Zealand academics, whose stories inform this study, have, particularly, been made subject to severance, voluntary or otherwise, at a time when the modernised university has become the managed, neoliberalised university and, over time, the 'ruined' or 'toxic' university. This study is a narrative enquiry aiming to capture, re-present and examine the stories of mid- and late-career higher education teaching professionals during this unsettling period of disturbance and flux. In the light of studies on 'voluntary' redundancy and scholarship critiquing the mechanisms of power and repression of the corporatised university, this researcher asked 12 mid-career academics why they really took redundancy packages with a view to exposing the experienced truth behind the official institutional story that academic professionals 'chose' voluntary redundancy packages.

Cyber attacking is easier than cyber defending—attackers only need to find one breach, while the defenders must successfully repel all attacks. This research demonstrates how cyber defenders can increase their capabilities by joining forces with eXplainable-AI (XAI) utilizing interactive human-machine collaboration. With a global shortfall of cyber defenders there is a need to amplify their skills using AI. Cyber asymmetries make propositional machine learning techniques impractical. Human reasoning and skill is a key ingredient in defense and must be embedded in the AI framework. For Human-Machine collaboration to work requires that the AI is an ultra-strong machine learner and can explain its models. Unlike Deep Learning, Inductive Logic Programming can communicate what it learns to a human. An empirical study was undertaken using six months of eavesdropped network traffic from an organization generating up-to 562K network events daily. Easier-to-defend devices were identified using a form of the Good-Turing Frequency estimator which is a promising form of volatility measure. A behavioral cloning grammar in explicit symbolic form was then produced from a single device's network activity using the compression algorithm SEQUITUR. A novel visualization was generated to allow defenders to identify network sequences they wish to explain. Interactive Inductive Logic Programming (the XAI) is supplied the network traffic meta data, sophisticated pre-existing cyber security background knowledge, and one recurring sequence of events from a single device to explain. A co-inductive process between the human cyber defender and the XAI where the human is able to understand, then refute and shape the XAI's developing model, to produce a model that conforms with the data as well as the original device designers programming. The acceptable model is in a form that can be deployed as an ongoing active cyber defense.

BackgroundMultiple myeloma is diagnosed in 5,800 people in the United Kingdom (UK) each year with up to 64% having vertebral compression fractures at the time of diagnosis. Painful vertebral compression fractures can be of significant detriment to patients’ quality of life. Percutaneous vertebroplasty aims to provide long-term pain relief and stabilize fractured vertebrae.Methods and materialsData was collected from all cases of percutaneous vertebroplasty performed on patients with multiple myeloma from November 2017 to January 2019. Pain scores were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) pre-procedure, 2 months post procedure and 4 years post-procedure. Procedure related complications and analgesia use were also documented.Results22 patients were included with a total of 119 vertebrae treated. Patients reported a significant improvement in overall pain score with a median pre-procedure VAS of 8 and a median post-procedure VAS of 3.5 (p

Studies about the learning value of group presentations in ESL and EFL have become increasingly common, particularly in relation to spoken fluency. However, few studies have explored their impact on students' intelligible pronunciation. In a Vietnamese context, recent changes in teaching and learning strategies set by the government have shifted attention to students' ability to communicate effectively in today's increasingly globalized environment. This inevitably turns the spotlight on pronunciation, an aspect of EFL long ignored in Vietnam. Qualitatively describing a case where group presentations were a key mode of teaching, learning and assessment for 17 second-year students majoring in English for Political Discipline at the Institute of International Studies in Hanoi over the course of one semester, this study suggests that monitored and transcribed group presentations may be one rational answer. The study investigates the impacts on participants' pronunciation of sounds and word stress and considers their attitude towards this method. The results reveal that students acknowledged the benefits of group presentations and experienced improvements in pronunciation, confidence and range of political vocabulary. These changes were diverse depending on each participant's attitude. The article concludes with reflective evaluations of the lessons and explores the pedagogical implications for future projects on implementing research into presentations among Vietnamese students of foreign languages.