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Perioperative hyponatremia, due to non-osmotic release of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin, is a serious electrolyte disorder observed in connection with many types of surgery. Since blood loss during surgery contributes to the pathogenesis of hyponatremia, we explored the effect of bleeding on plasma sodium using a controlled hypotensive hemorrhage pig model. After 30-min baseline period, hemorrhage was induced by aspiration of blood during 30 min at mean arterial pressure <50 mmHg. Thereafter, the animals were resuscitated with retransfused blood and a near-isotonic balanced crystalloid solution and monitored for 180 min. Electrolyte and water balances, cardiovascular response, renal hemodynamics, and markers of volume regulation and osmoregulation were investigated. All pigs (n = 10) developed hyponatremia. All animals retained hypotonic fluid, and none could excrete net-free water. Urinary excretion of aquaporin 2, a surrogate marker of collecting duct responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone, was significantly reduced at the end of the study, whereas lysine vasopressin, i.e., the pig antidiuretic hormone remained high. In this animal model, hyponatremia developed due to net positive fluid balance and generation of electrolyte-free water by the kidneys. A decreased urinary aquaporin 2 excretion may indicate an escape from antidiuresis.

Objectives - Although disease load in multiple sclerosis (MS) often is based on T2 lesion volumes, the changes in T2 of normal appearing brain tissue (NABT) are rarely considered. By means of magnetic resonance, (MR) we retrospectively investigated whether T2 changes in NABT explain part of the cognitive impairment seen in MS and constitute a supplement to traditional measurement of T2 lesion volume. Materials and Methods - Fifty patients with clinically definite MS were included (38 women, 12 men). Patients were MR scanned, neuropsychologically tested, and evaluated clinically with the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Impairment Scale (MSIS). Voxel-wise T2 estimates and total T2 lesion volume were tested for correlations with eight cognitive domains, a general cognitive dysfunction factor (CDF), and the two clinical scales. Results - We found distinct clusters of voxels with T2 estimates correlating with CDF, mental processing speed, complex motor speed, verbal fluency, and MSIS. A significant negative correlation was found between total lesion volume and CDF (r = -0.34, P = 0.02), verbal intelligence (r = -0.40, P = 0.005), mental processing speed (r = -0.34, P = 0.03), visual problem solving (r = -0.40, P = 0.01), and complex motor speed (r = -0.39, P = 0.01). No significant correlation was detected between total lesion load and the clinical measures EDSS and MSIS. Conclusion - Our results suggest that even in the NABT MR detects changes likely to be associated with an underlying pathology and possibly contributes to the cognitive impairment in MS.

Etnolog Professor Thomas Højrup og jeg afprøver en livsformsanalytisk indfaldsvinkel til at afdække de store omvæltninger, der er sket inden for de sidste år i dansk fiskeri. Helt konkret har kutterejerne og dermed ikke alle fiskerne uden pressens bevågenhed af regeringen og Dansk Folkeparti fået tildelt alle landets fiskekvoter til en værdi af ca 10 mia kr. Vi ser på, hvem der er tabere og hvem der er vindere, og hvordan afviklingen af kutterfiskeriet og udviklingen af belåningsindustrien har omkalfatret dansk fiskeri i løbet af få år. Samtidig afprøver vi vores teoretiske indfaldsvinkel på felten ved at opstille noget, man ville kunne betragte som levende laboratorier.Artiklen argumenterer for en etnologisk analysemåde baseret på dialektisk feltarbejde med kontrasterende komparation som metode. Det konkrete emne er enclosureprocessen i dansk fiskeri fra 2006 og frem, hvor fiskekvoterne blev privatiseret. Det indebar en konfiskation af de danske partsfiskeres tusindeårige fangstret og en hastig kapitalisering af erhvervet. Som et element i undersøgelserne af denne proces er kystfiskernes dannelse af det andelsorganiserede Thorupstrand Kystfiskerlaug blevet fulgt gennem feltarbejde med deltagerobservation. Dette laug bruger privatiseringen til i fællesskab at sikre fiskerbyen kollektivt ejede kvoterettigheder på en måde, så de unge kan etablere sig i kystfiskeriet uden dyb gældsættelse. Undersøgelsen beskrives i et europæisk perspektiv og inddrager en kritisk diskussion af analysemåder, der ikke tager højde for forskellige livsformers modsatte interesser i europæisk politik. Udgivelsesdato: 2008