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På oppdrag fra Elkem Carbon AS har NILU utført målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon og REC Solar i Vågsbygd (Kristiansand kommune). Elkem Carbon har i sin tillatelse fra Miljødirektoratet krav om å gjennomføre kontinuerlig måling av SO2 i omgivelsesluft. Målingene ble utført med SO2-monitor i boligområdet på Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei). I tillegg har Elkem Carbon AS valgt å måle med passive SO2-prøvetakere ved 3 steder rundt bedriftene. Rapporten dekker målinger i perioden 1. januar – 31. desember 2022. Norske grenseverdier for luftkvalitet (SO2) ble overholdt ved Konsul Wilds vei for alle midlingsperioder krevet i forurensningsforskriften (årsmiddel, vintermiddel, døgnmiddel og timemiddel). De mest belastede stedene i måleperioden var Konsul Wilds vei nordøst og Fiskåveien rett sør for bedriftene. To døgnmidler var over 125 µg/m3 (grenseverdi, 3 tillatt), 4 døgnmidler var over øvre vurderingsterskel (75 µg/m3) og 11 døgnmidler var over nedre vurderingsterskel (50 µg/m3). On behalf of Elkem Carbon AS, NILU has carried out measurements of SO2 in the surroundings of Elkem Carbon and REC Solar in Vågsbygd (Kristiansand municipality). Elkem Carbon are according to their permit from the Norwegian Environment Agency obligated to carry out SO2-measurements in ambient air. The measurements were performed with an SO2-monitor in the residential area at Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei). In addition, Elkem has chosen to measure with passive SO2-samplers at 3 locations around the industries. The report covers measurements in the period 1 Jan. – 31 Dec. 2022. Norwegian limit values for air quality (SO2) were complied with at Konsul Wilds vei for all averaging periods required by the air quality directive (annual average, winter average, daily average and hourly average). The most polluted locations during the measurement period were Konsul Wilds vei north-east and Fiskåveien just south of the industries.

Smelteverkene i nordvest-Russland slapp tidligere ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirket luft- og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdene. Smelteverket i Nikel stengte ned 23. desember 2020 og lokal luftkvalitet ble betydelig forbedret. Dog er det fortsatt utslipp fra varmekraftverket i Nikel i den kalde årstiden. Detaljer rundt utslippene fra Zapoljarnyj er ikke kjente. Herværende rapport viser resultatene for kalenderåret 2021, det vil si året etter stengningen. Nivåene av forurensning er lave og grenseverdier og målsettingsverdier er overholdt med klar margin. The nickel smelters in northwest-Russia emitted large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals. These emissions lead to enhanced concentrations of environmental pollutants in the border areas. The smelter in Nikel ceased operation on 23 December 2020 and air quality improved substantially. However, there are still emissions from the heating plant in Nikel. The emissions from Zapolyarny are not well known. This report covers the calendar year 2021, i.e. after the smelter closed. The levels of pollutants are low and air quality in the border areas was in compliance with Norwegian limit values for SO2 for the calendar year 2021, as well as for seasonal mean for the winter 2020/21. Target values for Ni, As and Cd were not exceeded.

NILU har gjennomført måleprogram for konsentrasjoner i luft ved Franzefoss Gjenvinning AS sine anlegg ved Eide på Sotra og ved Husøya ved Kristiansund. Ved Eide ble det tatt prøver i luft og analysert for prioriterte miljøgifter som dekloraner, fenoler, ftalater, PFAS, benzotriazoler, organiske tinnforbindelser, samt VOC inkludert D6, ammoniakk (NH3), gassfase HCl og hydrogensulfid (H2S). For de prioriterte miljøgiftene var de fleste prøvene under deteksjonsgrensen. De høyeste verdiene ble observert ved Lokasjon 11 Vannrenseanlegget. Ved Husøya ble det tatt prøver i luft og analysert for VOC inkludert D6, ammoniakk (NH3) og gassfase HCl. Verdiene ved Husøya var lavere enn ved Eide. NILU has conducted a monitoring program for environmental toxics in air at Franzefoss Eide, Sotra (W. Norway) and Husøya, Kristiansund (NW Norway). At Eide, the samples were analyzed for dechlorane, phenols, phthalates, PFAS, benzotriazoles, organotin compounds, as well as VOCs including D6, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). At Husøya the samples were analyzed for VOCs including D6, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).

På oppdrag fra Elkem Carbon AS har NILU utført målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon og REC Solar i Vågsbygd (Kristiansand kommune). Elkem Carbon har i sin tillatelse fra Miljødirektoratet krav om å gjennomføre kontinuerlig måling av SO2 i omgivelsesluft. Målingene ble utført med SO2-monitor i boligområdet på Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei). I tillegg har Elkem Carbon AS valgt å måle med passive SO2-prøvetakere ved 3 steder rundt bedriftene. Rapporten dekker målinger i perioden 1. januar – 31. desember 2021. Norske grenseverdier for luftkvalitet (SO2) ble overholdt ved Konsul Wilds vei for alle midlingsperioder krevet i forurensningsforskriften (årsmiddel, vintermiddel, døgnmiddel og timemiddel). De mest belastede stedene i måleperioden var Konsul Wilds vei nordøst og Fiskåveien rett sør for bedriftene. To døgnmidler var over 125 µg/m3 (grenseverdi, 3 tillatt), 16 døgnmidler var over øvre vurderingsterskel (75 µg/m3) og 33 døgnmidler var over nedre vurderingsterskel (50 µg/m3). On behalf of Elkem Carbon AS, NILU has carried out measurements of SO2 in the surroundings of Elkem Carbon and REC Solar in Vågsbygd (Kristiansand municipality). Elkem Carbon are according to their permit from the Norwegian Environment Agency obligated to carry out SO2-measurements in ambient air. The measurements were performed with an SO2-monitor in the residential area at Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei). In addition, Elkem has chosen to measure with passive SO2-samplers at 3 locations around the industries. The report covers measurements in the period 1 Jan. – 31 Dec. 2021. Norwegian limit values for air quality (SO2) were complied with at Konsul Wilds vei for all averaging periods required by the air quality directive (annual average, winter average, daily average and hourly average). The most polluted locations during the measurement period were Konsul Wilds vei north-east and Fiskåveien just south of the industries.

Smelteverkene i nordvest-Russland slapp ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirket luft- og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdene. Miljøovervåkingen viser at grenseverdier for SO2 er overholdt i kalenderåret 2020, samt for vinter 2019/20. Smelteverket i Nikel stengte ned 23. desember 2020 og dette er ventet å gi stor nedgang i forurensningen i grenseområdene. Målsettingsverdier for Ni, As og Cd er overholdt. The nickel smelters in northwest-Russia emitted large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals. These emissions lead to enhanced concentrations of environmental pollutants in the border areas. The monitoring programme shows that air quality in the border areas was in compliance with Norwegian critical levels for SO2 for the calendar year 2020, as well as for seasonal mean for the winter 2019/20. The smelter in Nikel ceased operation on 23 December 2020. This will give less pollution in the border areas in the future. Target values for Ni, As and Cd were not exceeded.

På oppdrag fra Elkem Carbon AS har NILU utført målinger av SO2 i omgivelsene til Elkem Carbon og REC Solar i Vågsbygd (Kristiansand kommune). Bedriftene ble pålagt av Miljødirektoratet å gjennomføre SO2-målinger i omgivelsesluft. Målingene ble utført med SO2-monitor i boligområdet på Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei) og med passive SO2-prøvetakere ved 6 steder rundt bedriftene. Rapporten dekker målinger i perioden 1. januar 2020 – 31. desember 2020. Norske grenseverdier for luftkvalitet (SO2) ble overholdt ved Konsul Wilds vei for alle midlingsperioder krevet i forurensningsforskriften (årsmiddel, vintermiddel, døgnmiddel og timemiddel). De mest belastede stedene i måleperioden var Konsul Wilds vei og Fiskåveien rett sør for bedriftene. On behalf of Elkem Carbon AS, NILU has carried out measurements of SO2 in the surroundings of Elkem Carbon and REC Solar in Vågsbygd (Kristiansand municipality). The companies were ordered by the Norwegian Environment Agency to carry out SO2-measurements in ambient air. The measurements were performed with an SO2-monitor in the residential area at Fiskåtangen (Konsul Wilds vei) and with passive SO2-samplers at 6 locations around the industries. The report covers measurements in the period 1 January 2020 – 31 December 2020. Norwegian limit values for air quality (SO2) were complied with at Konsul Wilds vei for all averaging periods required by the air quality directive (annual average, winter average, daily average and hourly average). The most polluted locations during the measurement period were Konsul Wilds vei and Fiskåveien just south of the industries.

Smelteverkene i NV-Russland slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirker luft- og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdene. Miljøovervåkingen viser at grenseverdier for SO2 er overholdt i kalenderåret 2018, samt sesongmiddel vinter 2017/18. Målsettingsverdier for Ni og As er overholdt. The nickel smelters in NW Russia emit large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals. These emissions lead to enhanced concentrations of environmental pollutants in the border areas. The monitoring programme shows that air quality in the border areas was in compliance with Norwegian limit values for SO2 for calendar year 2018, as well as seasonal mean winter 2017/18. Target values for Ni and As are met.

Smelteverkene i NV-Russland slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirker luft- og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdene. Miljøovervåkingen viser at grenseverdier for SO2 er overholdt i kalenderåret 2017, samt sesongmiddel vinter 2016/17. Målsettingsverdier for Ni og As er overholdt. The nickel smelters in NW Russia emit large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals. These emissions lead to enhanced concentrations of environmental pollutants in the border areas. The monitoring programme shows that air quality in the border areas was in compliance with Norwegian limit values for SO2 for calendar year 2017, as well as seasonal mean winter 2016/17.

Computer simulations of pedestrian dynamics are common and reliable tools in order to evaluate safety risks of facilities. However, still many soft- ware frameworks for evacuation simulations imply the assumption that all simulated pedestrians are familiar with their environment and therefore take the shortest path to the outside. In fact, the spatial knowledge of people generally varies. Thus, the assumption that all persons of a build- ing possess comprehensive spatial knowledge is a rough approximation of the reality. Especially for simulations in complex buildings the reliability of this approximation is questionable. In order to make simulations of pedestrian dynamics more reliable in this regard, this thesis introduces a new software framework. This framework provides the possibility to predict route choices of a group of people with varying spatial knowledge degrees. Therefor, the framework also considers selected wayfinding strategies that are applied beside the use of spatial memories. These are using signage, using generalized knowledge about the structure of buildings, and search strategies. In addition, three studies have been conducted in order to investigate wayfinding abilities and strategies of people in office buildings and subway stations. The results of the studies are discussed and are used to calibrate and test the models of the new software framework. Finally, the framework is applied to conduct a case study of an evacuation scenario in a subway station. The case study turns out that the egress time in the station is strongly dependent on the wayfinding strategies and abilities of the occupants. This outcome suggests that the proper consideration and prediction of route choices is relevant and necessary for reliable evacuation simulations. Computersimulationen von Fußgängerströmen sind heutzutage ein gängiges Hilfsmittel, wenn es darum geht, Sicherheitsrisiken eines geplanten Neubaus oder Bestandsobjektes im Vorfeld zu erkennen und zu analysieren. Die Mehrheit der Modelle für die Routenwahl von Fußgängern legt die Annahme zugrunde, dass Menschen sich für einen Weg entscheiden, deren zurückzulegende Strecke möglichst kurz ist oder deren Reisezeit möglichst klein ist. Dies impliziert, dass sämtliche Räume, Ausgänge, Korridore, etc. jedem Fußgänger bekannt sind. Diese Annahme kann im Besonderem bei der Betrachtung von komplexen Gebäuden nur als starke Vereinfachung der menschlichen Orientierung bzw. Wegfindung angesehen werden. Um Evakuierungssimulation diesbezüglich zu verbessern bzw. belastbarer zu machen, stellt die vorliegende Thesis ein neues Software-Framework vor. Dieses bietet die Möglichkeit, auch Fußgänger bzw. deren Routenwahl abzubilden, die nur Teile des Gebäudes kennen oder denen das Gebäude unbekannt ist. Die Modelle des Frameworks berücksichtigen hierbei die Anwendung von räumlichem Wissen (kognitive Karte), die Nutzung der Fluchtwegsbeschilderung und die Verwendung von generalisiertem Wissen über Gebäudestrukturen. Des Weiteren wurden drei Studien zur Untersuchung der Wegewahl von Personen in Bürogebäuden und U-Bahnhöfen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Studien werden in dieser Thesis diskutiert und zur Kalibrierung und Prüfung der Modelle herangezogen. Schließlich wird das Framework im Rahmen einer Simulationsstudie in einer U-Bahnstation angewendet. Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Räumungszeit der Station in Abhängigkeit der Wegfindungsstrategien und -fähigkeiten der Personen stark variieren kann und daher die Berücksichtigung menschlicher Wegfindung in Evakuierungssimulationen relevant ist.

Smelteverkene i NV-Russland slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirker luft- og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdene. Miljøovervåkingen viser at grenseverdier for SO2 er overholdt på Svanvik i 2016, men overskredet i Karpdalen fort timemiddelverdier og døgnmiddelverdier i 2016, samt sesongmiddel vinter 2015/16. Målsettingsverdier for Ni og As er overholdt. The nickel smelters in NW Russia emit large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals. These emissions lead to enhanced concentrations of environmental pollutants in the border areas. The monitoring programme shows that air quality in Karpdalen violates Norwegian limit values for SO2 hourly mean values and daily mean values in 2016, as well as seasonal mean winter 2015/16.

When simulating non-trivial scenarios of pedestrian movements it is necessary to model boththe small-scale movements to a visible target (operational level) and the process to find and select routesleading to a possibly non-visible destination (tactical level). A huge number of different approaches modellingthe operational level of pedestrian movements are already proposed. However, the majority of models of thetactical level are still restricted to shortest path algorithms or similar algorithms determining minimal travelefforts. These approaches assume that pedestrians have unrestricted knowledge about the spatial structureof buildings or facilities and are able to assess lengths and travel times of all possible routes. In fact, inreality the knowledge degree of people differs widely. In addition, wayfinding is a complex process includingvarious tools and strategies which are represented only roughly by minimum-effort calculations. To improvethe situation we present modelling approaches representing tools and strategies of human wayfinding anddecision making based on evidence from psychological studies and literature. Furthermore, an approach hasbeen created to consider perception in addition to decision making to model wayfinding. In particular, weanalyse the consequences and differences appearing in the simulation of complex scenarios when consideringmore elaborated wayfinding procedures instead of using classic minimum effort calculations. To quantifythe consequences and differences we particularly investigate resulting evacuation times. For this purpose weutilize the results of evacuation simulations taken place in the National Gallery of Arts in Washington, D.C..Comparing the results of simulations considering wayfinding approaches and shortest path calculations wediscuss pros and cons, limits, possibilities and the importance of perception and wayfinding models.

Smelteverkene i NV-Russland slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Utslippene påvirker luft-og nedbørkvalitet i grenseområdet. Miljøovervåkingen viser at grenseverdier for SO2 er overholdt på Svanvik i 2015, men overskredet i Karpdalen for timeverdier i 2015, sesongmiddel vinter 2015/16, samt for time- og døgn i 2016 (pr 31. mars). Målsettingsverdier for Ni og As er overholdt. The nikkel smelters in NW Russia emit large quantities of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and heavy metals. These emissions lead to enhanced concentrations of environmental pollutants in the border areas. The monitoring program shows that air quality in Karpdalen violates Norwegian threshold values for SO2 hourly mean values in 2015, seasonal mean winter 2015/16 and hourly mean and daily mean values in 2016 (as of 31st March).

Smelteverkene på russisk side av den norsk-russiske grense slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Dette gir forhøyede konsentrasjoner også på norsk side. Denne rapporten inngår i kartlegging av miljøbelastningen i grenseområdene og omfatter målinger av luftkvalitet, nedbørkvalitet og meteorologi.

Dear reader, You are holding in your hands a volume of the series „Reports of the DLR-Institute of Transportation Systems“. We are publishing in this series fascinating, scientific topics from the Institute of Transportation Systems of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. - DLR) and from his environment. We are providing libraries with a part of the circulation. Outstanding scientific contributions and dissertations are here published as well as projects reports and proceedings of conferences in our house with different contributors from science, economy and politics. With this series we are pursuing the objective to enable a broad access to scientific works and results. We are using the series as well as to promote practically young researchers by the publication of the dissertation of our staff and external doctoral candidates, too. Publications are important milestones on the academic career path. With the series „Reports of the DLR-Institute of Transportation Systems / Berichte aus dem DLR-Institut für Verkehrssystem-technik“we are widening the spectrum of possible publications with a bulding block. Beyond that we understand the communication of our scientific fields of research as a contribution to the national and international research landscape in the fiels of automotive, railway systems and traffic management. This volume contains the proceedings of the 1st SUMO User Conference (SUMO2013), which was held from 15th to 17th May 2013 in Berlin-Adlershof, Germany. SUMO is a well established microscopic traffic simulation suite which has been available since 2001 and provides a wide range of traffic planning and simulation tools. The conference proceedings give a good overview of the applicability and usefulness of simulation tools like SUMO ranging from new methods in traffic control and vehicular communication to the simulation of complete cities. Another aspect of the tool suite, its universal extensibility due to the availability of source code, is reflected in contributions covering parallelization and workflow improvements to govern microscopic traffic simulation results. Several articles give short outlines of the general workflow when setting up a simulation with SUMO as well as an overview about the available tools for net and demand generation and for the evaluation of the results. Further features, include the simulation of private and public transport modes, person-based trip chains as well as the extension for the implementation of new behavioral models or remote control of the simulation using various programming environments. The conference’s aim was bringing together the large international user community and exchanging experience in using SUMO, while presenting results or solutions obtained using the software. This collection should inspire you to try your next project with the SUMO suite as well or to find new applications in your existing environment. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karsten Lemmer

Smelteverkene på russisk side av den norsk-russiske grense slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Dette gir forhøyede konsentrasjoner også på norsk side. Denne rapporten inngår i kartlegging av miljøbelastningen i grenseområdene og omfatter målinger av luftkvalitet, nedbørkvalitet og meteorologi. Air quality monitoring in the border areas of Norway and Russia – progress report April 2013-March 2014.

Smelteverkene på russisk side av den norsk-russiske grense slipper ut store mengder svoveldioksid (SO2) og tungmetaller. Dette gir forhøyede konsentrasjoner også på norsk side. Denne rapporten inngår i kartlegging av miljøbelastningen i grenseområdene og omfatter målinger av luftkvalitet, nedbørkvalitet og meteorologi.

En omfattende kartlegging av forekomst og omfang av luftforurensninger langs grensen mot Russland i Sør-Varanger startet i oktober 1988. Måleprogrammet omfatter luftkvalitet, meteorologiske forhold og nedbørkvalitet. I området måles de høyeste SO2-konsentrasjonene i Norge. Høyeste timemiddelkonsentrasjon i Svanvik i rapporteringsperioden var 598 μg/m^3. Utslippene kommer fra de russiske smelteverkene i Nikel og Zapoljarnij.