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Stop-and-go waves are commonly observed in traffic and pedestrian flows. In most traffic models they occur through a phase transition after fine tuning of parameters when the model has unstable homogeneous solutions. Inertia effects are believed to play an important role in this mechanism. Here, we present a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves based on stochastic effects in the absence of inertia. The introduction of specific coloured noises in a stable microscopic first order model allows to describe realistic stop-and-go behaviour without requiring instabilities or phase transitions. We apply the approach to pedestrian single-file motion and compare simulation results to real pedestrian trajectories. Plausible values for the model parameters are discussed., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. This is an extended version of the contribution arXiv:1801.09791

In this study a simple speed-based model is employed to simulate an experiment of pedestrian bottleneck flow. The experiment revealed that the density near the bottleneck is influenced by the motivation of the pedestrians and the corridor width. In narrow corridors, distinct lanes are formed for pedestrians with low motivation. These lanes can disappear when the pedestrians have a high motivation to reach their target. We show that a speed-based model is - despite its relative simplicity- capable to reproduce the observed phenomena to a high degree.

In recent years, the measures to interfere the crowds movement with physical facilities (such as channelizing, separation railing) have become more and more common, but how they affect the crowd movement and what moving risks exist in the entrance confluence area have not been fully revealed. Therefore, this paper analyzes the moving risk of the crowds before the bottleneck entrance area, in the presence of the channelizing barriers by controllable laboratory experiments. The visual color cloud charts of the local density, speed and confusion degree of moving directions within the entrance confluence area are analyzed in the presence of different gaps (1.05m and 0.7m) channelizing barriers, to further quantify the motion risk of the crowds. The study finds that the narrower gaps of the channelizing railings, the larger area of high-risk zones, and they have clear ‘lane formation’ effect in shaping the risk zones. The both ends of the channelizing barriers are higher moving risk zones for multi-entry sides conditions, but the area before the middle channels also needs to be closely concerned when the participants entering from two opposite entering sides. The study will provide theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of the setting conditions of the channelizing barriers and conducting scientific crowd management decisions.

We apply the concept of time-to-collision (TTC) to the modeling of pedestrian dynamics. The TTC combines the spatial distances with the velocities to quantify the 'distance' to a collision. Therefore, it is a promising candidate for modeling the interactions between pedestrians. Empirical studies also indicate that the interaction between pedestrians can be described by the TTC: While the pair distribution of the distances, i.e. the probability of two pedestrians to have a certain spatial distance, was found to strongly depend on the relative velocity, the TTC accurately parametrizes its pair distribution. However, there are still few pedestrian models that use the TTC. After giving a general definition of the TTC, we present the widely used approximations for its calculation, especially in a one-dimensional setting. Combined with a desired time-gap, these give rise to different models, namely an Optimal-Velocity model and a new Time-to-Collision model. The TTC model exhibits, however, generic inconsistencies which are related to the estimates we use to approximate the speed of the predecessor. The estimates have a large impact on the dynamics and must therefore be interpreted as reflecting the pedestrians behavior, i.e. as anticipation strategies. We propose new estimates for the predecessor's speed. These give rise to a rich family of models based on the TTC which are analyzed by means of linear stability analysis and simulations.

Die Einschränkungen in der Präsenzlehre sind insbesondere für experimentelle Wissenschaften wie die Physik eine besondere Herausforderung. In diesem Beitrag wollen wir einige Hilfsmittel und Konzepte vorstellen, die sich in der Ausbildung von angehenden Physiklehrer*innen bewährt haben. Wir werden getrennt auf die verschiedenen Veranstaltungsformen (Vorlesungen, Seminare, Praktika) eingehen und diskutieren, wie sie in einem Online-Format umgesetzt werden können. Tools wie Zoom, Ilias, Mural etc. können dabei insbesondere kooperative Lernformen unterstützen, die in der Online-Lehre besonders nützlich sind, um ein Mindestmaß an sozialer Interaktion zu gewährleisten. Außerdem stellen wir Konzepte vor, die zu einer reflektierteren Auseinandersetzung mit den Inhalten der Veranstaltung führen. Schließlich werden die Probleme bei Online-Prüfungen diskutiert, bei denen ein Kompromiss zwischen bestmöglicher Überwachung und der Wahrung der Privatsphäre gefunden werden muss. Hier schlagen wir mögliche Lösungen vor, die sich bereits in der Praxis bewährt haben.

Pedestrian behavior tends to depend on the type of facility. The flow at bottlenecks, for instance, can exceed the maximal rates observed in straight corridors. Consequently, accurate predictions of pedestrians movements in complex buildings including corridors, corners, bottlenecks, or intersections are difficult tasks for minimal models with a single setting of the parameters. Artificial neural networks are robust algorithms able to identify various types of patterns. In this paper, we will investigate their suitability for forecasting of pedestrian dynamics in complex architectures. Therefore, we develop, train, and test several artificial neural networks for predictions of pedestrian speeds in corridor and bottleneck experiments. The estimations are compared with those of a classical speed-based model. The results show that the neural networks can distinguish the two facilities and significantly improve the prediction of pedestrian speeds.

Fatigue even increases the complexity of the pedestrian dynamics which is regarded as a kind of nonlinear system, and might have a significant negative impact on the crowd evacuation. However, it has never been investigated completely and properly. Thus, the fine discrete floor field cellular automata model is modified by integrating the fatigue function to explore the influence of fatigue on the crowd ascending evacuation. The simulation fits well with the empirical data and the observations quantitatively and qualitatively, indicating the model captures the main features of evacuation considering fatigue impact. As a prediction, without merging streams, compared with the case of walking in constant speed, when fatigue is considered, it takes 71.4% longer for all persons to enter the stairs and 87.2% longer to evacuate. With merging streams, fatigue has little impact on the inflow, while it makes the total evacuation time 84.2% longer.

Prof. Dr. H. C. Dietrich Stauffer passed away on August 6, 2019 after a long battle with cancer. He was for many years the Managing Editor of International Journal of Modern Physics C. The scientific community of statistical and computational physics has lost one of its prominent figures, who has shaped the field for over almost five decades.

It is interesting to investigate the effect of background music on pedestrian movement. This paper investigates the properties of crowd motion with external rhythms. With rhythm, pedestrians stop more frequently than without any rhythm. The stopping also increases with the increment of the tempo. Velocity and flow with rhythms are lower than that without any rhythm at high densities due to the more frequent stopping. Stepping behavior analysis shows that the step frequency with rhythms is smaller than that without any rhythm, especially at high densities. Dynamic coordinated behavior is weakened by music, which also affectsthe stepping behavior. Our study will be helpful for understanding the effect of background music on pedestrian movement.

Stop-and-go waves are a common feature of vehicular traffic and have also been observed in pedestrian flows. Usually the occurrence of this self-organization phenomenon is related to an inertia mechanism. It requires fine-tuning of the parameters and is described by instability and phase transitions. Here, we present a novel explanation for stop-and-go waves in pedestrian dynamics based on stochastic effects. By introducing coloured noise in a stable microscopic inertia-free (i.e. first order) model, pedestrian stop-and-go behaviour can be described realistically without requirement of instability and phase transition. We compare simulation results to empirical pedestrian trajectories and discuss plausible values for the model’s parameters.

The International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics is carried out biennially by scientists interested in pedestrian and evacuation movement.The field of pedestrian movement and evacuation dynamics is an interdisciplinary discipline. The modelling of evacuation and pedestrian dynamics has evolved from calculations based entirely on physical processes e.g. granular flow, to simulation that now begins to include psycho-social processes accouting for limited decision-making and group behaviour. Given projected demographic changes, the diversity of the evacuees and pedestrians populations and their capacity to achieve objectives has become increasingly important. Accessibility and egressibility, and the relationship between them, has therefore moved to the fore. This is further complicated as a building is used according to a number of management concerns as safety, security and operations, that are employed under different scenarios -emergency and non-emergency. The need for analysis to assess the effectiveness of management procedures is therefore significant and expanding. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics welcomes contributions of physicists, mathematicians, engineers as well as psychologists and sociologists with an interest in the description of small and large groups as well as individual pedestrians and evacuees. The PED conference focuses on the modelling of people movement during emergency and non-emergency scenarios. This modelling may range from enhancing our understanding such movement, the development of conceptual models, to the quantitative assessment of such movement, the development of engineering or computational tools. The applications of interest range from small domestic settings to the movement of thousands of people. The research objectives and applications may vary; however, the common intention is to aid in our understanding and/or assessment of pedestrian movement under emergency or non-emergency scenarios.PED is a therefore a conference, with a focus on the development of models that describe pedestrian and evacuee dynamics and the various activities that support this development: data collection, model development, model application in novel areas, using new techniques and the employment of the results gained in innovative ways.Citation:Please cite the full conference proceedings as follows:Dederichs, A., Köster, G., Schadschneider, A.; Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018, Collective Dynamics, A26, 1-543 (2020). DOI 10.17815/CD.2020.26Single articles inside the proceedings should be cited as:Authors; Title.In: Proceedings of Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2018, Collective Dynamics, pages (2020)Additional contributions:Note that contributions accidentally not part of the PDF of the full proceedings can be downloaded as supplementary material.The table of contents includes all contributions.Table of Contents:DATA COLLECTION Pedestrian flow characteristics at upstream and downstream of bottleneck for unidirectional flow under normal conditions Siddhartha Gulhare, Aparna P M & Ashish VermaData archive for exploring pedestrian dynamics and its application in dimensioning of facilities for multidirectional streams Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl & Armin SeyfriedLane formation beyond intuition - towards an automated characterization of lanes in counter-flowsLuca Crociani, Giuseppe Vizzari, Andrea Gorrini & Stefania BandiniAccurate pedestrian localization in overhead depth maps via height-augmented HOGWerner Kroneman, Alessandro Corbetta & Federico ToschiAnomaly detection of pedestrian flow: A machine learning method for monitoring-data of visitors to a buildingKentaro KumagaiAnalysis of distracted pedestrians’ waiting time: Head-Mounted Immersive Virtual Reality applicationArash Kalatian, Anae Sobhani & Bilal FarooqCompression of pedestrian crowd in corner turning - subject experiment-based analysis of walking trajectories Mineko Imanishi & Tomonori SanoA large-scale real-life crowd steering experiment via arrow-like stimuliAlessandro Corbetta, Werner Kroneman, Maurice Donners, Antal Haans, Philip Ross, Marius Trouwborst, Sander Van de Wijdeven, Martijn Hultermans, Dragan Sekulovski, Fedosja van der Heijden, Sjoerd Mentink & Federico ToschiField theory in practiceJosé Méndez OmañaExperimental study on the evading behaviour of single pedestrians encountering an obstacleXiaolu Jia, Claudio Feliciani, Daichi Yanagisawa & Katsuhiro NishinariUnidirectional and bidirectional flow in a narrow corridor with body rotationDaichi Yanagisawa, Claudio Feliciani & Katsuhiro NishinariGrouping behaviour and decision making in road tunnels evacuation in smoke conditions - Experimental approach Jarosław Wąs, Jakub Porzycki & Natalia Schmidt – PolończykSingle-file movement of ants stressed by a high temperatureQiao Wang, Weiguo Song, Shujie Wang & Siuming LoA study of evacuation efficiency of a hopper-shape exit by using mice under competitionLin Peng, Wang Guoyuan, Wu Fanyu & Gao DongliSocial group behaviour of triads. Dependence on purpose and genderFrancesco Zanlungo, Zeynep Yücel & Takayuki KandaExperimental study on the influence of background music on pedestrian movement in high densitiesGuang Zeng, Andreas Schadschneide, Jun Zhang & Weiguo SongCan we learn where people go?Marion Gödel, Gerta Köster, Daniel Lehmberg, Manfred Gruber, Angelika Kneidl & Florian SesserExperimental Study of Collective Pedestrian DynamicsCécile Appert-Rolland, Julien Pettré, Anne-Hélène Olivier, William Warren, Aymeric Duigou-Majumdar, Etienne Pinsard & Alexandre Nicolas EXPERIMENTAL EVACUATION Evacuation data from a hospital outpatient drill: the case study of North Shore HospitalAnass Rahouti, Ruggiero Lovreglio, Phil Jackson & Sélim DatoussaïdInvestigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dangerClaudio Feliciani & Katsuhiro NishinariHUMAN BEHAVIOUR Comparing different metrics quantifying pedestrian safetyArne Hillebrand, Han Hoogeveen & Roland GeraertsEffect of architectural adjustments on pedestrian flow at bottleneckJianyu Wang, Jian Ma & Peng LinThe development of drunk behaviour during evacuationSimeon A. Doychinov & Anne S. DederichsMovement parameters of persons with disabilities on evacuation by liftsMartin Szénay & Martin LopusniakCrowding and queuing in entrance scenarios: Influence of corridor width in front of bottlenecksJuliane Adrian, Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl, Anna Sieben & Armin SeyfriedSafe evacuation for all. A top 10 list of requirementsLaura Künzer, Gesine Hofinger & Robert ZinkeEvacuation guidance design: An experimental study based on eye tracking devicesNing Ding, Tao Chen & Yuan LiuDynamic guidance by colored running lights and affordance: Route choices of adults and older childrenLaura Künzer, Robert Zinke & Gesine HofingerEstimating social relation from trajectoriesZeynep Yucel, Francesco Zanlungo, Claudio Feliciani, Adrien Gregorj & Takayuki KandaExperimental study on variation strategies for complex social pedestrian groups in conflict conditionsXiaolei Zou, Xiaoyi Qu & Ruihua XuMeasuring social influence and group formation during evacuation processAdriana Balboa, Arturo Cuesta & Daniel AlvearThe influence of physical and mental constraints to a stream of people through a bottleneckPaul Geoerg, Jette Schumann, Maik Boltes, Stefan Holl & Anja HofmannEvacuation characteristics of preschool children through bottlenecksJun Zhang, Hongliu Li, Yanghui Hu & Weiguo SongAnalysis of built environment influence on pedestrian route choice behavior in Dutch Design Week using GPS DataYanan Liu, Dujuan Yang, Bauke de Vries & Harry J.P. TimmermansThe Modelling of Pedestrian Vehicle Interaction for Post-Exiting BehaviourPeter J Lawrence, Veronica Pellacini & Edwin R GaleaMODEL DEVELOPMENT Modelling and simulation of urban mobile agents for analyzing mixed flows in urban pedestrian spaceToshiyuki Kaneda, Masahiro Shohmitsu, Wataru Sasabe & Yuanyuan LiuAn artificial neural network framework for pedestran walking behavior modeling and simulationPeter M. Kielar & André BorrmannA method for joint estimation of homogeneous model parameters and heterogeneous desired speedsFredrik JohanssonAnalysis of alighting and boarding movement laws in subway using modified social force modelFeng Chen, Yongxin Gao, Zijia Wang & Yan LiuConcept of a decision-based pedestrian modelCornelia von Krüchten & Andreas SchadschneiderPedestrian collision avoidance with a local dynamic goalRafael F. Martin & Daniel R. ParisiThe difference between individuals and social groups in multidirectional movementYanghui Hu, Jun Zhang & Weiguo SongParameter calibration in crowd simulation models using approximate Bayesian computationNikolai W.F. BodeMovement characteristics of processionsPetros Polichronidis & Michael SchreckenbergNoise-induced stop-and-go dynamics in pedestrian single-file motionAndreas Schadschneider & Antoine Tordeux Tsunami evacuation facility choice behavior model in flat area and rias area considering possibility to remain at homeHiroyuki Yoshihara & Tatsuya KishimotoModelling Emergency Evacuation of Classroom with Different Age ProfilesLakshmi Devi Vanumu, Aditya Arya, Hari Krishna Gaddam, K. Ramachandra RaoInterdependence of flows when merge in rail tunnel evacuationsAdriana Balboa, Daniel Alvear & Orlando AbreuBridging the gap - why we need to enhance common simulation modelsAngelika KneidlSIMULATIONSDetermination of pedestrian’s personal space in mass religious gatherings - A case study of KumbhmelaAparna P M, Karthika P Sobhana & Ashish VermaTowards real-time monitoring of the HajjMuhammad Baqui & Rainald LöhnerUnderstanding crowd dynamics in processions during mass religious gatherings - A case study of Shahi Snan in Kumbh MelaH. Gayathri, Siddhartha Gulhare & Ashish VermaInvestigating pedestrians’ obstacle avoidance behaviourAbdullah Alhawsawi, Majid Sarvi, Milad Haghani & Abbas RajabifardA Markov-chain activity-based model for pedestrians in office buildingsSanmay Shelat, Winnie Daamen, Bjorn Kaag, Dorine Duives & Serge HoogendoornIncorporation of elevator evacuation from a specific floor - A numerical study of an office buildingJohanna Hammarberg, Håkan Niva & Axel MossbergThermodynamics of a gas of pedestrians: theory and experimentClaudio Feliciani, Francesco Zanlungo, Katsuhiro Nishinari, Takayuki KandaPOSTERSA Case for Identity Hierarchies in Simulating Social Groups A. Platt & A. KneidlA new framework for high-resolution pedestrian data processing using rule-based algorithms and real-time alarm systems Michael Moos, Basil Vitins, Mirwais Tayebi, Lukas Gamper, Julia Wysling & Uri SchtalheimAgent Based Modelling and Simulation of Pedestrian Crowds in Panic Situations Mohammed Alrashed & Jeff ShammaApplication of Ensemble Kalman Filter to Pedestrian Flow Fumiya Togashi, Takashi Misaka, Rainald Löhner & Shigeru Obayashi Congestion in Computational Evacuation Modelling Volker Schneider & Rainer KönneckeDecentralized Control for Self-driving Cars That can Freely Move on Two-dimensional Plane Takeshi Kano, Mayuko Iwamoto & Daishin UeyamaEfficient Quantification of Model Uncertainties When De-boarding a Train Florian Künzner, Tobias Neckel, Hans-Joachim Bungartz, Felix Dietrich & Gerta KösterEmpirical Findings from an Ascending Stair Evacuation Exercise in a Subway Station Helmut Schrom-Feiertag, Thomas Matyus, Martin Stubenschrott & Stefan SeerExperimental Investigation of Pedestrian Dynamics in Circle Antipode Experiments Yao Xiao, Rui Jiang, Ziyou Gao, Xingang Li & Yunchao QuNetwork-Based Continuous Space Representation for Describing Pedestrian Movement in High Resolution Wataru Nakanishi & Takashi FuseExperimental study on mixed traffic flow of bicycles and pedestrians Ning Guo, Rui Jiang, SC Wong, Qing-Yi Hao, Shu-Qi Xue, Yao Xiao & Chao-Yun WuExtracting Crowd Velocities at High Density Muhammad Baqui & Rainald LöhnerFollower-Leader Concept in Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Movement in a Crowd Jana Vacková & Marek BukáčekForecasting Visitors’ behaviour in Crowded Museums Caterina Balzotti, Maya Briani, Alessandro Corbetta, Emiliano Cristiani, Marina Minozzi, Roberto Natalini, Sara Suriano & Federico ToschiHuman stampedes at mass gatherings: An overview Lakshmi Devi Vanumu, Kumar Laxmikant & K.Ramachandra RaoInfluence of Obstacles on the Use of the Danger Zone on Railway Platforms Jasmin Thurau & Nicolas KeusenModeling Environmental Operative Elements in Agent-Based Pedestrian Simulation Luca Crociani, Giuseppe Vizzari & Stefania BandiniMultiscale Pedestrian Dynamics and Infection Spread Model for Policy Analysis Sirish Namilae, Pierrot Derjany, Dahai Liu, Anuj Mubayi & Ashok SrinivasanPedestrian Evacuation Modelling with Dynamics Congestion Avoidance Zongzhi Wang & Tao ChenUsing Agent-based Simulation for Safety: Fact-finding about a crowd accident to improve public space design Yuanyuan Liu & Toshiyuki KanedaPedestrian flow characteristics through bends: Effects of angle and desired speed Jiahua Zhang, Charitha Dias, Majid Sarvi & Miho Iryo AsanoPedestrian Models for Robot Motion Francesco Zanlungo, Florent Ferreri, Jani Even, Luis Yoichi Morales, Zeynep Yücel & Takayuki KandaSocial Force Modeling of the Pedestrian Motion in the Mataf Rainald Löhner, Eberhard Haug & Britto M.Toward dynamical crowd control to prevent hazardous situationsTomoichi TakahashiVirtual Reality approaches for evacuation simulation of various disasters Naohiro Takeichi, Takeshi Katagiri, Harumi Yoneda, Shusaku Inoue & Yusuke ShintaniVulnerable People in Microscopic Evacuation Modelling Rainer Könnecke & Volker Schneider

Braess’ paradox describes the counterintuitive situation when the addition of a new road to a network leads to higher travel times for all users. Typically it occurs for selfish drivers that try to minimize their own travel times. Here we investigate whether the occurrence of Braess’ paradox can be prevented if the drivers have access to more detailed traffic information, e.g. as provided by modern navigation apps.

Classical second order models of pedestrian dynamics, like the social-force model, suffer from various unrealistic behaviors in the dynamics, e.g. backward motion, oscillations and overlapping of pedestrians. These effects are intrinsic to the dynamics and the consequence of strong inertia effects that usually appear in second order models. The experimentally observed stop-and-go behavior, which is an important test for any pedestrian model, can be reproduced with a stochastic first order model that does not suffer from the dynamical artefacts resulting from strong inertia. The model provides a new mechanism for stop-and-go behavior which is based on correlated noise. We show that this mechanism exists in a large class of models.

We present a modelling approach that combines several aspects of different model classes. As a basis we use discrete time and continuous space. Principal idea of the model is to reproduce a pedestrian’s decision about the direction of motion and the velocity for the next time step. The decision process relies on personal goals and information provided by visual perception of the environment. It is modelled by a stochastic process to represent inaccuracies in the agents’ perception and decision. For calibration, simulation results are compared to empirical data qualitatively and quantitatively for different scenarios.

In this study we analyze the underlying restriction mechanisms when pedestrians queue through a bottleneck, and also compare them with that of setting up corridors in front of a bottleneck. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted, by using Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology extracting the real-time pedestrians’ trajectories. Different sides when pedestrians enter into the experiment room could have great impacts on the their effective speeds in the constriction process. Further, how the queuing affects the time variations of the inflow rate and the outflow rate, as well the fundamental diagrams near the exit are disclosed. The experimental results show that queuing before a bottleneck ensures orderliness and justness even if longer passing time is required, which could be favorable for non-urgent supervision.

Entry railings at escalator/stairs system are intervention measures for passenger flow and play a crucial role in local infrastructure optimization in mass transit stations. This paper presents an analysis of the choice between escalators and stairs with mixed logit models, by considering for the first time the length of the entry railing as one of the crucial parameters. Based on a pilot questionnaire survey, a large-scale field study was conducted in Changsha, China and a sample of 11010 passengers was drawn. The datasets of the whole sample and the grouped samples were applied for model calibrations, respectively. The results indicate that the sensitivity to the railing length show significant heterogeneity in preferences, as well as middle age, luggage carrying and density in front of the escalator (ESDEN). All models are validated to have good prediction accuracy. The mixed model outperforms the binary model in predicting the stairs usage, but slightly overestimates the escalator usage. The analysis reinforces earlier findings showing that lengthening the railing (2.5 ∼ 3.9 m) reduces the sensitivity of individual diversity to dynamic ESDEN, thus further enhancing the predictive ability by 4.35%. Our results provide unique insights for planners and policymakers on designing and managing transportation systems.

The spreading of density fluctuations in two-dimensional driven diffusive systems is marginally anomalous. Mode coupling theory predicts that the diffusivity in the direction of the drive diverges with time as $(\ln t)^{2/3}$ with a prefactor depending on the macroscopic current-density relation and the diffusion tensor of the fluctuating hydrodynamic field equation. Here we present the first numerical verification of this behavior for a particular version of the two-dimensional asymmetric exclusion process. Particles jump strictly asymmetrically along one of the lattice directions and symmetrically along the other, and an anisotropy parameter $p$ governs the ratio between the two rates. Using a novel massively parallel coupling algorithm that strongly reduces the fluctuations in the numerical estimate of the two-point correlation function, we are able to accurately determine the exponent of the logarithmic correction. In addition, the variation of the prefactor with $p$ provides a stringent test of mode coupling theory., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures