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Early-life exposure to certain environmental bacteria including Acinetobacter lwoffii (AL) has been implicated in protection from chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma later in life. However, the underlying mechanisms at the immune-microbe interface remain largely unknown.The effects of repeated intranasal AL exposure on local and systemic innate immune responses were investigated in wild-type and Il6The asthma preventive effect of AL was confirmed in the lung. Repeated intranasal AL administration triggered a proinflammatory immune response particularly characterized by elevated levels of IL-6, and consequently, IL-6 induced IL-10 production in CD4These experiments provide a novel mechanism of Acinetobacter lwoffii-induced asthma protection operating through IL-6-mediated epigenetic activation of IL-10 production and with associated effects on the intestinal microbiome.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are an integral part of the mammalian genome. The role of immune control of ERVs in general is poorly defined as is their role as anti-cancer immune targets or drivers of autoimmune disease. Here, we generated mouse-strains where Moloney-Murine Leukemia Virus tagged with GFP (ERV-GFP) infected the murine germline. This enabled us to analyze the role of genetic, epigenetic and cell intrinsic restriction factors in ERV activation and control. We identified an autoreactive B cell response against the neo-self/ERV antigen GFP as a key mechanism of ERV control. Hallmarks of this response are spontaneous ERV-GFP+ germinal center formation, elevated serum IFN-γ levels and a dependency on T-bet+ B cells. Impairment of IgM B cell receptor-signal in nucleic-acid sensing TLR-deficient mice contributes to defective ERV control. Although ERVs are a part of the genome they break immune tolerance, induce immune surveillance against ERV-derived self-antigens and shape the hosts immune response.

Many viruses require proteolytic activation of their envelope proteins for infectivity, and relevant host proteases provide promising drug targets. The transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) has been identified as a major activating protease of influenza A virus (IAV) and various coronaviruses (CoV). Increased TMPRSS2 expression has been associated with a higher risk of severe influenza infection and enhanced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we found thatLegionella pneumophilastimulates the increased expression of TMPRSS2-mRNA in Calu-3 human airway cells. We identified flagellin as the dominant structural component inducing TMPRSS2 expression. The flagellin-induced increase was not observed at this magnitude for other virus-activating host proteases. TMPRSS2-mRNA expression was also significantly increased by LPS, Pam3Cys, andStreptococcus pneumoniae, although less pronounced. Multicycle replication of H1N1pdm and H3N2 IAV but not SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV was enhanced by flagellin treatment. Our data suggest that bacteria, particularly flagellated bacteria, up-regulate the expression of TMPRSS2 in human airway cells and, thereby, may support enhanced activation and replication of IAV upon co-infections. In addition, our data indicate a physiological role of TMPRSS2 in antimicrobial host response.

Using qualitative data analysis (QDA) to perform domain analysis and modeling has shown great promise. Yet, the evaluation of such approaches has been limited to single-case case studies. While these exploratory cases are valuable for an initial assessment, the evaluation of the efficacy of QDA to solve the suggested problems is restricted by the common single-case case study research design. Using our own method, called QDAcity-RE, as the example, we present an in-depth empirical evaluation of employing qualitative data analysis for domain modeling using a controlled experiment design. Our controlled experiment shows that the QDA-based method leads to a deeper and richer set of domain concepts discovered from the data, while also being more time efficient than the control group using a comparable non-QDA-based method with the same level of traceability.

OBJECTIVE AND SIGNIFICANCEDue to various implements in agricultural technology, the human machine interface (HMI) in tractors is required to cover a wide range of different operating scenarios. According to the current state of the art, the wide range of operating scenarios and changing operating characteristics can be covered only suboptimally by static control elements on the operating armrest. An optimized solution with intuitive operation, high usability and the avoidance of operating errors requires an HMI that can adapt optimally to the changing scenarios. Based on the previous research project aISA, the current project aISA 2.0 (adaptive interface systems in agricultural tractors) focuses on the development of an adaptive operating system in order to provide an optimal interface for the various and changing operating scenarios in tractors. Based on a methodical categorization, a design recommendation for the interface system is developed, among others considering availability, positioning, actuation type and interface technology of the functions examined. For this purpose, expert knowledge and a method for analyzing functionalities and operating is used. The existing method [1] will be further developed and applied to agricultural implements.METHODThe methodological approach can be divided into the following three aspects:1.Expert interviews2.Function and operation analysis, short: FOA3.Development of design recommendations for an optimized adaptive control system in agricultural tractors.In this contribution, the structure and results of the expert interviews are presented in detail. The expert interviews were conducted with developers from six different implement manufacturers regarding eleven different implements for a duration of 1.5 - 2 hours each. The objective was to gather every relevant control function and having each function evaluated by the expert in terms of different aspects. General settings, menu navigation and indicators not related to active controls were excluded. The next step involves analyzing the HMI by applying the established FOA based on the data collected. The individual functions are examined using operating scenarios. This includes comparing the control action performed by the user with the execution of the command by the machine. The analysis results in various compatibilities for each scenario that are necessary for intuitive operation. Based on the compatibilities, the current FOA is expanded including further specifications for the design recommendation of the control functions. This involves using 15 different control types that are available via the software interface (Isobus) commonly used in agricultural engineering. These define the framework for the type of operation on the software side that later can be performed by the adaptive control elements.RESULTSThe requirements for an adaptive operating armrest in agricultural tractors are achieved by the detailed analysis of the operating scenarios, the operating characteristics, the investigation of the compatibilities, and the consideration of the control types. The results lead to specific design recommendations for a conceptual design of the adaptive HMI for the control functions of the investigated implements.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the primary cause of female cancer fatalities in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Persistent infections from the human papillomavirus (HPV) can result in cervical cancer. However, numerous different factors influence the development and progression of cervical cancer. Transcriptomic knowledge of the mechanisms with which HPV causes cervical cancer pathogenesis is growing. Nonetheless, there is an existing gap hindering the development of therapeutic approaches and the improvement of patient outcomes. Alternative splicing allows for the production of numerous RNA transcripts and protein isoforms from a single gene, increasing the transcriptome and protein diversity in eukaryotes. Cancer cells exhibit astounding transcriptome modifications by expressing cancer-specific splicing isoforms. High-risk HPV uses cellular alternative splicing events to produce viral and host splice variants and proteins that drive cancer progression or contribute to distinct cancer hallmarks. Understanding how viruses utilize alternative splicing to drive pathogenesis and tumorigenesis is essential. Although research into the role of miRNAs in tumorigenesis is advancing, the function of other non-coding RNAs, including lncRNA and circRNA, has been understudied. Through their interaction with mRNA, non-coding RNAs form a network of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), which regulate gene expression and promote cervical cancer development and advancement. The dysregulated expression of non-coding RNAs is an understudied and tangled process that promotes cervical cancer development. This review will present the role of aberrant alternative splicing and immunosuppression events in HPV-mediated cervical tumorigenesis, and ceRNA network regulation in cervical cancer pathogenesis will also be discussed. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of splicing disruptor drugs in cervical cancer will be deliberated.

The innate immune system senses viral and bacterial RNA or DNA via different cytoplasmic or endosomal localized pattern recognition receptors. In general, the preference of these receptors for single-stranded (ss), double-stranded (ds) RNA or DNA has been thoroughly characterized. Recently, RNA-DNA hybrids have also been identified as ligands for pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). However, a comparison of RNA-DNA hybrids and ssDNA in terms of TLR9 stimulation potential and intracellular stability has not been addressed. RNA-DNA hybrids are formed transiently during normal cellular processes (e.g. replication), consist as part of some viral genomes (e.g. cytomegalovirus (CMV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV)) and exist during retroviral infection. Here we report that virus-derived synthetic RNA-DNA hybrids stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as murine FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) induced dendritic cells to secrete interferon alpha (IFN-α) in a TLR9-dependent manner. Furthermore, we could show that RNA-DNA hybrids exhibit increased intracellular stability, which correlates with enhanced activation of TLR9 in comparison to corresponding ssDNA. Overall, these data suggest a prominent role for TLR9 in the immune recognition of RNA-DNA hybrids in retroviral and CMV infection.

RNA editing by adenosine deaminases acting on dsRNA (ADAR) has become of increasing medical relevance, particularly because aberrant ADAR1 activity has been associated with autoimmunity and malignancies. However, the role of ADAR1 in dendritic cells (DC), representing critical professional APCs, is unknown. We have established conditional murine CD11c Cre-mediated ADAR1 gene ablation, which did not induce general apoptosis in CD11c+ cells but instead manifests in cell type–specific effects in DC subpopulations. Bone marrow–derived DC subset analysis revealed an incapacity to differentiate CD103 DC+ in both bulk bone marrow and purified pre-DC lineage progenitor assays. ADAR1 deficiency further resulted in a preferential systemic loss of CD8+/CD103+ DCs, revealing critical dependency on ADAR1, whereas other DC subpopulations were moderately affected or unaffected. Additionally, alveolar macrophages were depleted and dysfunctional, resembling pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. These results reveal an unrecognized role of ADAR1 in DC subset homeostasis and unveils the cell type–specific effects of RNA editing.

Future vehicle design is mainly driven by the technology changes and the results of this transformation. Automated driving in particular creates completely new potential for vehicle design solutions. But also, future mobility means shared mobility: The classic form of mobility known as individual transport is increasingly moving into the background, thus being replaced by new mobility approaches such as car-sharing or ride-hailing. Unlike public transport, this specific change in passenger cars collides with the still strong desire for individuality. Adaptive elements in the vehicle context provide a solution to this conflict. The term adaptivity is a diversely used principle and does not generally offer any guidance for a user-centered development in the vehicle context. Within this contribution we derive necessary strategies for the development of user-centered adaptivity and describe them exemplarily. The three core strategies are Contextual Adaptation, Psychographical Adaptation and Anatomical Adaptation. These strategies create a guidance for the goal-oriented development of adaptive elements. In addition, several technologies and innovations were examined and potentials for further development are provided.

To measure the complexity of the technical product interface literature provides no methodology. This contribution starts with an overview of the state of the art and a categorized summary of the most relevant literature regarding product-related complexity. A methodical approach is presented for measuring human-machine-interface (short: HMI) - complexity including the product complexity and the degree of automation. For both HMI complexity and product complexity, a parameterization is used to obtain a measurable value. With the help of this parameterization a relationship between these three variables could be established. The degree of automation as a variable is used in the form of a balancing buffer to compensate border crossings depending the HMI complexity as well as the product complexity. These borders are individually marked of the respective product in combination with the user group. A brief evaluation of the methodology on the basis of different example products is carried out.

The innate immune recognition of the malaria-causing pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) is not fully explored. Here, we identify the nucleoside 5ʹ-methylthioinosine (MTI), a Plasmodium-specific intermediate of the purine salvage pathway, as a pathogen-derived Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist. Co-incubation of MTI with the TLR8 enhancer poly(dT) as well as synthetic or P. falciparum-derived RNA strongly increase its stimulatory activity. Of note, MTI generated from methylthioadenosine (MTA) by P. falciparum lysates activates TLR8 when MTI metabolism is inhibited by immucillin targeting the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP). Importantly, P. falciparum-infected red blood cells incubated with MTI or cultivated with MTA and immucillin lead to TLR8-dependent interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in human monocytes. Our data demonstrate that the nucleoside MTI is a natural human TLR8 ligand with possible in vivo relevance for innate sensing of P. falciparum.

RNA has been proposed as an important scaffolding factor in the nucleus, aiding protein complex assembly in the dense intracellular milieu. Architectural contributions of RNA to cytosolic signaling pathways, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we devised a multidimensional gradient approach, which systematically locates RNA components within cellular protein networks. Among a subset of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) cosedimenting with the ubiquitin–proteasome system, our approach unveiled ncRNA MaIL1 as a critical structural component of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) immune signal transduction pathway. RNA affinity antisense purification–mass spectrometry (RAP-MS) revealed MaIL1 binding to optineurin (OPTN), a ubiquitin-adapter platforming TBK1 kinase. MaIL1 binding stabilized OPTN, and consequently, loss of MaIL1 blunted OPTN aggregation, TBK1-dependent IRF3 phosphorylation, and type I interferon (IFN) gene transcription downstream of TLR4. MaIL1 expression was elevated in patients with active pulmonary infection and was highly correlated with IFN levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Our study uncovers MaIL1 as an integral RNA component of the TLR4–TRIF pathway and predicts further RNAs to be required for assembly and progression of cytosolic signaling networks in mammalian cells.

Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is a rodent-borne arenavirus endemic to several West African countries. It is the causative agent of human Lassa fever, an acute viral hemorrhagic fever disease. To date, no therapeutics or vaccines against LASV have obtained regulatory approval. Polyclonal neutralizing antibodies derived from hyperimmunized animals may offer a useful strategy for prophylactic and therapeutic intervention to combat human LASV infections. The LASV envelope surface glycoprotein complex (GP) is the major target for neutralizing antibodies, and it is the main viral antigen used for the design of an LASV vaccine. Here, we assessed the immunogenic potential of mammalian cell-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing GP from the prototypic LASV strain Josiah in a native-like conformation as the sole viral antigen. We demonstrate that an adjuvanted prime-boost immunization regimen with GP-derived VLPs elicited neutralizing antibody responses in rabbits, suggesting that effective antigenic epitopes of GP were displayed. Notably, these antibodies exhibited broad reactivity across five genetic lineages of LASV. VLP-based immunization strategies may represent a powerful approach for generating polyclonal sera containing cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against LASV.

The innate immune recognition of the malaria causing pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is not yet fully explored. Utilizing genetic complementation assays, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-deficient immune cells, inhibitor studies and molecular modelling, we identified the nucleoside 5’-methylthioinosine (MTI) as a new natural human TLR8 agonist. MTI is a Plasmodium-specific intermediate of the purine salvage pathway and activates TLR8 to induce IL-6 and IL-1β secretion, respectively. Co-incubation of synthetic MTI with the TLR8 enhancer poly(dT) as well as synthetic single-stranded RNA or RNA purified from P. falciparum strongly increased its stimulatory activity. Importantly, MTI generated from methylthioadenosine (MTA) in vitro by P. falciparum lysates under conditions where MTI metabolization through purine nucleoside phosphorylase ( Pf PNP) is blocked by immucillins, produced inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, phagocytosed Pf infected red blood cells incubated with MTI led to increased immune stimulation of human monocytes. In summary, the pathogen-derived nucleoside MTI is a new natural human TLR8 ligand underlining the in vivo relevance for MTI in immune response to P. falciparum. The use of immucillins may boost TLR8-mediated immunity against Plasmodium by accumulation of MTI. These findings enhance our understanding how the innate immune system senses Plasmodium and offer new avenues for treatment.

Baulich‐räumliche Gestalt und urbane Flächennutzung gehören zu den wesentlichen transformativen Handlungsfeldern der Städte. Lebens‐ und Umweltqualität, Identität und Eigenart sowie die Teilhabe in der kommunalen Gesellschaft werden durch urbane Oberflächen maßgeblich beeinflusst. Die meisten urbanen Oberflächen sind bislang auf die dauerhafte Erfüllung einzelner Zwecke ausgerichtet, bieten aber einen größeren Gestaltungsspielraum bezüglich Funktionalität und Adaptivität, Qualität und Effizienz. Es ist deshalb sinnvoll, das bauphysikalische Wirkpotenzial urbaner Oberflächen ganzheitlich zu erschließen, zu bewerten, technologisch zu erweitern und praxistauglich zu erproben. Angesichts wachsender Belastungen urbaner Strukturen durch klimatisch bedingte Einflüsse, wie Überflutung, extreme Wetterlagen oder Hitzeinseln, werden neue Möglichkeiten, Verfahren, Systeme oder Materialien zur Verbesserung der Resilienz notwendig. Im Beitrag werden exemplarische Entwicklungen vorgestellt, die sich ergänzen und zusammenfügen lassen. Hydroaktive Oberflächen puffern Regenwasser und geben es zeitverzögert ab, um Hitze und Überflutung gleichermaßen zu reduzieren. Begrünte Fassaden verbessern Stadtklima und Luftqualität. Schallabsorbierende Fassaden verringern innerstädtischen Lärm. Die optimierte Reinigung von Verkehrs‐ und Freiflächen reduziert den Instandhaltungsaufwand. Die Betrachtung von Bewirtschaftungsprozessen mittels Ökobilanz zeigt Optimierungspotenziale kommunaler Stoffströme auf.

The creation of domain models from qualitative input relies heavily on experience. An uncodified ad-hoc modeling process is still common and leads to poor documentation of the analysis. In this article we present a new method for domain analysis based on qualitative data analysis. The method helps identify inconsistencies, ensures a high degree of completeness, and inherently provides traceability from analysis results back to stakeholder input. These traces do not have to be documented after the fact. We evaluate our approach using four exploratory studies.

The RNA helicase RIG-I plays a key role in sensing pathogen-derived RNA. Double-stranded RNA structures bearing 5′-tri- or diphosphates are commonly referred to as activating RIG-I ligands. However, endogenous RNA fragments generated during viral infection via RNase L also activate RIG-I. Of note, RNase-digested RNA fragments bear a 5′-hydroxyl group and a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate. How endogenous RNA fragments activate RIG-I despite the lack of 5′-phosphorylation has not been elucidated. Here we describe an endogenous RIG-I ligand (eRL) that is derived from the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) of the 45S ribosomal RNA after partial RNase A digestion in vitro, RNase A protein transfection or RNase L activation. The immunostimulatory property of the eRL is dependent on 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and its sequence is characterized by a G-quadruplex containing sequence motif mediating guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) binding. In summary, RNase generated self-RNA fragments with 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate function as nucleotide-5′-triphosphate binding aptamers activating RIG-I.

Violacein, an indole-derived, purple-colored natural pigment isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum has shown multiple biological activities. In this work, we studied the effect of violacein in different immune cell lines, namely THP-1, MonoMac 6, ANA-1, Raw 264.7 cells, as well as in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A stimulation of TNF-α production was observed in murine macrophages (ANA-1 and Raw 264.7), and in PBMCs, IL-6 and IL-1β secretion was detected. We obtained evidence of the molecular mechanism of activation by determining the mRNA expression pattern upon treatment with violacein in Raw 264.7 cells. Incubation with violacein caused activation of pathways related with an immune and inflammatory response. Our data utilizing TLR-transfected HEK-293 cells indicate that violacein activates the human TLR8 (hTLR8) receptor signaling pathway and not human TLR7 (hTLR7). Furthermore, we found that the immunostimulatory effect of violacein in PBMCs could be suppressed by the specific hTLR8 antagonist, CU-CPT9a. Finally, we studied the interaction of hTLR8 with violacein in silico and obtained evidence that violacein could bind to hTLR8 in a similar fashion to imidazoquinoline compounds. Therefore, our results indicate that violacein may have some potential in contributing to future immune therapy strategies. Universidad de Costa Rica/[801-B2-519]/UCR/Costa Rica Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[FI-497-11]/MICITT/Costa Rica Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[DFG-TR84]/MICITT/Costa Rica Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[DFG-KFO325]/MICITT/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Química UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

The continuing trend of increasing functional diversity in control systems poses a great challenge for the development of human-machine interactions. Adaptive control systems or adaptive interface systems, short aIS, can be a solution to this challenge. The development of such an interface system comes out of a project called aISA which stands for adaptive interface systems in agricultural tractors. The example of application is the tractor which is used for a multitude of work scenarios with appropriate implements. This contribution contains the approach of the development of the adaptive armrest. The sections are the introduction, analysis, method, tool usage, results and conclusion. The most important sections in this contribution are the method and the tool usage. The goal of the paper is a good insight on how the aIS is developed and what the important tools are to achieve the results.

This work was supported in part by fellowships from the Jürgen Manchot Stiftung (S.W.; http://www.manchot.org), the German Research Council [SFB 1021 TP A04 (A.K.), SFB 1021 TP B03 (S.B., S.W.) and SFB 1021 TP B05 (T.S.); http://www.uni-marburg.de/sfb1021], the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (A.G.; http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca) and a Medical Research Council Centenary Travel Award (B.M.). The Arenaviridae is a diverse and growing family of viruses that already includes more than 25 distinct species. While some of these viruses have a significant impact on public health, others appear to be non-pathogenic. At present little is known about the host cell responses to infection with different arenaviruses, particularly those found in the New World; however, apoptosis is known to play an important role in controlling infection of many viruses. Here we show that infection with Tacaribe virus (TCRV), which is widely considered the prototype for non-pathogenic arenaviruses, leads to stronger induction of apoptosis than does infection with its human-pathogenic relative Junín virus. TCRV-induced apoptosis occurred in several cell types during late stages of infection and was shown to be caspase-dependent, involving the activation of caspases 3, 7, 8 and 9. Further, UV-inactivated TCRV did not induce apoptosis, indicating that the activation of this process is dependent on active viral replication/transcription. Interestingly, when apoptosis was inhibited, growth of TCRV was not enhanced, indicating that apoptosis does not have a direct negative effect on TCRV infection in vitro. Taken together, our data identify and characterize an important virus-host cell interaction of the prototypic, non-pathogenic arenavirus TCRV, which provides important insight into the growing field of arenavirus research aimed at better understanding the diversity in responses to different arenavirus infections and their functional consequences. Postprint

peer-reviewed Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities are composed, in part, of volunteers, many of whom contribute infrequently. However, these infrequent volunteers contribute to the sustainability of FLOSS projects, and should ideally be encouraged to continue participating, even if they cannot be persuaded to contribute regularly. Infrequent contributions are part of a trend which has been widely observed in other sectors of volunteering, where it has been termed “episodic volunteering” (EV). Previous FLOSS research has focused on the Onion model, differentiating core and peripheral developers, with the latter considered as a homogeneous group. We argue this is too simplistic, given the size of the periphery group and the myriad of valuable activities they perform beyond coding. Our exploratory qualitative survey of 13 FLOSS communities investigated what episodic volunteering looks like in a FLOSS context. EV is widespread in FLOSS communities, although not specifically managed. We suggest several recommendations for managing EV based on a framework drawn from the volunteering literature. Also, episodic volunteers make a wide range of value-added contributions other than code, and they should neither be expected nor coerced into becoming habitual volunteers.

Mobile machines are used in a variety of work scenarios. One of these machines is the tractor in agricultural use. The agricultural tractor operates with a huge number of different implements. These need to be controlled with just one static human machine interface. Consequently, there is a grand difficulty to get all the different scenarios arranged with one compromise interface system solution which is in charge of the possibility that every implement can be operated with. Thus the need of an adaptive human machine interface (HMI) is the initial situation of this research project, called aISA – adaptive Interface Systems in Agricultural tractors. Based on field measurements with an agricultural tractor, surveys and theoretical analysis a method was generated which enables the development of adaptive interface systems. By the example of the HMI of an agricultural tractor the method will be validated. This paper deals with the analysis and the development of the method which leads to first concepts of an adaptive HMI.

Agricultural tractors are used for a multitude of work scenarios with appropriate implements. This leads to a large number of changing operating scenarios. However, the human-machine-interface (HMI) is mainly static and consequently a compromise solution for all possible operating scenarios. Therefore, it is often challenging drivers to understand the operating logic, the operating procedures, and the assignment of control elements (CE) to functions. This reduces efficiency and can lead to operating errors. An approach to avoid the previously mentioned ambiguities is an HMI comprising adaptive control elements that adapt to the operating scenario. This paper shows the automated and objective analysis of the operation of a state of the art tractor in 14 scenarios. Based on this, it is shown how the concept for an adaptive HMI can be derived from the analysis results.