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The goal of this paper is an overview of e-business sector in the European Union (EU), the one emphasizing its diversity and complexity in today's digital world. Starting from a simple internet connection - which is the first step in e-business - enteprises proceed to making their own website and using fast internet speed and special software for managing their activities and keeping track of their customers. In this article below we'll look at the concepts, history and evolutions of e-business sector in the EU . Based on Eurostat data and on other international reports and studies, we highlight how many entreprises în EU are in these e-business categories starting from using a simple internet connection and developing own websites to using advanced software for planning activities(ERP) but also to have a management of better customer relations(CRM). Finally, our analysis confirms that digitization comes to be the highest at the large companies – i.e. for their both financial resources and customer public’s size – and limited for the small ones – i.e. at least, on the ERP and CRM usage side, while, though, the on-line presence by web-sites looks about the same level for companies of all sizes.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of work-life balance legislation in the European Union (EU), from its adoption in 2019 to its mandatory implementation among member states in 2022 or later, prompted by EU infringement procedures. Our research begins with an overview of first steps taken towards such policies since 2017, elucidating the concepts and significance of work-life balance in contemporary society, and briefly discussing the historical context of relevant laws and acts that paved the way for the most recent one, Directive EU 2019/1158. Additionally, we will outline the key provisions of the work-life balance directive and highlight primary studies that have monitored its implementation across EU member states (such as Coface, Deloitte, European Commission, etc.). Our paper will be added to literature which contributes to a better understanding of work-life balance legislation of the European Union also by updating about its implementation in all EU 27 member states.

This paper aims to evaluate the human capital on economic growth impact in Romania. Variables have been selected according to an endogenous growth model basing on including the human capital in the Cobb-Douglas production function (Lucas, 1988). As all over usual, here gross domestic product (GDP) will be the endogenous of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF, as physical capital stock), employment (as labour), life expectancy and secondary enrolment rate(as proxies for human capital). We also use expenditure in research and development (R&D) sector (as its percentage in GDP), as control variable. Once our model developed, variables are found as integrated of order one (1) and co-integrated, here allowing a vector error correction model (VECM) for estimation. This will be a system of six equations covering a 25 years (1995-2019) interval for Romania. A long-term relation comes out of our empirical findings, as similarly to Wang (2016), so the GDP growth sees itself determined by: secondary school enrolment, life expectancy(i.e. for human capital), R&D expenditure and labour. Short run causalities have not been found significant for this model

The objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of legislation on work-life balance in the European Union (EU), from its first initiative adoption in 2019 to its mandatory implementation by the member states in 2022 (or later). Our research begins with an overview of the intial steps taken towards the implementation of such policies since 2017, revealing the concepts and significance of work-life balance in contemporary society, and briefly discussing the historical context of relevant laws and acts that paved the way for the most recent one, the Directive EU 2019/1158 (also known the worklife balance directive). In this context, we outline the key provisions of the work-life balance Directive and highlight primary studies that have monitored its implementation across EU member states (such as those made by Coface, Deloitte, European Commission, etc.). The paper updates our previous work on this topic regarding the progress of the Directive's implementation in those EU member states where such information was available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how much the people's family life and work were both affected and how these two affected each other during the COVID-19 Pandemic within the European Union countries. It includes: concepts and a historical view of family-work relationships and finally a statistical analysis based on the survey named "Living, working and COVID-19", done by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) during 2020 and 2021. For this analysis, we have selected specific indicators assumed to indicate how the pandemic affected the individual's family life in EU countries and how this last, in turn, affected the same people's ordinary earning life work. As in detail, aspects like keeping/changing/loosing job, raising/lowering the working time will be connected to those of specific psychological impact worrying about work/anxiety/lack of concentration. The obtained results demonstrate that conflicts have arisen in the family work relationship generated by (i) concerns about job security and income (6.3% of EU respondents in 2020), (ii) losing jobs permanently or temporally (28.2% of the EU employed person), (iii) significant reduction in working hours (32.4% of employees), (iv) financial worsened situation (38% of the employed population of EU), (v) started to work at home/remotely as a result of the pandemic (36.3% of interviewed employees). Conclusions of the study indicate that during the pandemic, work-family balance was significantly deteriorated, which was caused by bidirectional conflicts between work and family domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the energy issue in the European Union and the EU's progress on energy efficiency since the Energy Efficiency related Directive of 2012 (EED): (i) The energy consumption dynamics (primary and final energy consumption), (ii) Directives and other regulations adopted by the EU's institutions between 2012-2022, for energy consumption and efficiency targets established for the entire Union and for its member states, (iii) The National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) corresponding to the 2020 accomplishments and the 2030 projections, (iv) The same 2030 forecasts in the long-term context of climate neutrality to be ensured up to 2050. All these will be approached below in our argumentation. Effective energy consumption data are retrieved from Eurostat and the International Energy Agency (IEA). Optimism comes up for the 2030 perspective, since the 2020 specific performances were delivered, partly despite the recent COVID-19 pandemic related circumstances of 2020. A list of possible responses to some questions will conclude this paper: 'How receptive will the member states be in the future for transposing the EU's energy efficiency ambitions into their own strategies?' and 'Will the European policies be rigorous enough, and flexible to achieve the long-term objectives?'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2020, the outbreak and geographical spread of Sars-Cov2 infections made the World Health Organization (WHO) declare the Covid-19 pandemic, and this was automatically meaning calls made to all countries to urge measures taken on all activity sectors from healthcare to economy (Meunier, 2022). Then many economic activities came to be slowed down or even stopped in most world countries. In the cases where activity could be postponed many enterprizes were temporarily closed in order to comply with social distancing measures; other enterprizes proceeded to the online activity variant, where such alternative proved possible. One of the results of this was the digital technology's opportunity to reach control and make activities keep on during the Covid-19 crisis. It was this way that countries with existing online registration systems for companies proved able to support business as such - i.e., basically, through maintaining this system, the pandemic specific restrictions' impact could at least be alleviate (ibidem). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper below searches for the basics of the work at distance in the few successive decades life-time of the information technology. The reader will here meet dates and data arranged and correlated notions and evolutions introduced as simultaneously working and a relationship between technological issues and their corresponding moments in and intervals of time that could appear interesting even for those who know well this area or have enough read about so far. The work at distance issue will also meet its law and organizing stuff at both the EU's and its member countries' levels, here including Romania's. It will be here related about the Covid-19 interval as well. It will be equally interesting not only about effective developments in time at past, present and future, but also about perceptions about distance working from employees and employers, e.g. it is this way of giving birth to the concept of "hybrid working", i.e. more or less between the classical way and distance working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to determine if there was an excess mortality in Romania in the 2020-2021 interval and to establish if this excess is explained only by increasing mortality directly resulting from Covid19 disease or/and by collateral deaths from various causes. Due to the fact that a simple international comparison of data directly associated with deaths caused by COVID-19 appears more and more debatable, the new approach of European Official Statistics (Eurostat), but also of other international statistical bodies by calculating an indicator of excess mortality over a period compared to a reference period (2016-2019), appears as a valid general measure of the health crisis real impact on the total mortality in a region/country. Based on these new statistics our findings reveal that Romania's excess mortality was caused by Covid19 disease but also in same proportion by collateral deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article searches for influential factors on new companies' formation in a number of 26 EU Member States during the 2009-2019 period basing on available statistical data of this. In such an order data were panel organized and an ARDL (autoregressive distribution lag) model was estimated as the result of unit root tests for stationarity of variables with different level of integration (I0 ;I1). The main advantages of such a model used is that we can obtain an image of long run and short run associations between model variables for all countries. In addition, the ARDL model will take into account heterogeneity (differences) among countries by allowing for country specific variables. Significant results for long run association between variables for most countries were obtained, except for: Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Spain, France, Hungary and Austria; short run associations will be presented also individually for each of the 26 countries implied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an empirical analysis of determinants for new companies' formation and uses data from 42 Romanian counties (including Bucharest municipality) that belong to the 2010-2019 year interval. The exogenous here picked are found by the literature to be influential on new companies' formation. Results come out of a PVAR model applied (unrestricted vector autoregressive model applied on panel data). Granger causality results between regional GDP, unemployment rate, density of regional population, and entire entrepreneurial activity in Romania, on the one hand, and new companies' formation on the other, as endogenous. Stationarity and cointegration tests as well as lags criteria were done previously of estimating that PVAR model. All variables are found to be stationary of order one I(1), but test for co-integration was inconclusive. So, in absence of a certain cointegration, a VAR (and not a VECM) was chosen for estimations. Results confirm a relationship between almost all variables, tests for stability confirm that no root lies outside the unit circle and VAR satisfies the stability condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This below article will empirically analyse the determinants of new companies' formation basing on a panel data, covering the period 2010-2019, for 42 counties (including Bucharest municipality) of Romania. An OLS regression equation will be employed with new companies' formation as dependent variable, and regional GDP, existing entrepreneurship, density of population, immigrants and unemployment rate as independent ones. We estimate the model with cross sections and/or with time fixed and/or random effects and we will also use an LSDV model using dummy variables in order to observe the similarities. Decisions in using a period fixed effect model FEM will be based on Hausman test and redundancy test under Eviews environment. Most of determinants considered will be found significant in their influences on new companies' formation in Romanian counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article below sees the countries' behaviours while a quick, although gradual resuming the economic activity previously interrupted by the pandemic crisis of Sars-Cov-2. There will be reviewed measures adopted, statistics, related policies applied since the beginning of this crisis and, where appropriate, expected for the immediate future in the governments' agenda. Details, here including opinions inserted in this text, return in search of questions such as: (1) Why these countries and not those ones?; (2) Were these measures taken better or more efficient than the others?; (3) Were the earlier measures taken, e.g. in just primary moments of pandemic, more appropriate than the others for this exact reason, and which are these measures?; (4)What exactly makes these measures taken more credible?; (5) Who's interest(s) and responsibilities for these measures, of course, as the country's public authorities?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our below contribution refers to what is actually happening in Romania, as investments. Concepts, correlations and the rest of characteristics will help the analysis of the Romanian economic entities' investment behaviour in this part. References to main currents of thinking, as published in the established literature, see themselves turning here into the Romanian analysts' current opinions, as expressed in the local press, so in a different form of expression. These latter opinions will, of course, be accompanied by statistics and extracts of, where the case. Synthetic calculus on such concrete data will be part of references, as much as opinions, including speculations made by these specialists. No polemic objections to these from the author of this text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These below lines chose to develop the larger sustainable development topic through the social-economic dimension, which is just a part of the entire. There will be first concept exposure, then observation throughout the first and half decades of2000s. Eurostat's calculation methodologies and statistics were helpful for the EU area. Conclusions of our below analyses might further deepen on either the other sustainable development's dimensions, or on explanatory indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 'Europa 2020' Strategy had been launched in early 2010, its first analysis by the European Community came on 5 March 2014 to see on both regional and member States levels the accomplishment of its five major objectives. Primarily, this EC's analysis found that it is about a mixed progress towards such accomplishing, e.g. the current crisis did seriously brake performing on employment, poverty chasing and all the other objectives of the Strategy, except for limiting greenhouse gas emissions -- exception that confirms the general rule in the sense that the same crisis actually affected both production and transportation on their total development and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the FDI in Romania using the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) compared with conventional (error correction model) ECM. The results based on the bounds testing procedure implemented by Pesaran in 2001, confirm that a stable, long-run relationship exists between FDI and GDP, trade and labour in Romania. Our results also reveal that after applying the ARDL model we obtain the same results of long run association as in applying the conventional ECM models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It means at least performance and competitiveness taking part to a global activity for which political, economic and technological borders vanish as quickly. The foreign direct investments (FDI) define an economic strategy type that belongs to an entity either investing in a new plant or establishment, or purchasing an already existing assets lot that belong to another enterprise, i.e. non resident one. This entity does complete or replace its foreign trade activity by producing (often producing plus selling) goods and services in another country (called the host country) than the home one. It is neither financing, nor consumption facilities brought in by FDI, but productivity growth, technological modernization, the creation of an export capacity indispensable for a healthy growth potential and the creation of new jobs; furthermore, non-debt generating FDI is a key factor in improving the country's external balance of payments (EBP). Last, but not least, FDI is equally accused of being chronically unequal all over, so completing a kind of 'capitalist inequality' for the today world. This is nonetheless for the today Europe, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to provide a comprehensive view on the foreign direct investment (FDI) in Romania. Besides, as FDI consist in a complex and international large capital flow, it will be viewed in the regional context of the CEE and EU member countries. Paper will be approaching some essential dimensions of FDI (1) the net inflow will compare some recent successive periods (2) The stock regards results of successive inflows and the more numerous the inflows, the less the significance of each of them for the current FDI landscape. (3) FDI by economic activities regards the intimate links between this foreign capital inflow and the home development and resources exploiting. (4) By home inside regions, the FDI inflows and stock will be seen as both creating imbalances among regions and contributing to the regional development. (5) By country sources, the CEE countries, here including Romania, mostly receive their FDI from the western part of Europe and EU. Finally, by (6) FDI types, the same inflow is strongly dominated by corporate development. Further on, our analysis goes on some impact issues of FDI: (7) the income from FDI feels a paragraph regarding the profit-loss aspect with consequences on the next reinvested earnings step. (8) The FDI contribution on the trade balance will list international companies in Romania, with their export-import activities and flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]