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Background: Patients with newly diagnosed mHSPC have a poor prognosis with a 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of 50%. Recently, combination of docetaxel (75mg/m2 every 6 weeks for 6 cycles) with ADT has become a new standard for such patients, based on results of 2 large phase 3 trials showing a significant OS benefit. In these trials, docetaxel was initiated within 3 months after ADT start. Timing of ADT and chemotherapy (CT) is controversial. In breast cancer, endocrine therapy is always started after CT, the rational being that ADT will turn clones of tumor cells in to a stage of dormancy where CT is less effective. Methods: This phase 3 trial randomized newly diagnosed mHSPC patients to receive cabazitaxel (CABA), 25 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for 10 cycles, followed by ADT (immediately after last CABA cycle) versus ADT alone. Primary end-point was OS. Secondary end-point was progression free survival. The study planned to include 400 patients but was closed prematurely due to low inclusion rate. A total 31 patients with newly diagnosed mHSPC were included and here we present the results. Results: Median follow up was 31 month. Of the CABA treated patients, 66.8% got six cycles or more and 46.7% completed all 10 courses. Median OS was 32,5 months with CABA followed by ADT and 29,5 months with ADT alone (HR 1.43, 95% CI 0.38-5.38). Median progression free survival was significantly longer in CABA treated patients (29 vs 12 months, HR 3.96 (95% CI 1.49-10.49). Main grade ≥ 3 toxicities were neutropenia (66%). Conclusions: In conclusion, results from this prematurely terminated trial suggest that CABA followed by ADT is effective in newly diagnosed mHSPC and shows a manageable toxicity. These results have to be validated in larger randomized trials., Supplement:5, Meeting Abstract: 811P

Background: The epidemiological evidence on possible relationships between coffee consumption and prostate cancer (PCa) risk by subtype of the disease (localized, advanced) and fatal PCa risk is limited. Materials and methods: A population-based cohort of 44 613 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed up from January 1998 through December 2010 for incidence of localized (n = 2368), advanced (n = 918) and fatal (n = 515) PCa. We assessed the associations between coffee consumption and localized, advanced and fatal PCa risk using competing-risk regressions. We examined possible effect modification by body mass index (BMI). Results: For localized PCa, each one cup increase in daily coffee consumption was associated with a 3% reduced risk [sub-hazard ratio (SHR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-0.99]. For advanced and fatal PCa, we found a non-significant inverse association; each one cup increase was associated with a 2% reduced risk of advanced [SHR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.95-1.02)] and fatal PCa [SHR (95% CI) = 0.98 (0.93-1.03)]. We observed evidence of effect modification by BMI for localized PCa (P-interaction = 0.03); the inverse association was stronger among overweight and obese men (BMI >= 25 kg/m(2)) compared with normal-weight men (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)). Conclusions: We observed a clear inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of localized PCa, especially among overweight and obese men.

BACKGROUND: Experimental data convincingly propose the toxic metal cadmium as a prostate carcinogen. Cadmium is widely dispersed into the environment and, consequently, food is contaminated. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 41 089 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed prospectively from 1998 through 2009 to assess the association between food frequency questionnaire-based estimates of dietary cadmium exposure (at baseline, 1998) and incidence of prostate cancer (3085 cases, of which 894 were localised and 794 advanced) and through 2008 for prostate cancer mortality (326 fatal cases). RESULTS: Mean dietary cadmium exposure was 19 mu g per day +/- s.d. 3.7. Multivariable-adjusted dietary cadmium exposure was positively associated with overall prostate cancer, comparing extreme tertiles; rate ratio (RR) 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.24). For subtypes of prostate cancer, the RR was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.08-1.53) for localised, 1.05 (95% CI: 0.87-1.25) for advanced, and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.86-1.51) for fatal cases. No statistically significant difference was observed in the multivariable-adjusted risk estimates between tumour subtypes (P-heterogeneity = 0.27). For localised prostate cancer, RR was 1.55 (1.16-2.08) among men with a small waist circumference and RR 1.45 (1.15, 1.83) among ever smokers. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide support that dietary cadmium exposure may have a role in prostate cancer development. British Journal of Cancer (2012) 107, 895-900. doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.311 www.bjcancer.com Published online 31 July 2012 (C) 2012 Cancer Research UK

BACKGROUND: The relationships between body mass index (BMI) during early and middle-late adulthood and incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) by subtype of the disease (localised, advanced) and fatal PCa is unclear. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 36 959 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed up from January 1998 through December 2008 for incidence of PCa (1530 localised and 554 advanced cases were diagnosed) and through December 2007 for PCa mortality (225 fatal cases). RESULTS: From a competing-risks analysis, incidence of localised PCa was observed to be inversely associated with BMI at baseline (middle-late adulthood; rate ratio (RR) for 35 kgm(-2) when compared with 22 kgm(-2) was 0.69 (95% CI 0.52 - 0.92)), but not at age 30. For fatal PCa, BMI at baseline was associated with a nonstatistically significant increased risk (RR for every five-unit increase: 1.12 (0.88 - 1.43)) and BMI at age 30 with a decreased risk (RR for every five-unit increase: 0.72 (0.51 - 1.01)). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate an inverse association between obesity during middle-late, but not early adulthood, and localised PCa. They also suggest a dual association between BMI and fatal PCa - a decreased risk among men who were obese during early adulthood and an increased risk among those who were obese during middle-late adulthood. British Journal of Cancer (2011) 105, 1061-1068. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.319 www.bjcancer.com Published online 16 August 2011 (C) 2011 Cancer Research UK

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Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate plant available water were developed from a database of arable soils in Sweden. The PTFs were developed to fulfil the minimum requirements of any agro-hydrological application, i.e., soil water content at wilting point (theta(wp)) and field capacity (theta(fc)),from information that frequently is available from soil surveys such as texture and soil organic carbon content (SOC). From the same variables we also estimated bulk density (rho) and porosity (epsilon), which seldom are included in surveys, but are needed for calculating element mass balances. The seven particle-size classes given in the data set were aggregated in different ways to match information commonly gained from surveys. Analysis of covariance and stepwise multiple linear regression were used for quantifying the influence of depth, particle size class, textural class and soil organic carbon on the characteristic variables. PTFs developed from other data sets were also tested and their goodness-of-fit and bias was evaluated. These functions and those developed for the Swedish database were also tested on an independent data set and finally ranked according to their goodness of fit. Among single independent variables, clay was the best predictor for theta(wp), sand ( or the sum of clay and silt) for theta(fc) and SOC for rho and epsilon. A large fraction of the variation in theta(wp) and theta(fc) is explained by soil texture and SOC ( up to 90%) and root mean square errors (RMSEs) were as small as 0.03 m(3) water m(-3) soil in the best models. For the prediction of rho and epsilon in the test data set, the best PTF could only explain 40-43% of the total variance with corresponding RMSEs of 0.14 g cm(-3) and 5.3% by volume, respectively. Recently presented PTFs derived from a North American database performed very well for estimating theta(wp) ( low error and bias) and could be recommended for Swedish soils if measurements of clay, sand and SOC were available., QC 20100525

Yearly, per-area carbon sequestration rates are used to estimate mitigation potentials by comparing types and areas of land management in 1990 and 2000 and projected to 2010, for the European Union (EU)-15 and for four country-level case studies for which data are available: UK, Sweden, Belgium and Finland. Because cropland area is decreasing in these countries (except for Belgium), and in most European countries there are no incentives in place to encourage soil carbon sequestration, carbon sequestration between 1990 and 2000 was small or negative in the EU-15 and all case study countries. Belgium has a slightly higher estimate for carbon sequestration than the other countries examined. This is at odds with previous reports of decreasing soil organic carbon stocks in Flanders. For all countries except Belgium, carbon sequestration is predicted to be negligible or negative by 2010, based on extrapolated trends, and is small even in Belgium. The only trend in agriculture that may be enhancing carbon stocks on croplands at present is organic farming, and the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain. Previous studies have focused on the potential for carbon sequestration and have shown quite significant potential. This study, which examines the sequestration likely to occur by 2010, suggests that the potential will not be realized. Without incentives for carbon sequestration in the future, cropland carbon sequestration under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol will not be an option in EU-15.

Objective. To investigate the geographical variation in prostate cancer incidence in Sweden, in particular the incidences of screening-detected tumours and curative treatment of prostate cancer. Material and methods. Data were retrieved from the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden for all cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in the year 2000-01. There were a total of 14376 cases of prostate cancer and the mean total annual age-adjusted incidence was 197/100000 men. There were 3318 cases in tumour category T1c, i.e. non-palpable tumours diagnosed during work-up for an elevated serum level of prostate-specific antigen, 1006 of which (30%) were asymptomatic and detected at a health check-up. Results. The difference between the counties with the lowest and highest age-adjusted incidences per 1OO 000 men of total prostate cancer was almost twofold (128 vs 217). The corresponding variation in incidence of category Tie tumours was more than fourfold (13 vs 60), the difference in incidence of Tie tumours detected in asymptomatic men was up to 10-fold (2 vs 20), and there was more than a fourfold variation in incidence of curative treatment between counties (13 vs 67). Measured incidences were mostly highest in urban regions and in counties with university hospitals. Conclusion. There are large geographical variations in prostate cancer incidence and in the frequency of curative treatment for prostate cancer in Sweden and there appear to be large geographical variations in the uptake of prostate cancer screening. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.